What it is an automatic transmission (automatic transmission) and the principle of its operation. How does the machine (automatic transmission) work? What makes the gearbox machine

02.11.2019

Vehicles with an automatic transmission switch every year becomes more and more. And, if we have - in Russia and the CIS - "Mechanics" still continues to prevail in front of the "automatic", then in the west of cars with automatic transmission, now the overwhelming majority. It is not surprising if you take into account the indisputable advantages of automatic boxes: simplifying the car management, stable smooth transitions from one transmission to another, engine protection from overloads, etc. Adverse mode of operation, improving the driver's comfort while driving. As for the shortcomings of this transmission option, modern automatic transmission as it improves gradually get rid of them, make them insignificant. In this publication, about the device of the "automaton" box and all its advantages / minuses in work.

An automatic transmission is called such a type of transmission, which provides automatic, without direct exposure to the driver, select the gear ratio, most of all corresponding to the current vehicle movement conditions. The variator does not apply to the automatic transmission and stands out in a separate (infinitely) transmission class. Because the variator produces changes in the transfer numbers smoothly, in general without any fixed gears.

The idea to automate gear shifting, having robbing the driver from the need to often squeeze the clutch pedal and "work" the switching lever, not Nova. She began to introduce and hurry at the dawn of the automotive era: at the beginning of the twentieth century. Moreover, it is impossible to call any definite man or the company the only creator of the automatic transmission: to the appearance of a classic, which now obtained the universal spread of the hydromechanical automatic transmission has led three initially independent developments lines, which ultimately united in a single design.

One of the main mechanisms of the box-machine is a planetary series. The first serial car equipped with a planetary transmission was released back in 1908, and it was Ford T. Although, in general, the gear shift box is not fully automatic (from the Ford T driver it was necessary to press two foot pedals, the first of which translated from the lowest to the highest transmission, and the second turned on reverse), it has already allowed to significantly simplify management, compared with the usual gearbox of those years, without synchronizers.

The second important point in the formation of future automatic transmission technology is the transfer of a clutch management from the driver to the servo, embodied in the 1930s of the twentieth century by General Motors. These gear shift boxes were semi-automatic. First completely automatic gearbox The planetary electromechanical box "Kotal" became introduced into production in the 1930s of the twentieth century. She was installed on French cars forgotten brands "Delazh" and "Delea" (existed until 1953 and 1954, respectively).

The car "Delling D8" is a premium class of a pre-war era.

Other auto industrymen in Europe also developed similar system of friction and brake ribbons. Soon, similar automatic transmission was implemented in cars of several more German and British brands, the well-known healthy helicate of which is "Maybach".

Specialists of another famous firm - American Chrysler advanced further than other automakers, introducing hydraulic elements into the design of the CAT, which replaced servo drives and electromechanical controls. Engineers "Chrysler" have developed the first hydrotransformer and hydromefluoride in history, which are now in the design of each automatic gearbox. And the first in the history of the hydromechanical box - automatic, similar to design on modern, on serial cars was introduced by General Motors Corporation.

Automatic transmissions of those years were very expensive and technically complex mechanisms. In addition, not always distinguished reliable and durable work. They could win only in the era of non-chronic mechanical boxes Transmissions, controlled by a car with which was enough difficulty, requiring the driver of a well-worked skill. When mechanical gearboxes with synchronizers spread widely, then for the convenience and comfort of the automatic transmission of the level were not very better than them. While the MCPP with synchronizers possessed much less complexity and high cost.

In the late 1980 / 1990s, everyone has large automakers There was a computerization of the engine control systems. Similar systems began to apply both speed switching. If the previous solutions were used only hydraulics and mechanical valves, now the fluid flows control the solenoids controlled by a computer. It made the switching smooth and more comfortable, improved efficiency and increased the efficiency of the transmission.

In addition, some cars were introduced "sports" and other additional modes of operation, the ability to manually control the gearbox ("Tiptronic", etc. Systems). The first five- and more stepped automatic transmission appeared. Perfection supplies allowed many box machines to cancel the oil replacement procedure during the operation of the car, since the resource of the oil is filled into its crankcase in the oil plant has become comparable to the resource of the gearbox itself.

Construction of an automatic transmission

Modern box-machine, or "Hydromechanical transmission", consists of:

torque torque converter (hydrodynamic transformer, GDT);
planetary mechanism of automatic gear shift; brake tape, rear and front friction - devices that directly switch transmissions;
control devices (node \u200b\u200bconsisting of a pump, valve box and oil separator).

The hydrotransformer is needed to transmit torque from the power unit to the items automatic transmission. It is located between the box and the engine, and thus performs the clutch function. The torque converter is filled with the working fluid, which catches and transmits the engine energy into the oil pump itself in the box.

It consists of a hydrotransformer consists of large wheels with blades immersed in special oil. The torque transmission is carried out not by a mechanical device, but with the help of oil flows and their pressure. Inside the torque converter, a pair of paddle machines are located - a centripetry turbine and a centrifugal pump, and between them - the reactor, which is responsible for smooth and stable changes in torque on the drives to the vehicle wheels. So, the hydrotransformer does not contact the driver or with the clutch (it "itself is" the grip).

The pumping wheel is connected to the engine crankshaft, and turbine, with transmission. When the pumping wheel is rotated, the oil threads are spinning the turbine wheel. So that the torque can be changed in wide ranges, a reactor wheel is provided between the pumping and turbine wheels. Which, depending on the car mode, can be either fixed or rotated. When the reactor is fixed, it increases the flow rate working fluidcirculating between wheels. The higher the speed of the oil, the greater the impact it has a turbine wheel. Thus, the moment on the turbine wheel increases, i.e. The device "transforms".

But the torque converter cannot convert the rotation speed and the transmitted torque in all the required limits. Yes, and to ensure the movement with reversal, it is also not in force. To expand these capabilities to it and attaches a set of separate planetary gears with a different gear ratio. As if several single-stage gearbox collected in one case.

The planetary transmission is a mechanical system consisting of several satellite gear, which rotate around the central gear. Satellites are fixed together with a circle-drove. The outer ring gear has an internal gearing with planetary gears. Satellites, fixed on the driver, rotate around the central gear, like planets around the sun (from here and the name of the mechanism - "Planetary Transfer"), the outer gear rotates around satellites. Various gear ratios are achieved by fixing different parts relative to each other.

Brake tape, rear and front friction - directly produce shift gears from one to another. The brake is a mechanism that locks the elements of the planetary row to the fixed body of the automaton. The cluster blocks the moving elements of the planetary row among themselves.

Automatic CAT control systems are 2 types: hydraulic and electronic. Hydraulic systems are used on outdated or budget models, and gradually derive from use. And all modern boxes are "automata" are controlled by electronics.

Life support device for any control system can be called an oil pump. Its drive is carried out directly from crankshaft Engine. The oil pump creates and maintains constant pressure in the hydraulic system, regardless of the rotation frequency of the crankshaft and the loads on the engine. In the event of a pressure deviation from the nominal operation of the automatic transmission, the actual transmission mechanisms are dotted.

The gearbox is determined by the velocity of the vehicle and the load on the engine. To do this, the hydraulic control system provides a pair of sensors: a high-speed controller and a throttle valve, or a modulator. The high-speed pressure regulator or hydraulic speed sensor is installed on the output shaft of the automatic box.

The faster goes vehicleThe more the valve opens, and the greater the pressure passing through this valve transmission fluid. Intended to determine the load on the engine valve-throttle is connected by the cable or with throttle valve (if we are talking about gasoline engine) or with a lever fuel pump high pressure (in a diesel engine).

In some cars to supply pressure on the throttle valve, not a cable, but a vacuum modulator, which is driven by discharge in intake manifold (With an increase in the load on the engine, the discharge falls). Thus, these valves create such pressure, which will be proportional to the velocity of the vehicle and the engine loading. The ratio of these pressures and allows you to determine the moments of gear shift and blocking the torque converter.

In the "Fishing Moment" of switching the transmission takes part and the valve of the range selection that is connected to the ACP selector lever and, depending on its position, it permits either prohibits the inclusion of certain gears. The resulting pressure that the throttle valve and the high-speed controller creates the corresponding switching valve. Moreover, if the machine accelerates quickly, the control system will turn on the increased transmission later than when overclocking is calmly uniform.

How it's done? The switching valve is under the pressure of the oil from the high-speed pressure regulator on the one hand, and from the throttle valve - on the other. If the machine accelerates slowly, the pressure from the hydraulic velocity valve goes on the increasing, which leads to the opening of the switching valve. Since the accelerator pedal is not completely pressed, the throttle valve does not create a large pressure on the switch valve. If the car accelerates quickly, the throttle valve creates greater pressure on the switch valve, and prevents it from opening. To overcome this opposition, the pressure from the high-speed pressure regulator should exceed the pressure from the throttle valve. But this will happen when a high speed car is achieved than it happens during slow acceleration.

Each switch valve corresponds to a specific level of pressure: the faster the car moves, the more higher transmission turns on. The valve block is a system of channels with valves and plungers located in them. Switching valves are fed by hydraulic pressure on actuators: friction clutches and brake tapes, by means of which the various elements of the planetary row are blocked and, therefore, turning on (off) of various gears.

Electronic control system Just like the hydraulic, uses 2 basic parameters for operation. This is the speed of the vehicle and the load on its engine. But to determine these parameters, not mechanical, but electronic sensors are used. The main ones are working sensors: rotational speed at the input of the gearbox; Rotation frequency at the output of the gearbox; Temperatures of the working fluid; position of the lever of the selector; The positions of the accelerator pedal. In addition, the control unit is "automat" receives additional information from the engine control unit, and from other electronic car systems (in particular, from ABS - anti-lock system).

This allows you to more precisely than in the usual automatic transmission, to determine the moments of the need for switching or in the torque of the torque converter. The electronic gear shift program by the character of a speed change at a given load on the engine can easily and instantly calculate the power of resistance to the movement of the car and, if necessary, adjust: enter the appropriate corrections in the switch algorithm. For example, further include increased transmissions on a fully loaded vehicle.

Otherwise, electronic control automatic transmission in the same way as conventional, "unseen electronics" hydromechanical boxes, use hydraulics to turn on the coupling and brake ribbons. However, they have each hydraulic circuit is controlled by an electromagnetic, not a hydraulic valve.

Before starting the movement, the pump wheel rotates, the reactor and turbine remain in a stationary state. The reactor wheel is fixed on the shaft by means of an overtaking coupling, in connection with which it can only rotate in one direction. When the driver turns on the gear, presses the gas pedal - the engine turns grow, the pump wheel is gaining momentum and oil fluxes the turbine wheel.

The oil dropped back into the turbine wheel falls on fixed reactor blades that additionally "twisted" the flow of this fluid, increasing its kinetic energy, and direct on the blades of the pumping wheel. Thus, with the help of the reactor, the torque increases, which is required by the vehicle, gaining acceleration. When the car accelerates, and started moving at a constant speed, then the pumping and turbine wheels rotate approximately with the same turnover. Moreover, the flow of oil from the turbine wheel falls on the reactor blades already on the other hand, thanks to which the reactor begins to rotate. The increase in torque does not occur, and the torque converter enters the uniform hydromeflua mode. If the resistance of the car's movement began to increase (for example, the car began to ride on the rise, uphill), then the speed of rotation of the leading wheels, and, accordingly, the turbine wheel, falls. In this case, oil streams again slow down the reactor - and the torque increases. Thus, automatic torque control is performed, depending on changes in the mode of motion of the vehicle.

The absence of a rigid connection in the hydrotransformer has both advantages and disadvantages. Pluses are that the torque varies smoothly and steplessly, the tweaks are damped and jerks, transmissions transmitted from the engine. Cons consist primarily in low efficiency, since a portion of useful energy is simply lost when "shocking" oil fluid and spent on the drive of the automatic transmission pump, which ultimately leads to an increase in fuel consumption.

But for smoothing this shortage of hydrotransflowers modern automatic transmission The lock mode is applied. With the steady mode of movement on higher transmissions, the mechanical locking of the hollows of the torque converter automatically turns on, that is, it begins to perform the function of the usual classic clutch mechanism. It provides a hard direct connection of the engine with leading wheels, as in mechanical transmission. On some automatic transmission, the inclusion of the blocking mode is also provided on the lower gears too. The motion with blocking is the most economical mode of the "automatic" box. And when loading the load on the drive wheels, the lock is automatically turned off.

During the operation of the hydrotransformer, there is a significant heating of the working fluid, which is why the automatic box design provides a cooling system with a radiator, which is either embedded in the engine radiator, or is installed separately.

Any modern box "Automatic" has the following mandatory provisions on the cockpit-selector:

P - Parking, or Parking Lock: Locking leading wheels (does not interact with parking brake). Similarly, as on the "mechanics", the car leaves "at speed" when setting for parking;
R is a reverse, reverse transmission (it has always been forbidden to be activated at the time of the vehicle movement, and then in the design there were appropriate blocking);
N is a neutral, neutral transmission mode (activated with a short parking or towing);

D - Drive, movement in front of the front (in this mode, the entire transmission row of the box will be involved, sometimes two higher transmissions are cut off).

And may also have some additional, auxiliary or extended modes. In particular:

L - "Redeyaka", activation of a reduced transmission mode (small stroke) in order to move in complex roads or road conditions;
O / D - Overdrive. Saving mode and measured movement (with any possibility, the "automatic" switches to the top);
D3 (O / D OFF) - the deactivation of the highest level for the active ride. Involved in braking by a power unit;
S - transfers are spinning to maximum revolutions. It may be possible to manually control the box.
A special button may be present at the automatic transmission to a higher transmission during overtaking.

Advantages and disadvantages boxes "automaton"

As already noted, weighing the advantages of automatic gearboxes, compared to mechanical, are: simplicity and comfort of controlling the driver for the driver: the clutch is not necessary to squeeze, "work" the gear shift lever is also. This is especially true on trips around the city, which make up, ultimately, the lion's share of the car run.

Transmission on the "Automat" are obtained more smooth and uniform, which contributes to the protection of the engine and the leading vendors of the car from overloads. Consumables (for example, a clutch or cable disc) are absent, therefore, it is more complicated in this sense. In general, the resource of many modern automatic transmission exceeds the resource of mechanical gearboxes.

The disadvantages of automatic transmissions are more expensive and complicated than that of the MCPP, the design; The complexity of repair and its high cost, Lower efficiency, worse dynamics and elevated, compared to the manual transmission, fuel consumption. Although, the improved electronics of the "automata" of the XXI century copes with right choices torque is no longer worse than an experienced driver. Modern automatic transmission gearboxes are often equipped with additional modes that allow you to adapt to a certain style of driving - a calm up to "frisky".

A serious disadvantage of automatic gearboxes are the impossibility of the most accurate and safe gear shift in extreme conditions - for example, on complex overtaking; On the road from a snowdrift or serious mud to quickly switching the rear and first gear ("in a split"), if you need to start the engine "from the Tolkach". It must be recognized that the automatic transmission is ideal, mainly for ordinary trips without freelance situations. First of all, in city roads. The "automata" and for "sports driving" are not very adapted (the dynamics of overclocking is slightly behind the "mechanics" in a bundle with a "advanced" driver ", and for a rally on a bomadroziness (it does not always be perfectly adapted to change the conditions of movement).

As for the fuel consumption, the automatic box can in any case be more than that of mechanical. However, if earlier this indicator was 10-15%, then in modern cars it fell to at least significant marks.

In general, the use of electronics has significantly expanded the possibilities of automatic gearboxes. They received various additional modes of operation: such as - economical, sports, winter.

A sharp increase in the prevalence of boxes "automata" was caused by the appearance of the AutoStick mode, which allows the driver, if desired, choose independently the necessary transfer. Each manufacturer has given such a type of automatic transmission of its name: "Audi" - "Tiptronic", "BMW" - "Steptronic", and the like.

Due to advanced electronics in modern automatic transmission, the possibility of "self-improvement" has become available and the possibility of "self-improvement". That is, changes in the switching algorithm, depending on the specific style of driving the "host". Electronics provided advanced capabilities as well for self-diagnosis of automatic transmission. And we are not only about memorizing fault codes. The management program, controlling the wear of friction discs, oil temperature, promptly makes the necessary adjustments to the operation of the automatic transmission.

Automatic box The gear is a device that provides a selection of a gear ratio in accordance with the terms of the road surface, terrain and velocity without direct driver participation. In a car equipped with automatic transmission, an accelerator (gas pedal) sets the speed with which the car moves, and does not determine the engine speed - this is the principle of operation of automatic transmission.

History suggests that the automatic transmission was invented somewhere in the thirties in the twentieth century. From the very appearance of such a transmission, the principle of operation of the automatic transmission has practically not changed, but depending on time and certain technical requirements constantly complemented. Thanks to such additions, the automatic transmissions that differ in their options, models appeared. W. different manufacturers they have different specifications.

With distinctive characteristics, all automatic transmission remains one principle of operation. This is determined by the fact that they have a practically the same device, if not to take into account some small nuances.

Automatic gearbox device

Device automatic transmission

The main is a hydrotransformer, which is also called hydromefta - this is a mechanism located between the engine engine and the gearbox housing. The functional task of the hydromefta is the transmission and redistribution of torque during the start of the car;
Torque is transmitted indirectly using planetary gearboxes;
For choosing one or another transmission, friction clutches correspond, often called "package";
One of the mechanisms is the overtaking coupling, which basically performs a function of reduction in "packages" of shocks during shift. In some cases, during the operation of the automatic transmission, the overtaking coupling turns off the braking with the engine;
The box of the box also includes drums and connecting shafts;

The principle for which the automatic transmission works

To control the automatic transmission, there is a special set of so-called spools that guide the oil under a certain pressure to the pistons located in friction clutches and brake ribbons. It is possible to set the position of spools in automatic or manual mode using the gear shift handle.

You also need to know that automation, control automatic transmission, can be hydraulic and electronic. Hydraulic is called automation using the oil pressure obtained from the centrifugal regulator. In turn, the centrifugal regulator is connected to the automatic transmission shaft, which is located at the output. The hydraulic system is designed to use oil pressure in accordance with the position of the accelerator. Machine is given information about the position in which the gas pedal is located - this is a team so that the spools switched.

Diagram automatic transmission

IN electronic system The control is present solenoids responsible for moving spools. The solenoid automatic control unit is connected by cables, there are also options for their connection with the control of the ignition system and fuel injection. In this case, the movement of solenoids manages the electronic unit Control. The block controls the solenoids, depending on the position of the gear shift handle, the velocity on which the car and the position of the accelerator moves.

Features of using automatic transmission

In order to avoid various breakdowns and troubles, you need to know how the automatic box works and how to use it. Cars equipped with a machine gun are very practical and convenient vehicles. Even despite the fact that many motorists are skeptical about such transmissions, they are very popular. Usually it all depends on what a person is used to. If the driver loves the dynamics, speed, then the automatic transmission is not an option for it. Having considered the device, specifications and how the automatic transmission works, it becomes clear that it is intended for people who prefer a calmer ride manner.

The torque converter performs the functions of a smooth connection of the box to the engine

In any case, before starting to master the car with a machine, you need to explore all the nuances and the rules for using such a transmission. It is important to understand that neglected by some features, you can withdraw the automatic transmission for a short time. You also need to know that the repair or replacement of the entire automatic box will cost a round sum.

Rules of operation of automatic

Even if the entire transmission is controlled by electronics, from the driver you need to follow certain rules for controlling it using the gear gear selector handle:

Recently more and more motor vehicles Tools automatic transmission. It is lighter and easy to use and is ideal for newbies and movement in the city with traffic jams and regular stops.

What is automatic transmission and its types

The automatic transmission switch is one of the types of transmission at which the necessary gear ratio is displayed without interfering of the driver, selected under the mode of movement and other factors.

From a technical point of view of automatic gearbox, only the planetary part of the node is considered directly related to the shift switching, and together with the hydraulic transformer forms a single automatic unit.

Automatic transmissions are customary to attribute a classic with a torque converter, a robotic gearbox and a variator.

Classic automatic transmission

The hydrotransformator checkpoint is a popular and classic transmission model installed on most of the convergent cars currently vehicles.

The automatic box consists of a planetary gearbox, control system and a hydraulic transformer, which gave it the name - a hydrotransformer gearbox. Installed as on passenger carsand on freight vehicles.

Robotic gearbox

The robot box is a kind of alternative mechanical gearbox, Only switching speeds occurs automated by means of electrical mechanisms resulting in an electronic unit.

The only similarity robotic gearbox With a classic automatic box is the presence of clutch in the case of the box.

Variable speed drive

The variator is a device of a smooth stepless transmission of torque on the wheels.

Provides a decrease in fuel consumption and improves dynamic indicators, gentle by motor vehicle engine operation compared to automatic transmission or manual transmission.

Variators are belongs, chain and toroidal. Of the variators are most common with a wedge-shaped strap.

Principle of operation of automatic transmission

There are several types of automatic transparencies with their characteristic features on the vehicle.

A simplified mechanism of operation of the classical automatic transmission is to transmit torque from the engine crankshaft to the transmission device, while the gear ratio is varying in accordance with the position of the selector lever and the movement of vehicles.

When the engine starts, the working fluid falls into the hydraulic transformer, the pressure increases. The blades of the centrifugal pump start moving, the reactor wheel and the main turbine are fixed in this mode.

When switching the selector lever and supplying fuel using an accelerator pedal, the pump blades increase the revolutions. The growing speed of the vortex flows starts to rotate the turbine blades. Whirlwinds of oil are thrown into a fixed reactor, then return back to the turbine, increasing its effectiveness. Torque turns onto the wheels, and the car starts the movement.

Upon reaching the required velocity, the pumping wheel and the blade central turbine move at the same speed, while the vortices of the transmission fluid fall on the reactor wheel from the opposite side (the movement is possible only in one direction) and it starts the rotation. The unit goes into the hydraulic coupling state.

If the opposition on the wheels increases (movement on the rise), the reactor wheel stops the rotation and adds the torque of the centrifugal pump. When the required speed and torque is reached, transmission changes in the planetary node.

The electronic control unit transmits the command, as a result of which the braking tape and friction discs slow down the reduced transmission, and the increased movement of fluid flow through the valve accelerate increased transmission and change the gear without reducing power.

With a complete stop of the machine or reduce the speed, the pressure of the working fluid decreases and the transfer is reduced.

On the plugged engine in the hydrotransformer there is no pressure, so the launch of the car by means of a push is not effective.

Automatic box device

The classic machine consists of four main components:

Hydraulic transformer - Replaces the clutch, converts and transmits torque to the wheels. It consists of a centrifugal pump, a paddle turbine and a reactor, providing smooth and accurate torque changes. The pump is associated with the crankshaft, and the turbine - with the shaft of the box. The transformation of energy is carried out at the expense of fluid flows and pressure formed by them. The torque converter changes rotation revolutions and torque in a small interval, so the planetary node (box) is added to it.
Planetary reductor It consists of a central gear (solar), satellites, a crown gear and planetary driving. Makes gear by blocking some gear and unlocking others.
Brake tape, rear and front friction discs provide direct inclusion of gears.
Control system Consists of a gear pump, oil collector, hydraulic block and electronic control unit (ECU). The hydraulic unit consists of channels with solenoids (valves) and plungers carrying out control and control functions. The ECU controls due to information from sensors collecting a variety of indicators.

Robotic gearbox It is a more advanced option manual with highly productive control systems.

IN variator The transformation of the gear ratio is performed by a mechanism having a leading and driven pulleys through which the wedge belt passes.

How to use an automatic transmission

According to the assertions of the automatic transmissions, the main malfunctions of automatic transmissions appear due to violation of the rules of exploitation and late box maintenance.

Modes of work

Depending on the type of automatic boxes, there are various automatic transmission modes. Each position of the selector lever or the buttons on it is designed for various conditions Movements with their features.

The main types of automatic transmission regimes and their effect on the car:

R (Parking) - blocking the drive wheels, shaft box, is used only when the parking lot and warming up;
N. (neutral) - the shaft is not blocked, the car can be towed, equivalent to neutral transmission from the manual transmission;
D. (Drive) - Movement under normal conditions with automatic selection of gears;
L (d2) - reduced transmission for movement in difficult conditions - off-road, steep descents and lifts, speed less than 40 km / h;
D3. - lowering transmission with small descents and lines;
R.(reverse) - movement by reverse, is included with the full stop and the brake pedal;
O / D. - inclusion of the fourth transmission when driving at high speed;
PWR. - sports regime, to improve dynamic qualities, the increase in the transfer occurs on more high revolutions engine;
Normal - for smooth and economical movement;
Manu. - Manual transmission mode, recommended for use in winter.

How to start the car on the machine

Features require competent launch. To protect the box from incorrect actions and the subsequent breakdowns, the degree of protection were developed.

At the time of launching the car, the selector must be in the position "P" (parking) or "n" - neutral. Only in such positions the protection system will go through the engine launch signal. In other positions of the lever, turn the key will not work or no changes after the key turnover will not.

For the start, it is better to use the parking mode, since the motor transport will be blocked the drive wheels and it will not allow him to roll. Neutral mode should be used only for emergency towing.

In addition to choosing the right mode, to start the engine in most cars with automatic transmission, it is necessary to squeeze the brake pedal, which is also protected and saves from a random rollback of the machine when the selector is positioned in the neutral mode.

Most modern cars Equipped with a steering wheel lock and a castle from the hijacking. If, with the correct execution of all previous steps, the steering wheel does not spin and the key is not rotated - the protection turned on. To unlock, you need to insert the key into the ignition lock and try it carefully to turn it, simultaneously turn the steering wheel in different directions. When synchronizing these actions, blocking will be blocked.

How to ride on automatic gearbox and what can not be done

Competent riding a car with automatic transmission will increase the operational resource of the box and save a lot of money and nerves.

To ensure long-term operation of the automatic transmission, it is necessary to properly select modes depending on the operating conditions.

For proper drive with automatic transmission:

shout full inclusion transmissions;
under the conditions of the bucks, it should be included in the reduced gear and, working the brake pedal, control the slow rotation of the wheels;
using different modes, you can use the engine braking or limit overclocking;
it is possible to towing vehicles with an engine at a speed at no more than 50 km / h in the position of the neutral selector and at a distance of no more than 50 km;
it is not recommended to tow another vehicle, if you have to - the towed car should be not heavier than the towing, the selection mode should be chosen D2 or L and speed up to 40 km / h with a smooth motion.

What you should not do when driving with automatic transmission:

it is forbidden to include "P" mode - parking when moving a car;
movement on neutral on descent;
launch from shock;
with a short stop (on the traffic light, in a traffic jam), choose parking mode or neutral, it reduces the automatic transmission;
with a long stop in urban mode, the selector must be put in the Parking position;
it is forbidden to turn on the reverse from the mode "Drive" or until a complete stop;
you can not first put parking mode on the slope, when parking cars on a slope should first put on hand brake, and then into the position of the "Parking" selector, to start moving from the slope first the brake pedal, then removing the car from the handbrake, and only then select the mode for movement.

How to exploit automatic transmission in winter

Sigor weather conditions in winter bring a lot of worries and problems of car owners with automatic transmission.

proper gear of the box - a few minutes after the launch, the vehicle should warm up, before the start of movement, it was recommended to turn on all modes to accelerate the warm-up oil to accelerate the warm-up of the transmission oil;
the first 5-10 km after the start of the movement should be avoided sharp accelerations and wheeling wheels;
to get out of snow or ice, it is necessary to include reduced transmission and using the alternate operation of the brake and gas pedal to go carefully;
the rolling is not recommended, since this method is adversely affected by the hydrotransformer;
the use of reduced gears or semi-automatic mode for braking engine on a more or less dry road surface, and on slippery descents to use the brake pedal;
on the overlabes, it is necessary to avoid slipping wheels and sudden clicks on the accelerator pedal;
a short, but clear and neat, the transition to the "neutral" mode contributes to the stabilization of the machine to equalize the rotation of the wheels and output from the drift.

Pros and cons of automatic gearbox

Each type of transmission there is a lover. In connection with all the larger distribution of automatic transmission, it is necessary to designate their advantages and cons for the competent selection for the needs of the car owner.

The advantages are:

automatic gear shifting, in which you do not need to be distracted, which is especially relevant for beginner drivers;
facilitated process of starting from place;
more sparing operation of the chassis and engine due to the operation of the hydrotransformer;
improved permeability in most conditions.

By minuses include:

not suitable for fans of fast accelerations;
lower pickup compared to a similar car with MCPP;
it is impossible to start with a shock;
towing is undesirable and possibly only subject to certain conditions;
incorrect operation leads to breakdowns;
dear repair and maintenance.

With the proper exploitation of the machine with automatic transmission, the box resource is high enough and practically does not infer the manual transmission. Driving driving, especially in urban conditions, will give a lot of pleasant minutes.

The person has always sought to comfort and pleasure from driving, the result of which the automatic transmission was invented, it made it possible to reduce the driver's load, driving the car much easier. Invented it in the 40s of the 20th century in the General Motors concern.

The automatic transmission is quite difficult and includes the following mechanisms:

the hydrotransformer - provides transmission and change of torque from the power unit;
gearbox - converts force and drives the wheel;
management system - manages working fluid;
the lubricant and cooling system - creates pressure and circulation in the system.

Hydrotransformer

Replaces the standard clutch for the mechanical gearbox, and is also located between the checkpoint and the engine, attached to its flywheel. Its main task is a smooth change, the transfer to the drive shaft of the torque ACP. Its design includes such elements as: the pumping, turbine, reactor wheels, free stroke coupling and blocking. The pumping wheel is attached to the housing of the hydrotransformer, it rotates with it. The turbine wheel is sitting on the leading shaft of the planetary gearbox. On each of the wheels there are blades of a certain form, when the engine is running between them, the working fluid is started, which it is filled.

As soon as the engine starts, the pumping wheel begins to rotate and its blades pick up the working fluid directing to the blades of the turbine wheel, from which it departs to the reactor wheel (reactor) located between them. The reactor directs the flow of the return fluid towards the direction of the pumping wheel, it is started to rotate two forces at the expense of which the moment increases. When the turnover of the pump and turbine wheels are compared, the coupling of the free move occurs and the reactor begins to spin it due to its, this moment is called a clutch point. After that, the torque converter begins to work as a hydromefta, rotation from the engine begins to be transmitted to the leading shaft of the planetary gearbox through the working fluid. Exception is Automatic transmission Hondawhere instead of the planetary gearbox installed shafts with gears as on the manual transmission.

But still 100% of the energy from the engine is not transmitted due to viscous friction of the oil. To eliminate these costs and to use it as efficiently as possible, which ultimately leads to a decrease in fuel consumption by the engine, there is a blocking clutch, which turns on about 60 km / h and more. There is this coupling on the hub of the turbine. As soon as the car is gaining the necessary speed, the working fluid comes to the wall of the blocking clutch on one side, and on the other hand, it is suitable after opening the channel by a switching valve, thereby creating a low pressure zone. Due to the pressure difference, the blocking piston is triggered, at this moment it is pressed against the housing of the hydrotransformer, as a result of which the coupling begins to rotate with the housing of the hydrotransformer.

Transmission

Different producers may differ slightly, but in all there are: the planetary gearbox is also called differential, overtaking and friction clutches, connecting all the mechanisms of shafts, drums that perform the clutch role, and in some models the brake tape is used to slow down the drums.

It consists of usually several planetary rows, couplings and brakes. Each of the planetary rows is structurally made of solar gears and satellites, they are connected by the planetary drove. Rotation is transmitted when one, two gearbox elements are blocked. When blocking drove, the direction changes that corresponds to the reverse of the car. When blocking the crown gear, the gear ratio increases, and with the blocking of the solar gear decreases, this is shifting gear.

Friction clutch

To keep the elements of the gearbox are used brakes, and friction clutches (friction) are used to fix parts of the planetary row. Each such coupling includes a drum on the inside of which there are slots and a hub with teeth outside. Between them are placed two types of friction discs, the first with the protrusions outside, which are included in the drum slots, the second with protrusions inside, which includes a hub teeth. The coupling is triggered when the disks are squeezed by the piston inside the drum at the time of the receipt of the working fluid to it.

Overtaking coupling

It holds back drove from rotation to the other direction. To reduce the blows while turning on the transmission and prevents the engine braking in certain box operation modes.

Feature Honda

Two-walled automatic automatic transmission

Already mentioned that boxes Honda. differ from all other machines, in fact it is the usual mechanics with hydraulic control. The advantages of these boxes are reliability, since there is almost nothing to break there, they are easier to repair and manufacture. There are such boxes of two and more shafts with gears and by turning on a specific gear combination, a gear ratio changes.

One gear in each pair is constantly captured with his shaft, the second is connected with his through the so-called wet clutch ( friction clutch Turning on the transfer), i.e. all gears rotate, but one of the pair is not unlocked with the shaft and, accordingly, the torque and rotation are not transmitted to the vehicle wheels (neutral). Device and principle of work clutch, as well as ordinary automata. When the discs are compressed, the second gear is connected with its shaft, the corresponding transmission is turned on.

The rear is implemented on the clutch of one of the gears. On the shaft next to the gear of one transmission there is a reversible gear, these two gears are not fixed hard on the shaft, there is a sleeve with teeth fixed on this shaft, and on this sleeve a ring clutch with teeth. And depending in which of the parties this coupling will be moved, the gear and hits with the shaft, the ring clutch shifts with a plug with hydraulic drive. The reversing gear changes the direction of rotation, the reverse turns on.

Control system

It distributes the flow of working fluid (ATF), it consists of a set of spools, oil pump, hydroblock. There are two types of hydraulic or electronic systems.

Hydraulic system

It uses the oil pressure from the throttle valve depending on the load at the moment, the centrifugal regulator connected to the Output shaft of the ACP. The working fluid from these regulators is suitable for the spool and acts on it from different sides, and depending on the pressure difference, it moves into one or the other side, opening the necessary channels, it determines which transmission the box will switch.

Electronic system

With this system, you can achieve more flexible modes of operation that cannot be fully hydraulic. It uses solenoids (electromagnetic valves), they move spools. The operation of all solenoids is managed by an electronic control unit (ECU) boxes sometimes combined with an engine computer. Based on the testimony coming from the speed sensor, the oil temperature, the gas pedals and the box lever gives signals to solenoids. Electromagnetic valves are divided into regulatory pressure controlling the streams distributing.

Regulators are formed and maintained within a given value of the pressure of the working fluid, which depends on the state of the car. Switching valves are controlled by transfers, feeding fluid to inclusion coupling. The distribution streams direct the liquid from one hydraulic block to another.

When selecting the CAPP mode of the selector lever, the signal comes to the mode control valve by mechanical or electronic communications. It directs ATF only to those valves that can be involved to include transmissions allowed in this mode.

Hydrelclock

Hydrobloka device

The most complex assembly of the ACP, it consists of a metal plate with a large number of channels and the entire mechanical part of the control system (spools, solenoids). The fluid flows are redistributed in it, and ATF is provided through it with the desired pressure into all elements of the mechanical part of the box.

Oil pump

It is located inside the gearbox and there are different types (gear, tropoid, paddle), can be fully controlled by electronics or have a mechanical connection with the torque converter and the engine. It implements an uninterrupted circulation of ATF and creates pressure in the system. Immediately the pump itself does not create pressure, and fills the hydraulic effect working fluid, and with the help of dead-end channels in the hydraulicone, pressure begins to form. In modern automatic transmission, automatic (electronic) pump is increasingly used, allowing optimally maintaining pressure.

Lubrication and cooling system

It is very important for the normal functioning of the gearbox, therefore it uses a special ATF hydraulic fluid, it is that it lubricates and cools the moving elements. The cooling of the working fluid occurs in the cooling radiator, which is internal and external. The inner radiator (represents the heat exchanger) is located inside the engine coolant radiator. There are also more complex heat exchangers who have their own liquid coolingThey are installed on the box of the box. External is located separately and is a full-fledged radiator. On some cars, a thermostat that regulates the oil volume passed through it is embedded to the radiator. To prevent the pollution of the channel channels by particles, which are formed when moving the moving parts are established, the filter is installed, it clears the working fluid.

ACAP S. external radiator Cooling oil

Automatic transmission with built-in radiator cooling in the engine radiator

Cooling radiator Oil automatic transmission with liquid cooling system

The transmission control is carried out by selecting the desired mode of operation to the selector lever. On the different models There may be a different combination of operating modes:

R (Neutral) - mode for long-term parking;
N. (Parking) - for short-term parking or towing;
R. (Reverse) - movement back;
L1, 2, 3 (LOW) - lowering is designed to move in heavy road conditions (crossed terrain, steep descent or lifting);
D. (DRIVE) - move forward, is the main regime;
D2 / D3. - modes limiting gear shift;
S, P. (Sport, Power, Shift) - Sports Movement Mode;
E. (ECN) - more economical motion style is ensured;
W. (Winter, Snow) - Winter mode, provides for a soft start with increased transmission to exclude the slip, the transmission change is carried out on low revs;
+/- - Manual shift function.

Some models are present O / D. (Overdrive) - a special button allowing to switch to increased transmission, also happens kick-Down.which forcibly includes reduced transmission when harsh pressed On the gas pedal, due to which more intensive acceleration is ensured.

We tried the most detailed and accessible to disassemble the ACP device, the principle of operation of individual elements and their interaction. But the technology does not stand still, perhaps already now introduce new principles of work that will like to do any inhabitant.

AUTOLEEK.

Unfortunately, many car enthusiasts, especially beginners, are not presented to how to use the automatic transmission. This article will be useful and experienced drivers And those who only think to cross on a car with automatic transmission.

Many do not know what it is right to her, but to learn this is completely simple. Running the engine must squeeze the brake pedal, and then switch the lever to the mode you need (traditionally "D"). After release the brake and slowly press the gas pedal, your car itself goes off.

In order to start braking just just let go of the gas, and for emergency braking Or stop - squeeze the brake pedal. It is necessary to know that cars with automatic gearbox consume fuel more than cars with manual transmission, but it is much easier to ride a car.

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How to switch transmissions to automatic transmission?

How to manage an automatic transmission:

P - Means Parking mode. In this position there is a brake holding a car when parking. The engine functions at idle and is enough for the parking lot in the same place.
R - means reverse. You can only include when the car is worth, otherwise the box can be withdrawn.
N is a neutral transmission. Everything is clear here: the rotations from the motor are not transmitted to the leading wheels and in case the car is not on the brake, it will easily ride. In this position, just as in the position of the lever p, you can run the motor. When moving auto switching to neutral is not advised. However, if it still happened to reset the gas and only when turns fall, switch to the desired transmission.
D - means movement, that is, the position is specifically for the ride. it best mode Motor operations cars under normal conditions.
S (or 3) - reduced transmission, intended to ride on roads with minor lifts or descents.
L (or 2) - 2nd range of reduced gears. In this mode, it is good to ride in difficult conditions, for example, in the mountains.

Rules of proper use

Each owner of a car with a machine can know how to properly operate automatic transmission:

The main board of driving on an automatic box - automatic transmission exclusively does not tolerate all sorts of sliping the wheels. This rule is particularly relevant in winter timeWhen there is a lot of snow or ice around, at this time driving the car must be carefully. The same rule concerns both drivers - riders who love to ride with slipping even on dry asphalt. Today's cars are often equipped with various anti-slip systems and it is very necessary for automatic transmission. But sometimes this system must be turned off (for example, when your car is stuck). It is impossible to disconnect the wheel slip system, but it can be reduced to a minimum.
When driving, it is impossible to include neutral transmission without solid causes. It is impossible to abuse this mode on the automatic transmission. This mode is customary to be "service" and need to ride without turning on the engine.
No need to take on a tug of vehicles with automatic trailer or other cars. The machine to this is simply not adapted. Of course, any box has a certain reserve of strength and immediately your car will not break, however, systematic riding with large loads will be infinitely neglected. In the event that you are going to very often use the trailer on a car with a box with a machine gun, choose a car in which a significant margin of safety is provided from the very beginning. For example, a powerful jeep. Box such auth It is designed for the solid weight of the jeep itself directly, as a result of this, the weight of the trailer himself will have a slight effect on the automatic transparent.
Do not start the car with the "Tolkach". Separate drivers, naturally, sometimes harvest cars with an automatic box from the pusher, but this will over time lead to breakage of the box.
The car with automatic transmission can not be towed on the leaving. This is the worst thing that can be done for the box with automatic transmission. It is associated with the fact that in the box during the movement should continuously circulate the transmission fluid. In the event that the motor motor is muted, then the propeller lubricant does not occur and this will certainly damage it. IN practical manual The gearbox is indicated that the towing is possible for short distances, up to twenty-fifty kilometers, at a speed of not more than 20-30 km / h. However, in practice, in case the service station is further 3-5 km, it is preferable to use the services of the tow truck. Payment of services for the tow truck will be not very high, but the serious consequences for automatic transmission can be avoided.

Apart from this, you must not forget that the automatic transmission is an exceptionally complex device that needs timely maintenance and replacement of transmission fluid. The service should be carried out on time, and in driving conditions on our roads before its offensive. If you take into account all our recommendations, the box will serve for a long time and reliably.

Features of use in winter

For cars, which installed automatic, the rules for use in winter are very significant and at this time the car must be carefully. Because by purchasing a car with the automatic transmission driver, as a rule, does not bother himself with a detailed study of all the details of driving and the specifics of operation of the automatic box, but in vain. The first complications usually appear in winter and repeated attempts to get out of a small snowdrift - only flowers. The recommendations we offer will undoubtedly help you to realize what proper operation of automatic transmission in the winter time. To do this, be sure to check out the instructions below:

If you need to enter a slippery turn, try to do it on reduced gear. Before switching initially reducing the speed.
In winter, before traveling, you need to warm your car to operating temperature Coolant. In this case transmission oil In an automatic box, it will time to warm up and acquire the desired viscosity.
In the case of urgent departure, you should warm up the car at least to 40 ° C, and then try to ride no higher than 40 km / h, while avoiding sharp accelerations.
After you run the motor and drive it, 2-3 times move the lever to all the positions, stopping in all position for 2-5 seconds.
At the same time, hold back with the help of a brake. Next, drive the box of your car in some of the work modes.
In winter, including if the car is fine, the first kilometers should be moved in gentle mode.
In winter, during driving often, it often happens that the owner of the car appears a desire to make a car with a tug, or pull the transportation to the tug. All these actions will necessarily lead to various faults during the operation of automatic transmission.

Video "How to switch speeds in automatic transmission"

In this video, it is described what kind of speeds in the automatic transmission and how to switch them correctly.

If you still have questions about the operation of automatic transmission, then ask them to leaving your comment.

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