Diagram of operation automatic transmission - automatic gearbox. How to use an automatic transmission and how does it work? Scheme of operation lever switching automatic transmission

22.11.2019

The emergence of the car gave the start of the ongoing race to improve all systems and the mechanisms of this vehicle. From methods and materials for the body to high-tech management methods. Carl Benz came up with the first device, allowing in several modes to transmit engine force to the running system.

The progressive thought of several generations of designers and inventors brought this device to the gearbox known to us today. But it was not going to stop on this car manufacturers, and at the beginning of the last century attempts began to automate this process. By the 30s of the XX century, manufacturers close to solve the problem. But neither technologically, nor economically mass production was impossible to establish, although it was possible to create successful samples.

First serial car from automatic box The programs are considered to be Buick Roadmaster, released in 1947. The first model had only two broadcasts, but after a few years it was launched into a series of three-stage automatic transmission not fundamentally not changed to today, although modern transmission became more accurate and more accurate.

How does the automatic transmission and its types

On machines with a machine, there is no clutch pedal, with the exception of those models where the possibility of transition to manual control is provided. This crucial role is performed by the automatic transmission.. The engine energy through a complex mechanism that will be discussed below are transmissions. The system of the system is designed in such a way that the switching of the modes is adjusted by automation. As this happens can be understood by sobering with the work algorithm and the main components of the automatic transmission:

hydrotransformer. Represents the evolution of the coupling developed back in 1903. The location where the torque is received from the engine to the output shaft. The principle is simple. The pumping turbine, connected to the engine accelerates the oil inside the case, which transmits energy on the blades of the gearbox mechanism. Thus, there is no rigid mechanical connection between the input and output shafts. In this case, the transformation of the torque does not occur. Provides it additional elementcalled rotor. It is located between the turbines and the special design of the blades gives additional torque power installation. The force is transmitted to the mechanism directly responsible for changing the gear ratio;
planetary reductor. Main Detail of automatic transmission. A complex mechanism collected from the central or solar gear, a crown or a large central gear and a set of satellites, fixed on the details, called drove. By changing the position of the individual elements of the automatic transmission along the axis, several combinations producing several speeds of rotation of the central shaft at the output. The number of options and it is customary to be called transmissions. Direct analogue with manual transmission, but the diagram does not need a clutch, the function of which performs hydromefta. Such a system needs accurate and complex management. Provide efficient switching such a complex mechanism in manual mode is not possible;
control system. Two types of devices are possible. The first is hydraulic mechanisms. Today this type is applied mainly in budget cars. Machines of the middle class and above are equipped with electronic control automatic transmission. In the first case, the sensors reacting to the change of oil pressure in the system, hydraulic pushers act. They activate the complex combination of couplings and brakes, mechanically switching transmissions. The system is configured in such a way that it is impossible to "jump" through the transmission. Switching is possible only sequential. The electronic control system is more efficient. Sensors collect more complete information about the operation of the automatic transmission. This is the temperature of the liquid, and the speed of rotation of each axis. The control unit allows executive devices. The algorithm of response immediately the whole group of parts is under the control of electronics. Couplings, brakes and electromagnetic valves, often referred to as solenoids, are almost constantly in motion during a ride;
selector lever. This is a "handle" located in the cabin. All over the world, the labeling of the positions of the selector for all automatic transmission is adopted. R - reverse. N is a neutral transmission. D is the main position of the selector when moving, from start to stop. P - parking. S - sports regime . Some manufacturers of elite and executive cars supply the switching unit with additional positions. For example, the Tittronic has the ability to switch from automatic mode to mechanical control of the checkpoint.

The scheme under consideration refers to the classical option. The principle of operation of variators and robots is different. The difference in price is essential.

Well-developed technologies, large volumes of production of classical automatic transmission make it more accessible and variator, and robotic boxwhich, however, have some advantages.

For example, the variator does not have a switching steps at all, and the change in the gear ratio is carried out by a mechanism resembling two conical pulleys. The moving belt simultaneously changes the input and output diameter of the shafts, which without loss of power and jerks changes the frequency of rotation at the output. The robot is essentially high-quality manual transmission with efficient electronic control. Fans of mechanics can always go to their favorite mode.

Advantages and disadvantages

Actual advantages have a lot. Mechanic management requires long-term training and constant attention when driving. Car owners with automation This problem does not concern. Most of the time at the time of driving the box is in the same position - D, which means movement or drive. But these are not all bonuses. The advantages are also as follows:

Comfort and concentration of attention to the road situation, and not on the instruments.
Saving the engine resource. The machine does not allow mechanics to work in critical modes, which prevents the depreciation of the main parts and consumables.
Safe driving in complex climatic conditions. Together with other systems, the machine does not allow the driver to allow critical errors in control.

However, not only the pros are noted by experts and simple car owners. There are disadvantages:

Higher than the MCPP fuel consumption. The efficiency of the machine can be up to 12% lower than that of mechanics. However, this does not apply to the latest generation of automatic transmission. Improving production technologies today reduces this difference to a minimum.
Dynamics. Automatic mode does not allow the car system to work in extreme conditions, which deprives the driver to fully feel all the power and capacity of the machine. But for most urban residents it is not relevant. In everyday life, where promotion is complicated by the corks with transitions and traffic lights, the machine is rather good than the disadvantage.
Car cost. Models with a machine are noticeably more expensive than their analogues with manual transmission.
The impossibility of towing. When the automatic transmission fails, the evacuator has to call. The possibility of moving the turned off the machine is limited to a small distance at the minimum speed, and then with experience and knowledge, how to do it safely for car mechanics.
Repairs. The complexity of the design and the high price of spare parts and maintenance, which includes and more consumables makes itching the owners of the car with automatic transmission.

How to manage the machine with a box with a machine gun

There are no difficulties in training and subsequent operation. Unlike mechanics to look at the tachometer arrow or to determine the moment the moment of switching is not necessary. The positions of the handle of the machine are the following:

Parking. Denotes the letter P. In this position, the blockable output shaft does not allow the car the ability to move. In an even place, this is enough to preserve stability, but on the inclined surface it is recommended to use a manual brake;
The position of the handle n corresponds to neutral transmission to the manual transmission. When the control system is turned off, you can move;
The reverse move is denoted by the letter R, which means the reverse. In this position, it is impossible to start the engine, and when moving forward a sharp translation of the selector to the reverse, probably disabling the gearbox;
The main position is marked with the letter D. Switching all transfers forward, from the lowest to the highest, occur in this mode.
Additional provisions. These include the Sport Mode, noted as S. In this mode, the motor power is maximally used. The dynamics of acceleration is noticeably higher in vehicles with the additional option Kickdown. For uniform and economical movement, the Overdrive function is possible. On some models there is a separate switch in winter mode. When the automatic transmission crashes, the automation can block the mechanism on the current transmission and go to the emergency mode.

Features of the operation of the car with automatic transmission

The procedure for the operations necessary to start motion on most machines with the machine are the same:

Insert the key and turn it into the ignition mode.
Press the brake pedal.
Translate the selector handle to the desired position. Either forward or back.
Release the brake pedal.

The car will begin a smooth movement in the selected direction, without even pressing the pedal using which you can speed up the dynamics. The machine first responds to the work of the accelerator. The "Drive" mode does not switch when short-term stops, for example, on the traffic light. Use only brake. The position "Parking" includes with a longer stop.

It is necessary to avoid off-road and inhomogeneous coating. Slobing ideally, at all, it is necessary to strive to avoid;
It is necessary to give the system to warm up. The automatic transmission will be released on the claimed level only at a certain oil temperature. Therefore, even in the summer better first a few minutes of movement to avoid sharp accelerations and high speeds;
Do not allow overload. The machine has a more sensitive mechanics, which is designed for certain loads. Load an excessively interior or pull a heavy trailer is simply not recommended;
You need to pay attention to the documentation. Whether towing is allowed for this type Automatic transmission Some models are not subject to compulsory movement at all. Some species have strict speed limits and distance.

The global trend today is of course cars with automatic transmission. Characteristics in many respects approached highly qualified driving on mechanics. Amenities are indisputable and do not need additional advertising.

To date, most drivers do not represent how they went by car, which does not have an automatic gearbox. Some newbies come terrified from one thought that it would have to constantly switch the transmissions manually. Many drivers with great experience also have long understood that it is much more convenient to ride with an automatic box. Despite all this, people tormented the question - how to properly exploit the box automatic? In this article, this will be discussed.

Modes of work

To understand how the automatic box should be operated, you need to deal with what existing modes.

It should be immediately noted that the modes "P", "R", "D" and "N" are mandatory in each box. To select one of the modes, you just need to move the shift lever to the appropriate position. In contrast of mechanical box The fact that the movement of the lever occurs on one line.

The mode that the driver selected will be displayed on the control panel. It makes it possible to carefully follow the road and not distracted to look at the lever.

"P" - Parking. Used during a long parking lot. It is with parking that it is advisable to start a car. It is important before turning on this mode to completely stop the machine.
"R" - used to move with reverse. To enable, you need to stop completely.
"N" is a neutral position. When the lever is on the "neutral", the torque is not transmitted to the wheels. It is worth using in a period of minor stops.
"D" - movement. When the selector is in this position, the car goes forward. Shift shift is performed independently. The driver is just taking a gas pedal.

In the car, which installed five - or four-stage box, the selector has several positions for moving forward: "D", "d3", "d2", "d1". These numbers show upper gear.

"D3" - "The first 3 transmissions". It is recommended to use in cases where there is no possibility to move without slowing down.
"D2" - "The first 2 transmissions". Translate the lever into such a position when the speed of movement is less than 50 km / h. Most often used on poor-quality roads.
"D1" ("L") - "Only 1st Transfer". Used in the event that maximum speed is 25 km / h. Translate the lever to a similar position is when the machine is in traffic.
"OD" - "Increased transmission". In such a position should be moved when the speed reaches more than 75 km / h, and leave it when the speed drops below 70 km / h. Increased transmission makes it possible to reduce fuel consumption at the moments of movement in motorways.

Most of the new machines with automatt have several ACAP auxiliary modes. To those can be attributed:

"N" is standard, which is used during a regular ride.
"E" - fuel economy mode. Helps the car to move at such a pace, which significantly reduces fuel consumption.
"S" - Sport. When the driver switches to this mode, it can maximize the power of the motor. Nothing surprising is that fuel consumption in this mode will be high.
"W" - winter. It is used in those moments when you need to start moving from slippery road surface.

Of course, there are drivers who could not get used to the automatic transmission, given all its advantages. To satisfy the needs of these people, the "Titonik" regime was created. In essence, he implies a manual control imitation. On the box, it is implemented in the form of a groove for the selector, and marked with signs plus and minus. Plus makes it possible to increase the transfer, and minus - downgrade, respectively.

Basic operating conditions automatic

In order to start moving by the machine in which the automatic box is installed, the actions should be performed in the following order:

Press the brake pedal.
Selector Move to the "Drive" position.
Remove from the handbrake.
Slowly let go of the brake. The car will start slowly moving.
Press the accelerator pedal.
To reduce speed, you need to throw gas. If you need a quick stop, then you need to use the brake.
To move after a minor stop, you just need to move the foot from the brake, to the accelerator.

The main rule of using automatic transmission is to avoid sharp maneuvers. If you constantly do to them, it will increase the gap between the friction disks, and then in the differential. All this will lead to the fact that the machine will twitch during each transmission switching.

Experienced masters believe that the machine must be given a short-term "rest." This means that the car needs to be able to move a few seconds to idling. It is worth noting that even in a car with a powerful engine, sharp movements will significantly reduce the resource of the box.

In fact, this moment is very important, because most of these boxes break it precisely in winter. First of all, this is due to a significant drop in temperature and so that the machines are often touched on ice. In order to maximize their car from breakdown, follow the following recommendations:

Before the onset of cold weather, check the quality and level of fluid in the box, and if necessary, replace;
Be sure to warm up the car before starting the movement;
If the car is stuck, do not harm the gas hoping to leave. It is worth trying to reduce the transfer (if there is such an opportunity) or just push;
Before a steep turn, use only reduced transmissions.

What not to do

What you should not do by car with an automatic box:

First of all, you should not heat the box badly if the car did not warm up to required level. Even if the street plus temperature, the first few kilometers, the movement should be smooth and measured.
The automatic transmission "does not like" off-road. Machines with automatic, it is best to travel around the roads with bad coatings. If a " iron Horse»Stuck, sometimes it is better to resort to the help of shovel than putting on gas.
It is not recommended to expose the automatic transmission to high loads. If there were plans to tow the trailer, it is better to throw them out of the head.
It is strictly forbidden to start a car with a so-called pusher. Many people violate this ban, but it is worth remembering that it will not pass without a trace for the box.

Of course, it is impossible to forget about certain features of switching between modes:

on the "neutral" one can remain only if the brake is pressed;
on the "neutral", the car is prohibited;
swimming the motor is permitted exclusively in the Parking position;
when the car in motion cannot be transferred to the lever in the parking position and the "movement back".

Summing up, it is worth noting that the automatic box may seem pretty "picky" and having a small resource. In fact, if it is competent to exploit it, it will delight your owner for a very long time.

Video: how to use the automatic transmission

Each car owner knows that the choice of transmission is a key factor that affects the dynamic indicators of the car. The developers are constantly trying to improve the gearbox, but most motorists still give preference to the manual transmission, since, due to the current stereotype, it is believed that it is more reliable and easy to use. However, the reason lies in the other - most people are simply not familiar with the principle of the machine, therefore and fear it.

In today's article, we will try as detailed as possible and accessible to describe the principle of operation of the automatic transmission.

What is automatic transmission?

ACAP is the main element of the car transmission design, the main purpose of which is to change the torque, as well as changes in the speed of movement. There are three options for automatic transmissions:

Variable speed drive;
Hydraulic machine;
Robotic;

What is better - mechanics or automatic?

As many people could have noticed, most Russian motorists prefer the manual transference. Some experts believe that this is due to the mentality of the nation, others with established negative stereotypes.

Another thing is Americans, 95% of which do not imagine the process of driving a car, without an automatic box. But it does not surprise this at all, because the automatic transmission was invented by American engineers who wanted to simplify the life of drivers.

The same situation in Europe. If 15-20 years ago, everyone was widely used by the mechanics, then it is already almost displaced from the market.

Russia also has an increase in the popularity of the machine, but, according to experts and analysts, the Russians do not know how to properly use the automatic box. Every day, the auto repair shops addresses the mass of motorists with faults, the main reason for which is incorrect operation.

How does the automatic transmission work?

In order for the principle of operation of the automatic transmission more clearly, we cut it into three parts: mechanical, electronic and hydraulic.

Let's start a discussion, of course, with mechanical, since it is exactly this element and switching transmissions.

The hydraulic part is a certain intermediary who is a link.

And finally, the electronic, which is considered to be a transmission brain responsible for switching modes, as well as feedback.

Everyone understands that the heart of the car is the engine. The transmission does not pretend to this role at all, because it can safely call the brain of the car. The main objective of the automatic transmission is considered to convert km of a motor into force, which creates conditions for the TC movement. An important role in this process is performed by a hydrotransformer and planetary transmissions.

Hydrotransformer

By analogy with the manual transformer, the clutch functions, and also adjusts the KM, taking into account the speed of rotation and the produced engine power.

The structure of the torque converter consists of three parts:

Centripetal turbine;
Centrifugal pump;
Guide apparatus reactor;

Due to the fact that the turbine and pump are most close as possible with each other, the working fluids are in constant motion. It is due to this that it is possible to achieve minimal energy losses. In addition, the torque converter boasts very compact sizes.

It is worth noting that the crankshaft is directly connected to the pumping wheel, and the box shaft is with a turbine. It is at the expense of this that there is no tough connection between the leading and slave elements in the hydrotransformer. The working fluids transmit energy from the motor to the transmission, which, in turn, through the pump blades transmits it to the turbine blades.

Hydromefta

If we talk about the hydromule, then its principle of work is very similar - it also transmits km without affecting its intensity.

The hydrotransformer is equipped with a reactor first in order to change km. In fact, it is the same wheel with blades, except that the tougher planted and less maneuverable. Over it returns from the turbine into the pump. Some features have a reactor blades, whose channels are gradually narrowed. Due to this, the speed of movement of workers fluids increases significantly.

What is the automatic transmission?

The torque converter interacts with the clutch, and does not contact the driver.

The planetary series - interacts with gears in the box, and when switching transmissions changes the transmission configuration.

Brake tape, rear and front friction - directly switch transmissions.

The control device is a node that consists of a pump, a valve box and an oil separator.

Hydblock is the system of valve channels that control and control the engine load.

The hydrotransformer is designed to transmit torque from power aggregate to the elements of the automatic transmission. It is located between the box and the engine, and thus performs the adhesion function. It is filled with the working fluid, which catches and transmits the engine's efforts into the oil pump located directly into the box.

As for the oil pump, it already transmits the working fluid to the hydrotransformer, thus creating the most optimal pressure in the system. Therefore, the myth that the car with the machine can be started without a starter - a clean lie.

The gear pump receives energy directly from the engine, from which it can be concluded that when the motor is turned off, the pressure in the system is completely absent, even if the switching lever is not in the initial state. Therefore, the forced rotation of the cardan shaft will not be able to start the engine.

Planetary series - is often used in automatic transmission, as it is considered more modern and technological, rather than the parallel shaft used in the mechanics.

Pieces of friction - piston makes movement of excessive oil pressure. The piston itself is very tightly pressed the leading elements to the slave, forcing them to rotate as a whole, and transfer km to the sleeve. It is worth noting that several such planetary mechanisms are located in the automatic transmission.

Friction disks transmit KM directly by the wheels of the car.

Brake tape - used to block the elements of the planetary mechanism.

Hydbot is one of the most complex mechanisms in the automatic transmission, which is called "brains of transmission. It is worth noting that the repair of this element is very expensive.

Types of automatic transmission

Permanent race technical Equipment Car, forces developers to invent increasingly sophisticated technologies and structures in order to overtake competitors. It is worth noting that this positively affects the development of the chassis of the vehicle. One of the most important discoveries was the invention of an automatic transmission. It immediately began to use incredibly great demand, as it simplifies the management process noticeably. In addition, it is very simple in operation and reliable. Analysts argue that in the near future it will fully displace from the MCPP market.

To date, the automatic box is used as in passenger carsand trucks, regardless of the type of drive.

It is known that when driving a car with a manual transmission, you have to keep your hand on the gear switch, which significantly reduces the concentration on the road. The carton-machine is practically devoid of such flaws.

Main advantages Box automatic:

Management increases;
A smoother transition between transmissions even at high speed;
The engine is not overloaded;
Transmissions can be shifted both manually and automatically;

Modern automatic transmission, from the point of sight of the control and control system, can be divided into two types:

Transmission with hydraulic device;
Transmission S. electronic device, or so-called robotic box;

It should be more understandable after reading the example below:

"Imagine the situation that the car moves along roven road And gradually approaches the steep rise. If for a while just from the side to watch this situation, then it can be noted that after an increase in the load, the machine begins to lose speed, and, therefore, the intensity of rotation of the turbine is also reduced. This leads to the fact that the working fluid begins to counteract the movement. In this case, the rate of circulation increases sharply, which contributes to an increase in km to the indicator in which equilibrium in the system will occur. "

The same principle of work and at the time of the start of the car movement. The only difference is that in this case the accelerator is also involved. Thanks to it, it increases the intensity of crankshaft and pumping wheel, despite the fact that the turbine remains still, which allows the engine to work in idle mode. It is worth noting that the CM increases sharply, and when a certain mark is reached, the torque converter begins to perform the function of the link, which connects together the slave and the presenter elements. All these moments, it is possible to significantly reduce the level of fuel consumption significantly, and more effectively carry out the engine braking in case of need.

So for what then to connect the automatic transmission to the hydrotransformer if he is independently able to change the intensity of the CM?

That is why: the coefficient of change of torque using a torque converter usually does not exceed 2-3.5. This is not enough for the full operation of the automatic box.

Unlike mechanical, automatic box switches speeds with friction club and ribbon brakes. The system automatically determines the desired speed, taking into account the speed of movement and effort on the accelerator pedal.

In addition to the planetary mechanism and the hydrotransformer, the automatic transmission includes a pump that lubricates the box. Cooling radiator is engaged in cooling oil.

The difference between a box-machine at the rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive vehicles

There are a number of differences between the arrangement of automatic transmission cars with the front and rear wheel drive. The automatic transmission of front-wheel drive cars is more compact, and has a separate compartment, which is called differential.

In all other aspects, both transmissions are identical in both constructive and functional terms.

To effectively perform all functions, the automatic box has the following elements: a torque converter, a control unit and a motion mode selection mechanism.

We hope that our article has become the most useful as possible for you, and helped you understand the principles of the automatic transmission.

Video

With the development of automotive and the release of new types of transmissions, the question of which gearbox is better, becomes more and more relevant. ACP - what is it? In this article, we will deal with the device and the principle of operation of the automatic transmission, we learn what types of automatic transmission exist and who came up with automatic transmission. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages different species automatic transmissions. We will get acquainted with the modes of operation and control of automatic transmission.

What is automatic transmission and history of its creation

Automatic gearbox selector

Automatic gearbox, or automatic transmission, is a transmission that provides the choice of an optimal gear ratio in accordance with the conditions of movement without the participation of the driver. It provides a good smoothness of the car's move, as well as comfort when driving for the driver.

Currently, there are several types of automatic gearbox:

hydromechanical (classical);
mechanical;

In this article, all attention will be paid to the classic machine.

HISTORY OF THE INVENTION

The basis of the automatic transmission is a planetary gearbox and a hydrotransformer, first invented solely for the needs of shipbuilding in 1902 by the German engineer of Hermann Fittenger. Further in 1904, the Boston brothers from Boston presented their version of automatic checkpoint having two gearboxes and resembling a slightly modified mechanics.

First serial automatic gearbox GM Hydramatic

The car equipped with a planetary transmission first saw the light under brand Ford. T. The essence of the box was to smooth switching speeds due to two pedals. The first included an increase and downward transmissions, and the second is rear.

GENERAL MOTORS has adopted the relay, which in the mid-1930s released a semi-automatic transmission. The clutch in the car still continued to be present, and the planetary mechanism was controlled by hydraulics.

Approximately at the same time, Chrysler has improved the design of the hydromefta box, and instead of a two-stage box, an overdrive was used - an increase in transmission with a gear ratio of less than a unit.

The world's first fully automatic checkpoint in 1940 created all the same General Motors. The automatic transmission was a combination of hydromefta with a four-stage planetary box with automatic control by means of hydraulics.

Today, six-, seven-eight and nine-stepwise automatic transmission, producers of which are both autocontraceans (Kia, Hyundai, BMW, VAG) and specialized companies (ZF, AISIN, JATCO) are known.

Pros and Cons

Like any gearbox, the automatic transmission has both pros and cons. Imagine them in the form of a table.

Device of automatic transmission

Diagram automatic transmission

The automatic transmission device is quite complex and consists of the following main elements:

planetary mechanism;
automatic transmission control unit (TCU);
hydraulicock;
ribbon brake;
oil pump;
case.

The torque converter is a housing filled with a special ATF working fluid, and is designed to transmit torque from the engine to the gearbox. In fact, it replaces the clutch. It includes a pumping, turbine and reactor wheels, a blocking clutch and a free-running clutch.

Wheels are equipped with blades with channel channels working fluid. The blocking clutch is necessary to lock the torque converter in specific modes of the car. The sleeve coupling (overtaking clutch) is necessary for rotating the reactor wheel in the opposite direction. You can read more about the torque converter in more detail.

The ACP planetary mechanism includes planetary rows, shafts, drums with friction clutches, as well as an overtook coupling and a ribbon brake.

The speed switching mechanism in the automatic transmission is quite complicated, and, in fact, the operation of the transmission consists in performing a certain algorithm for inclusion and turn off the couplings and brakes by means of fluid pressure.

The planetary series, or rather blocking one of its elements (solar gear, satellite, the crown gear, drove), ensures the transmission of rotation and change the torque. Elements included in the planetary series are blocked using an overtook coupling, a tape brake and friction clutch.

Example hydraulic scheme Automatic

The automatic transmission control unit can be hydraulic (no longer applied) and electronic (automatic automatic control). Modern hydromechanical transmission is equipped with only electronic control unit. It processes the sensor signals and generates control signals to the actuators (valves) of the hydroblock, ensuring the operation of the friction clutch, as well as the flow control fluid. Depending on this, the pressure fluid is sent to one clutch, including a specific transmission. TCU also controls the locking of the torque converter. When malfunction, the TCU unit ensures the functioning of the PPC in " emergency mode" The ACPP selector is responsible for switching the operation modes of the PPC.

The following sensors are used in the automatic box:

speed sensor at the entrance;
speed sensor at the output;
oil temperature sensor automatic transmission;
selector lever position sensor;
oil pressure sensor.

Principle of operation and service life

The time required to switch the speed in the automatic transmission depends on the velocity of the vehicle and the engine load. The control system calculates the necessary actions and transmits them as hydraulic effects. The hydraulics moves the coupling and brakes of the planetary mechanism, thereby automatically changing the gear ratio in accordance with the optimal mode of the engine in these conditions.

One of the main indicators affecting the efficiency of the automatic transmission is the level of oil to be regularly checked. Working temperature Oils (ATF) is about 80 degrees. Therefore, in order to avoid damage to plastic mechanisms of the box in the winter, before the movement, the car must be warmed. And in the hot season, on the contrary, cooling.
Cooling automatic transmission can be carried out by coolant or air (using an oil radiator).

Liquid radiator received the greatest distribution. The ATF temperature required for normal engine operation should not exceed 20% of the temperature in the cooling system. The coolant temperature should not exceed 80 degrees, due to this and the ATF cooling occurs. The heat exchanger is connected to the outer part of the oil pump housing to which the filter is attached. When circulating oil in the filter, it takes its contact with the cooling fluid through the thin walls of the channels.

By the way, the automatic transmission is considered very heavy. The automatic transmission weight is about 70 kg (if it is dry and without a torque converter) and about 110 kg (if it is filled).

For the normal operation of the automatic transmission, the proper oil pressure is also necessary. From this largely depends on the service life of the automatic transmission. Oil pressure should be at the level of 2.5-4.5 bar.

The automatic resource can be bottled. If in one car, the transmission can only be stopped 100 thousand km., In the other - about 500 thousand. It depends on the operation of the car, from regular control over the oil level and its replacement together with the filter. Extend the automatic transmission resource is also possible using original consumables And timely servicing the checkpoint.

Office of automatic transmission

Control automatic transmission is performed by the automatic transmission selector. Modes of operation of automatic transmission depend on moving the lever to a certain position. The following modes are available in the machine:

P - Parking. Used in parking. In this mode, the output shaft of the transmission is mechanically blocked.
R - Reverse. Used to turn on the transfer rear stroke.
N - Neutral. Neutral mode.
D - DRIVE. Move forward in automatic speed switching mode.
M - MANUAL. Mode manual speed switching.

In modern automatic transmissions with a large number of operating ranges, additional modes of operation can be used:

(D), or O / D-Overdrive - "economical" mode of movement, in which automatic switching to a higher transmission is possible;
D3, or O / D Off- is decrypted as "Disconnection of Overdrive", this is an active mode of movement;
S.(either number 2 ) - low gear range (first and second, or only second transmission), "Winter Mode";
L.(either number 1 ) - The second range of reduced gears (only the first transmission).

Circuit modes of automatic transmission

There are also additional buttons characterizing the operating modes of the ACP.

Recently, more and more motor vehicles are equipped with automatic transmission. It is lighter and easy to use and is ideal for newbies and movement in the city with traffic jams and regular stops.

What is automatic transmission and its types

The automatic transmission switch is one of the types of transmission at which the necessary gear ratio is displayed without interfering of the driver, selected under the mode of movement and other factors.

From a technical point of view of automatic gearbox, only the planetary part of the node is considered directly related to the shift switching, and together with the hydraulic transformer forms a single automatic unit.

Automatic transmissions are customary to attribute a classic with a torque converter, a robotic gearbox and a variator.

Classic automatic transmission

The hydrotransformator checkpoint is a popular and classic transmission model installed on most of the convergent cars currently vehicles.

The automatic box consists of a planetary gearbox, control system and a hydraulic transformer, which gave it the name - a hydrotransformer gearbox. It is installed both on passenger cars and truck vehicles.

Robotic gearbox

The robot box is a kind of alternative mechanical gearbox, Only switching speeds occurs automated by means of electrical mechanisms resulting in an electronic unit.

The only similarity robotic gearbox With a classic automatic box is the presence of clutch in the case of the box.

Variable speed drive

The variator is a device of a smooth stepless transmission of torque on the wheels.

Provides a decrease in fuel consumption and improves dynamic indicators, gentle by motor vehicle engine operation compared to automatic transmission or manual transmission.

Variators are belongs, chain and toroidal. Of the variators are most common with a wedge-shaped strap.

Principle of operation of automatic transmission

Several species are installed on the vehicle automatic gearbox With your characteristic features.

A simplified mechanism of operation of the classical automatic transmission is to transmit torque from the engine crankshaft to the transmission device, while the gear ratio is varying in accordance with the position of the selector lever and the movement of vehicles.

When the engine starts, the working fluid falls into the hydraulic transformer, the pressure increases. The blades of the centrifugal pump start moving, the reactor wheel and the main turbine are fixed in this mode.

When switching the selector lever and supplying fuel using an accelerator pedal, the pump blades increase the revolutions. The growing speed of the vortex flows starts to rotate the turbine blades. Whirlwinds of oil are thrown into a fixed reactor, then return back to the turbine, increasing its effectiveness. Torque turns onto the wheels, and the car starts the movement.

Upon reaching the required velocity, the pumping wheel and the blade central turbine move at the same speed, while the vortices transmission fluid Find the reactor wheel from the opposite side (the movement is possible only in one direction) and it starts the rotation. The unit goes into the hydraulic coupling state.

If the opposition on the wheels increases (movement on the rise), the reactor wheel stops the rotation and adds the torque of the centrifugal pump. When the required speed and torque is reached, transmission changes in the planetary node.

The electronic control unit transmits the command, as a result of which the braking tape and friction discs slow down the reduced transmission, and the increased movement of fluid flow through the valve accelerate increased transmission and change the gear without reducing power.

With a complete stop of the machine or reduce the speed, the pressure of the working fluid decreases and the transfer is reduced.

On the plugged engine in the hydrotransformer there is no pressure, so the launch of the car by means of a push is not effective.

Automatic box device

The classic machine consists of four main components:

Hydraulic transformer - Replaces the clutch, converts and transmits torque to the wheels. It consists of a centrifugal pump, a paddle turbine and a reactor, providing smooth and accurate torque changes. The pump is associated with the crankshaft, and the turbine - with the shaft of the box. The transformation of energy is carried out at the expense of fluid flows and pressure formed by them. The torque converter changes rotation revolutions and torque in a small interval, so the planetary node (box) is added to it.
Planetary reductor It consists of a central gear (solar), satellites, a crown gear and planetary driving. Makes gear by blocking some gear and unlocking others.
Brake tape, rear and front friction discs provide direct inclusion of gears.
Control system consists of a gear pump, oil collector, hydraulic block and electronic block Management (ECU). The hydraulic unit consists of channels with solenoids (valves) and plungers carrying out control and control functions. The ECU controls due to information from sensors collecting a variety of indicators.

Robotic gearbox It is a more advanced option manual with highly productive control systems.

IN variator The transformation of the gear ratio is performed by a mechanism having a leading and driven pulleys through which the wedge belt passes.

How to use an automatic transmission

According to the assertions of the automatic transmissions, the main malfunctions of automatic transmissions appear due to violation of the rules of exploitation and late box maintenance.

Modes of work

Depending on the type of automatic boxes, there are various automatic transmission modes. Each position of the selector lever or the buttons on it is designed for various conditions Movements with their features.

The main types of automatic transmission regimes and their effect on the car:

R (Parking) - blocking the drive wheels, shaft box, is used only when the parking lot and warming up;
N. (neutral) - the shaft is not blocked, the car can be towed, equivalent to neutral transmission from the manual transmission;
D. (Drive) - Movement under normal conditions with automatic selection of gears;
L (d2) - reduced transmission for movement in difficult conditions - off-road, steep descents and lifts, speed less than 40 km / h;
D3. - lowering transmission with small descents and lines;
R.(reverse) - movement by reverse, is included with the full stop and the brake pedal;
O / D. - inclusion of the fourth transmission when driving at high speed;
PWR. - sports mode, to improve dynamic qualities, the increase in the transfer occurs on more high revolutions engine;
Normal - for smooth and economical movement;
Manu. - Manual transmission mode, recommended for use in winter.

How to start the car on the machine

Features require competent launch. To protect the box from incorrect actions and the subsequent breakdowns, the degree of protection were developed.

At the time of launching the car, the selector must be in the position "P" (parking) or "n" - neutral. Only in such positions the protection system will go through the engine launch signal. In other positions of the lever, turn the key will not work or no changes after the key turnover will not.

For the start, it is better to use the parking mode, since the motor transport will be blocked the drive wheels and it will not allow him to roll. Neutral mode should be used only for emergency towing.

In addition to choosing the right mode, to start the engine in most cars with automatic transmission, it is necessary to squeeze the brake pedal, which is also protected and saves from a random rollback of the machine when the selector is positioned in the neutral mode.

Most modern cars Equipped with a steering wheel lock and a castle from the hijacking. If, with the correct execution of all previous steps, the steering wheel does not spin and the key is not rotated - the protection turned on. To unlock, you need to insert the key into the ignition lock and try it carefully to turn it, simultaneously turn the steering wheel in different directions. When synchronizing these actions, blocking will be blocked.

How to ride on automatic gearbox and what can not be done

Competent riding a car with automatic transmission will increase the operational resource of the box and save a lot of money and nerves.

To ensure long-term operation of the automatic transmission, it is necessary to properly select modes depending on the operating conditions.

For proper drive with automatic transmission:

shout full inclusion transmissions;
under the conditions of the bucks, it should be included in the reduced gear and, working the brake pedal, control the slow rotation of the wheels;
using different modes, you can use the engine braking or limit overclocking;
it is possible to towing vehicles with an engine at a speed at no more than 50 km / h in the position of the neutral selector and at a distance of no more than 50 km;
it is not recommended to tow another vehicle, if you have to - the towed car should be not heavier than the towing, the selection mode should be chosen D2 or L and speed up to 40 km / h with a smooth motion.

What you should not do when driving with automatic transmission:

it is forbidden to include "P" mode - parking when moving a car;
movement on neutral on descent;
launch from shock;
with a short stop (on the traffic light, in a traffic jam), choose parking mode or neutral, it reduces the automatic transmission;
with a long stop in urban mode, the selector must be put in the Parking position;
it is forbidden to turn on the reverse from the mode "Drive" or until a complete stop;
you can not first put parking mode on the slope, when parking cars on a slope should first put on hand brake, and then into the position of the "Parking" selector, to start moving from the slope first the brake pedal, then removing the car from the handbrake, and only then select the mode for movement.

How to exploit automatic transmission in winter

Sigor weather conditions in winter bring a lot of worries and problems of car owners with automatic transmission.

proper gear of the box - a few minutes after the launch, the vehicle should warm up, before the start of movement, it was recommended to turn on all modes to accelerate the warm-up oil to accelerate the warm-up of the transmission oil;
the first 5-10 km after the start of the movement should be avoided sharp accelerations and wheeling wheels;
to get out of snow or ice, it is necessary to include reduced transmission and using the alternate operation of the brake and gas pedal to go carefully;
the rolling is not recommended, since this method is adversely affected by the hydrotransformer;
the use of reduced gears or semi-automatic mode for braking engine on a more or less dry road surface, and on slippery descents to use the brake pedal;
on the overlabes, the wheel slip should be avoided and sharp presses on the accelerator pedal;
a short, but clear and neat, the transition to the "neutral" mode contributes to the stabilization of the machine to equalize the rotation of the wheels and output from the drift.

Pros and cons of automatic gearbox

Each type of transmission there is a lover. In connection with all the larger distribution of automatic transmission, it is necessary to designate their advantages and cons for the competent selection for the needs of the car owner.

The advantages are:

automatic gear shifting, in which you do not need to be distracted, which is especially relevant for beginner drivers;
facilitated process of starting from place;
more sparing operation of the chassis and engine due to the operation of the hydrotransformer;
improved permeability in most conditions.

By minuses include:

not suitable for fans of fast accelerations;
lower pickup compared to a similar car with MCPP;
it is impossible to start with a shock;
towing is undesirable and possibly only subject to certain conditions;
incorrect operation leads to breakdowns;
dear repair and maintenance.

With the proper exploitation of the machine with automatic transmission, the box resource is high enough and practically does not infer the manual transmission. Driving driving, especially in urban conditions, will give a lot of pleasant minutes.

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