SG CD oil decryption. API engine oil SN SL SL SJ

Knowing classes and standards of motor vehicles, the driver will always choose the right working fluid for its car. Today, the company offers a huge selection of motor oils. In order not to overpay and not buy useless goods for your car, it is worth understanding what the classification of motor oils represents which categories it is divided. For each engine, the lubricant is selected by two main criteria:

SAE viscosity

according to API certification (USA) or ACEA (Europe) - level performance characteristics.
After reading this material, you will know what motor oil consists of which additives are added to the lubricant and how to properly select the working fluid for your car according to the specification.

Motor oil and additives - definitions and types

Any modern oil includes additives and oil database (base). The oil containing the base on the chemical synthesis is called synthetic. Mineral fluid has the basis of oil. Mixing synthetic and mineral bases in different proportions leads to the creation of their symbiosis - semi-synthetic working fluid.

The base initially has operational and lubricant characteristics, but modern engine It will never work only on their basis. To ensure the necessary properties in the car adds additives, which take into account the life of the unit and different modes of operation.

Additive

The main task of additive is to change the synthetic or mineral base of lubrication and adding useful features. Several tens of years ago, working fluids were produced without additives, since the engines of that time did not require them. The need appeared with the improvement of the power plants, which began to differ from each other and give much more power. The type of fuel, the number of cylinders, power characteristics, etc. After all, it is obvious that for "Zhiguli" and "Porsche" should be different lubricants. Their difference can be noted at cost and quality.

To date, there is a huge number of additives, the most common types are below:

• antiquity
• thickening
• anti-wear
• melting
• anticorrosive
• depressant
• dispersing

This is far from their full list, but the standards require the use of these additives in almost any engine. For example, in the functioning of a diesel unit, a large amount of carbon deposits appears, so the working fluid must have increased dispersing and detergent properties. If we talk about turbocharged engines, it should rinse lubricants with increased resistance to oxidation and resistance to temperatures.

Before you release a car on sale, each manufacturer calculates and checks which oil is suitable for the engine. This information is present in the automobile passport, therefore. It is also worth familiar with the data about the nerservice intervals.

Sometimes we have to use working fluids from different firms. For example, you can take emergency situationwhen suitable oil There is no, and the indication reports that the lubrication level fell. After mixing the motor must be thoroughly rinsed special Oilwhich is called - washing. Several minutes the unit should work on it to remove extra additives and residues of oil bases.

If this is not done, then active substances can harm the work of the entire power plant and even to derive it. Their compound can lead to an increase in viscosity, the appearance of deposits or foaming. All these processes negatively affect the operation of the motor.

API - Categories, Designations, Tables

The classification of motor oils by API today is the most used. It is named after the American Institute of Petroleum products (API), which has developed a system of specification. With it, you can choose the type of lubricant with the type of engine and its age. The API specification is also known as a quality classification. This name API received due to the fact that modern motors are becoming easier, powerful and demanding. Oil manufacturers must develop new additives.

Over the years of the API, the classification has been complemented many times due to an increase in operational characteristics and conditions of use. But the principle remained the same - and today the working fluids are divided into two categories:

"S" - in this category (Service) includes lubricants for 4-stroke gasoline aggregates;
"C" - oil with such designation buy owners of a car with a diesel unit, so class is suitable for agricultural machinery.
Depending on the operational characteristics, the creators of the specification decided to divide the category petrol engines On nine classes, and diesel "C" - ten. Oils for diesel engines Also marked and the digit that says to what kind of diesel is the lubricant - to 4- or to 2-stroke.

Lighter perception will provide this table:

When buying an oil, it is recommended to pay attention to the latest class from this specification. For a passenger car, liquids are not lower than SN or SM class. SM and SN are practical in all books for use, since these classes reduce the consumption of lubricant to the avgar and give elevated motor characteristics.

There are also universal oils that are intended for infusion in diesel and in gasoline power plants. These species received double marking. For example, you can take SJ / SF, SF / CC, SG / CD and others.

Classification ASE car

In addition to the American API specification, there is European labeling machinery called ASEA - Association of European automotive manufacturers. These standards were adopted instead of the SSMS specification, which was used for their cars until 1995. Requirements Specification ASA similar to API. Motorist is useful to know both options. VW, MAN, Fiat, BMW, DAF, Rolls-Royce, Porsche, Volvo - Here are some companies that are included in ASA's union.

IN european ASEA There are three grades of automotive engine oils - A, B, E. For each class there are several categories that are denoted by Arabic numbers. The next digit will be the year of introducing this class to work. Sometimes the manufacturer writes the last edition of these norms. So, classes of modern engine oils:

A - gasoline motor (A1, A2, A3 and A5);
In - diesel units for freight and passenger cars low power (B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5);
E - Diesel engines for high-power vehicles (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E7).
As you can see classes ASEA Motor oils contain both numbers that indicate the level of requirements. The higher the digit, the greater the lubrication requirement. Only A1 and B1 are an exception to the rule - they were decided to attribute to working fluids with a low viscosity.

Viscosity classification

In addition to the specification of the API or ACEA, oils are classified and viscosity - by SAE. The main indicator of any lubricant on SAE is viscosity, as well as its change at different temperatures (load in power unit, with cold start, operation in summer at high temperature).

By viscosity SAE, working fluids are divided as follows:

five summer categories viscosity (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60);
Six winter categories (0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W).
The greater the number before the letter W, the higher the viscosity indicator in this working fluid. But most often you buy all-season cars, which can be immediately distinguished by the SAE dual number - one shows the class of viscosity during operation during the summer period at elevated temperatures, and the second designation guarantees the conservation of viscosity during frosts.


Depending on the design, the power of the motor, the temperature and viscosity ranges in SAE differ significantly, so this indicator needs to be serious. SAE designation is also nodes that are engaged in maintenance power plant. In the instruction book and maintenance of your car, it is indicated which types of oils on SAE are suitable for the engine.

We select lubricant correct

We sorted out in the tolerances of automotive engine oils, but selection suitable liquid Depends on the service life. This is also indicated in the designations of classifications. Below we will give the main recommendations:

if the machine mileage has not yet reached 25% of the planned resource (installing a new motor), then the best choice There will be oils of classes 10W30, 5W30;
When running 25-75% of the planning resource, it is recommended to use 5W30 lubricants in winter or more stable 10W30, in summer - SAE 15W40, 10W40, the perfect all-season option is SAE 5W40.
If there is more than 75% mileage, then in winter you need to take SAE 10W40 and SAE 5W40, 15W40 or 20W40 are suitable in summer, with the preference of all-season lubricants it is worth buying SAE 5W40.

Let's sum up

As you can see, aspects at the tolerances of automotive engine oils are a lot. But you now understand what the marking of motor oils for diesel and gasoline power aggregates. This knowledge will undoubtedly use you, after after, having come to any automotive store, you will see a huge number of cars. Now you can understand their designation to distinguish the viscosity, permissible temperature, mileage, etc.

Many motorists do not want to delve into the tables and definitions, because you can always come to the official car service and get there original engine oil. As a car, it does not have to doubt the manufacturer, but not all drivers know that such liquids are more suitable for new cars.

Based on the vehicle engine requirements, the engine oil is selected by two main criteria: the level of operational properties on the API and the viscosity of SAE.

What better to use?

Motor manufacturers at the design stage are determined with oil brands depending on the working conditions and constructive features. After that, the resource tests of the engines are carried out and recommendations on the use are issued. So, before the choice you need to look into the instruction manual, what exactly is necessary. The oil specified in the instructions is the right choice.

If you do not want to pour original corporate oilthen you can do non-original. And in order not to lose guarantees, you should choose it with the admission and approval of the car concern. Approval of the car manufacturer is one of the main landmarks when choosing. In the designation of approval, not only the name of the brand of the machine, but also a special index, which is comparable to what is in the automotive documentation are indicated.

Russian legislation does not limit the right to use the car owner technical fluids Any brand. The main thing is that the product specifications comply with the manufacturer's recommendations. In the event of a breakdown of the motor in which the neoriginal, but satisfying the basic requirements of the oil, the dealer may refuse warranty repair only if the examination establishes that it was fake.

Use the oil that is recommended by the manufacturer. If you choose yourself, it is selected by two main parameters: according to the group and quality class. It will also be useful to find out.

Classification by SAE

The main property of the engine oil is viscosity and its dependence on temperature in a wide range. We give the standard classification by SAE: 10W-40. The first designation "10W" denotes the use temperature, and "40" - viscosity. We will talk about each parameter separately.

The viscosity of the oil speak the most notable numbers on the canister - this is a classification of SAE. Two numbers separated by the letter W denote that it is all-season. The first numbers indicate the minimum negative temperature at which the engine can be checked. For example, with the designation of 0W-40, the lower temperature threshold is -35 ° C, and in 15W-40 it is -20 about C. The number after hyphena indicates the permissible range of viscosity changes at 100 o C.

Winter, summer and all-season efficiency ranges

With the middle climate, it is recommended to use the "universal" 10w - it is suitable for most machines. If the harsh winter is, then the oil of the class is not lower than 5W (it will be best - 0W). For summer exploitation, 10W is suitable.

• when running a car less than 50% from the planned resource ( new engine) It is necessary to apply the oils of classes 5W30 or 0W20. This is due to the fact that new engines have no wear, all gaps are minimal, therefore bearings work at a lower viscosity.
• when the car runs more than 50% From the planned resource (technically serviceable engine) it is advisable to apply the oils of class 5W40. This is due to the fact that under large wear offices, the carrying capacity is compensated by an increase in viscosity.

Modern motors require low viscosity oil, because It has low energy-saving properties and saves fuel. The conveyors are poured fluid with viscosity not higher than 30. If the mileage of the car is large and noticeable increased consumption, then oil with an increased viscosity index should be poured.

API classification

The classification of oils under the conditions of their application and levels of operational properties was repeatedly supplemented, but the principle of separation into two categories - "S" and "C" was preserved. The category "S" (Service) includes oils for gasoline engines, To category "C" (Commercial) - intended for diesel engines.

The levels of operational properties by API in ascending order of quality requirements are divided into the category "S" to classes (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, SJ, SL, SG, SH, SL). The second letter further from the beginning of the alphabet - the better. For gasoline engines, the most modern is the marking SN, and for diesel engines - CF. To refer to universal oils, which are used for gasoline engines and diesel engines, double marking, for example SN / CF, is adopted.

All fluids with quality above SL can be attributed to energy saving - they allow saving fuel. The difference in real exploitation will be 2-3%. Hardly you feel it.

You should choose the oil of the most recent class according to the API classification. The packaging should be the markings not below the class SM or SN. It is this class that gives best features Engine operations and reduce consumption for avgar.

Next remains to choose a brand. Here the choice is wide: domestic oils are comparable with many foreign ones - after all, when they are produced, a modern basic basis and additive packages use. The main thing is not to run into the fake and buy in corporate stores. Or choose in tin cans that are difficult to fake.

Lubricants began to be used long before our era. And if earlier the vegetable fats and fats of animal origin were used, since the 60s of the last century they were replaced by oil refining products. After that, the active development and improvement of motor oils began, and about 70 years ago, the first polymer viscosity modifiers appeared, due to which different classes and varieties appeared in engine oils soon, corresponding to the temperature regime of a certain time of the year, and all-season types of lubricants appeared.

From the moment the composition and technical quality of oils have undergone many changes, but their main purpose remains unchanged. The engine oil is designed to cover with thin, but with a strong, film moving parts, thereby protecting them from friction among themselves.

To date, there are several oil classification systems that allow you to divide lubricants According to their operational qualities, technical specifications, as well as appointment. Among the main generally accepted systems of one of the most famous is the classification of motor oils by API. It was introduced in the late 50s of our century by the American Institute of Oil, and the fundamental principle in it is classification in two categories - S and C, that is, for gasoline and diesel engines, respectively.

Specifications of oils S and C

As noted above, the API system assumes division into two main categories, but there is a third designation of the quality of lubricants. Of these, each view is independent:

All these standards are denoted by the index of two letters, for example, Sn, SM, SH, SG, CF, CI, where the second value is an indicator by the level of operational characteristics. At the same time, the closer to the end of the Latin alphabet is the letter existing in the designation, the higher the oil level according to the API. For example, such a designation on the product as an API SL, SM or SN means superiority over the SF API.

Gasoline engines: quality classes, their designations and decoding

Group	Description
SN.	SN Lubricants differ from the specification preceding this category by the fact that they contain a lot less phosphorus, which gives them additional energy-saving qualities and makes SN compatible with the latest systems aimed at neutralization. exhaust gases. SN class is approved in the fall of 2010 and is used in the motor modern cars. It should be noted that the oils with the SN API specification in their characteristics are close to ACEA C2, C3, C4, so SN can successfully replace the SM lubricant.
SM.	SM first introduced at the end of 2004. This class is more common today than CN, because it is intended for modern gasoline engines, including many valve and turbocharged engines. The lubricant of this category was developed taking into account the improvement of engines, so it is designed to increase their environmental safety and be more wear-resistant. SM differs from the previous category SL greater resistance to the oxidation with excellent protective properties from the formation of precipitation and deposits, which certainly affects the high quality of lubricants. Two years after the release of SM, a category of oils was developed for diesel engines With the designation CJ4. SM Specifications are designed for cars since 2004, and are designed for them.
SL.	The SL class was designed shortly before the exit SM and SN. It is designed for engines of cars issued since 2001, and absolutely meets all modern standards and requirements, including high environmental friendliness and energy saving. SL are intended for modern motors, including multi-chamber, turbocharged and engines adapted to work on depleted fuel mixtures. On the lubricants of the SL group, the engines may also work for which the SJ category products are intended. Thanks to such properties, as a reduced volatility, SL is distinguished by long preservation of their qualities, so that the engine oil replacement interval increases significantly. To date, this category is valid and widely used by modern car owners.
SJ.	This class is also current current. He was approved in November 1995, although the certification product passed only a year later. Therefore, the SJ category oils are used for cars with a gasoline engine, starting from 1996 release. They are successfully used in motorcycle and sports cars, as well as in minibus engines and small cargo cars. SJ shows good specifications, including resistance to the formation of precipitation and nagar, as well as the ability to maintain its properties at reduced temperatures. According to these properties of the SJ category oil, it is very close to the products of class S, so quite suitable for use when the automaker is recommended to use for the machine of the CateCo oil.
Sh	This category was created in 1992 and is considered to be conditionally acting. Oils included in this group are used in the 1996 motor output motors and earlier. In terms of its qualities, this class exceeds the SG category oil, because it was developed to replace it. Therefore, class sh oils are successfully used for cars in which SG is recommended.
SG.	SG class are designed for motors released in 1193 and earlier. The oils of this category are characterized by excellent protection against Nagar and are resistant to oxidation and corrosion processes. SG oils meet all the requirements for motor oils intended for diesel engines API CC, which means SG can be used for machines in which the manufacturer recommends using the SF and SF / CC category, as well as SE and SE / CC.

Specification Oils for diesel engines

Among the modern specifications of motor oils, oils of class CI and CF are most popular. It is they who are designed to meet all the features of modern diesel engines and meet all standards.

CI

CI -4 category approved in 2002. They are designed for various diesel engines, Ci specification products have high oxidation resistance and contain dispersing additives. Ci is quite environmentally friendly, compared with previous oil classes. It is worth noting that from the total category Ci allocate another class - CI -4 Plus. The enhanced CI -4PLUS class was derived taking into account the harsh requirements for the evaporation of the oil, its oxidation at elevated temperatures and the formation of a car.

CF.

The CF specification is designed for diesel engines with indirect injection. They are distinguished by a high content of different additives that prevent deposits on pistons, as well as protect against wear and form corrosion of internal parts with copper content, for example, bearings. The CF class may have the designations of CF-4 and CF-2, which means the car that provide for use in four-stroke and two-stroke (respectively) diesel engines. In this case, CF-4 is designed for engines operating in accelerated mode, and CF-2 is ideal for motors that are constantly exposed to high loads.

Video "API classifications"

Currently, the generally accepted international system of classification of motor oils for viscosity is the SAE J300, developed by the Company of automotive engineers of the United States (Society of Automotive Engineers). The viscosity of the oil on this system is expressed in conventional units - viscosity degrees. The greater the number that is included in the designation of the SAE class, the higher the viscosity of the oil.

The specification describes three rows of viscosity oils: winter, summer and all-season. But, before considering them, a bit of theory. The temperature range of engine oil is mainly determined by two characteristics: kinematic and dynamic viscosity. Kinematic viscosity is measured in a capillary viscometer and shows how easy oil flows at a given temperature under the action of gravity in a thin capillary tube. Dynamic viscosity is measured in more complex installations - rotary viscometers.

It shows how much the oil viscosity changes when the speed of moving the lubricated parts is changed relative to each other. With an increase in the speed of relative movement of the lubricated parts, the viscosity decreases, and with a decrease - increases.

Row winter oils : SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W - indicated by the number and letter "w" (Winter-Winter). For winter classes, two maximum values \u200b\u200bof low-temperature dynamic viscosity and the lower limit of kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C were installed.

To low-temperature parameters include:

• Whistling- shows the dynamic viscosity of the engine oil and the temperature at which the oil
  It remains liquid enough to make it possible to start the engine.
• Pummier - This is the dynamic viscosity of the oil, in which the oil will be able to pump the lubricant and the engine will not work in dry friction mode. The temperature of the pumping temperature is below 5 degrees of rotation.

The high-temperature properties of winter oils characterizes the minimum kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C - an indicator that determines the minimum viscosity of the engine oil when the engine is heated.

Row summer oils: SAE 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 - indicated by a number without alphabetic designation. The main properties of the summer row of oils are determined by:

• the minimum and maximum kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C is an indicator that determines the minimum and maximum viscosity of the engine oil when the engine is heated.
• minimum viscosity at 150 ° C and shift speed 106 C-1. The shift rate gradient is the ratio of the speed of the movement of one friction surface relative to the other to the magnitude of the gap between them filled with oil. With an increase in the gradient of the shear speed, the viscosity of the oil is reduced, but it increases again when the shear rate decreases.

Row all-season oils: SAE 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 0W-50, 0W-60, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 10W-60, 15W-30, 15W-40, 15W-50, 15W-60, 20W-30, 20W-40, 20W-50, 20W-60. The designation consists of a combination of a winter and summer series, separated by a dash. T.

All-season oils must simultaneously satisfy the criteria and winter, and summer Oil. The smaller the figure facing the letter W, the less the viscosity of the oil at low temperatures, lighter cold launch Engine starter and better oil pumpability over lubricant system. The greater the digit, standing after the letter W, the greater the viscosity of the oil at high temperature and more reliable engine lubrication with hot
Weather.

Thus, the SAE class tells the consumer temperature range ambientin which oil will provide:

• engine turning starter (for winter and all-season oils)
• pumping oil with an oil pump for a lubricant engine under pressure at a cold start in mode that does not allow dry friction in the friction nodes (for winter and all-season oils)
• reliable lubrication in summer with long-term operation in the maximum speed and load mode (for summer and all-season oils)

Classification of motor oils for the purpose and level of operational properties API

The most famous international classification of motor oils by applications and level of operational properties is the classification of API (American Institute for Oil).

API classification subdivishes motor oils Two categories:

• S (Service) - for gasoline engines passenger cars, minibuses and light trucks.
• C (Commercial) - For diesel engines of commercial vehicles (trucks), industrial and agricultural tractors, road construction equipment.

The designation of the oil class consists of two letters of the Latin alphabet: the first (S or C) indicates the category of oil, the second is the level of operational properties. The farther from the beginning of the alphabet, the second letter, the higher the level of properties (that is, the quality of the oil).

Classes diesel oils Divideced additionally for two-stroke (CD-2, CF-2) and four-stroke diesel engines (CF-4, CG-4, CH-4). Most foreign engine oils are universal - they are used both in gasoline and diesel engines. Such oils have a double designation, for example: SF / CC, CD / SF, etc. The main purpose of the oil is indicated by the first letters, i.e. SF / CC - "More gasoline", CD / SF- "more diesel". Energy-saving oils for gasoline engines are additionally denoted by abbreviation EU (ENERGY CONSERVING).

To date (April 2009), the API classification contains 3 applicable classes of category "S" and 6 valid category classes "C". But many manufacturers continue to produce classes oils excluded from the specification, since cars with old engines continue to be operated, and therefore, there is a need for these oils. According to the API recommendations, any higher current class "S" replaces the lower current class. For diesel oils, the higher current class is usually, but not always, replaces the lower class.

API Specification for gasoline engines

Class	Status	Purpose
SM.	Suitable	For all car engines currently produced. Introduced in 2004. Oils of this class have increased resistance to oxidation, improved wear and deposit protection, improved low-temperature properties
SL.	Suitable	For engines 2004 and older releases
SJ.	Suitable	For engines 2001 and older years of release
Sh	Outdated	For 1996 engines and older releases
SG.	Outdated	For 1993 engines and older releases
Sf.	Outdated	For engines 1988 and older releases
SE	Outdated	Not suitable for use in engines made after 1979.
SD.	Outdated	Not suitable for use in engines made after 1971. Use in more modern motors can lead to unsatisfactory work or breakdowns
SC	Outdated	Not suitable for use in engines made after 1967. Use in more modern motors can lead to unsatisfactory work or breakdowns
SB.	Outdated	Not suitable for use in engines made after 1951. Use in more modern motors can lead to unsatisfactory work or breakdowns
SA	Outdated	Does not add additives. Not suitable for use in engines made after 1930. Use in more modern motors can lead to unsatisfactory work or breakdowns

Specification API for diesel engines

Class	Status	Purpose
CJ-4.	Suitable	Introduced in 2006. For highly breeding, four-stroke enginessatisfying emission standards introduced in 2007. Oils of this class are designed to work on fuel containing no more than 0.05% sulfur. However, to fulfill the requirements for emission standards, reliable operation of waste gas cleaning systems and achieve elongated oil replacement intervals, it is necessary to use diesel fuel, the sulfur content in which does not exceed 0.0015%. CJ-4 engine oils were designed for engines equipped with the most modern systems Reduced emissions harmful substances (SAZHY filters, exhaust recycling systems, etc.) CJ-4 oil oils have improved protective properties, increased oxidative, low- and high-temperature stability, elongated replacement intervals. However, when using fuel with a sulfur content of more than 0.0015%, the replacement intervals must be reduced. Class CJ-4 oil can replace CI-4, CH-4, CG-4 and CF-4 classes oils.
CI-4.	Suitable	Introduced in 2002. For high-strength, four-stroke engines that satisfy emission standards introduced in 2004. The oils of this class are designed for engines having exhaust recycling system (EGR) and diesel fuel with sulfur content to 0.5%. Can replace CD, CE, CF-4, CG-4 and CH-4 classes oils.
CH-4.	Suitable	Introduced in 1998. For high-strength four-stroke engines that meet emission standards established in 1998. Designed to work with the use of fuel with sulfur content up to 0.5%. Can be used instead of CD, CE, CF-4 and CG-4 classes.
CG-4.	Suitable (until 08/31/09)	Introduced in 1995. For heavy-loaded, high-robust, four-stroke engines running on fuel with a sulfur content of less than 0.5%. It is used in engines that meet the requirements of the 1994 standard by emissions. Can replace CD, CE classes oils, CF-4.
CF-4.	Outdated	Introduced in 1990. For high-sword, four-stroke, undead and upgraded engines. Can be applied instead of CD and CE classes.
CF-2.	Suitable	Introduced in 1994. For heavy double-stroke diesel engines. CD-II can be used instead of oil.
CF.	Suitable	Introduced in 1994. For SUVs, riotherapy and forkar diesel engines, as well as diesel engines on high sulfur fuel (up to 0.5%). Instead of CD class oils can be applied.
CE	Outdated	Introduced in 1985. For high-sword, four-stroke, undead and upgraded engines. Can be applied instead of CC and CD classes.
CD-II.	Outdated	Introduced in 1985. For two-stroke engines.
CD	Outdated	Introduced in 1955. For some undead and turbocharged engines.
CC.	Outdated	Not suitable for use in diesel engines made after 1990.
CB.	Outdated	Not suitable for use in diesel engines made after 1961.
CA.	Outdated	Not suitable for use in diesel engines made after 1959.

Marking

The ILSAC classification was developed by the International Committee for the Approval and Standardization of Lubricants (ILSAC) in conjunction with JAMA (Association of Manufacturers of Japan Cars) and Aaama (Association of Manufacturers of America). For gasoline engines of passenger cars of Japanese production, this classification is best suited for american cars Equal as oil via ILSAC and API. The current ILSAC standard adopted in 2004 is GF-4. The oils of this class are energy-saving, they are compatible with the neutralization systems of exhaust gases and provide improved engine protection from wear. In 2010, the introduction of the GF-5 standard is assumed.

Classification of motor oils for the purpose and levels of the operational properties of ACEA

The Association of European Car Manufacturers (Association Des Constracteuis Europeen Des Automobiles) - from January 1, 1996 introduced its classification of motor oils, which since then has been repeatedly updated. Here is a classification, introduced from December 22, 2008.

The requirements of European standards for the quality of motor oils are more stringent than American, because In Europe, the operating conditions and engine design differ from American:

• a higher degree of forcing and maximum revolutions;
• a smaller mass of engines;
• greater specific power;
• large permissible velocity speeds;
• heavy city modes.

In view of these features, testing engine oils are carried out on European engines and according to techniques that differ from American. This does not allow you to directly compare the levels of requirements and standards ASEA and API.

ACEA classification separates motor oils on grade 3:

• A / B. - for gasoline engines and diesel engines of passenger cars and light trucks;
• C. - compatible with exhaust gas neutralizers;
• E. - for powerful diesel engines trucks.

A / B- oils for gasoline and diesel engines

A1 / B1. Designed for gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines, which are designed to use oils with increased replacement intervals, which provide low friction coefficient, low-grade at high temperature and high shear speed (from 2.9 to 3.5 mpa.s.) These oils may not be suitable for work. In some engines. It is necessary to be guided by the instruction manual for the car.

A3 / B3. Designed for high-performance gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines designed for use and / or increased oil replacement intervals in accordance with the recommendations of engine manufacturers, and / or for use in severe operating conditions, and / or all-season use of low-visual oils.

A3 / B4. Designed for use in high-performance gasoline engines and diesel engines with direct injection Fuel. Instead of oils of class A3 / B3 can be applied.

A5 / B5. Designed for high-performance gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines, which are designed to use oils with increased replacement intervals, which provide low friction coefficient, low-grade at high temperature and high shear speed (from 2.9 to 3.5 mpa.s.) These oils may not be suitable for Works in some engines. It is necessary to be guided by the instruction manual for the car.

C - oils compatible with catalytic neutralizers

C1. Designed for cars equipped summary filters and three-component catalytic neutralizers. Used in high-performance gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines requiring oils that provide low friction coefficient, low viscosity, low sulphate ash, low sulfur and phosphorus content with minimal viscosity at high temperatures and high shift speeds 2.9 MPA.S.

C2. Designed for vehicles equipped with particulate filters and three-component catalytic neutralizers. Used in high-performance gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines designed to use oils that provide low friction coefficient with low viscosity with minimal viscosity at high temperatures and high shift speeds 2.9 MPA.s.

These oils extend the life of the particulate filters and catalytic neutralizers and contribute to fuel economy. May not be suitable for use in some engines. It is necessary to be guided by the instruction manual for the car.

C3. Designed for vehicles equipped with particulate filters and three-component catalytic neutralizers. Used in high-performance gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines with minimal viscosity at high temperatures and high shift rates 3.5 MPA.S.

C4. Designed for vehicles equipped with particulate filters and three-component catalytic neutralizers. It is used in high-performance gasoline engines and passenger diesel engines requiring low sulphate solid oils, low sulfur and phosphorus content that have a minimal viscosity at high temperatures and high shift speeds 3.5MPA.S.

These oils extend the life of the particulate filters and catalytic neutralizers. May not be suitable for use in some engines. It is necessary to be guided by the instruction manual for the car.

E- for powerful truck diesel engines

E4.

They can be used only in engines without a smbed filter, and in some engines with exhaust recycling systems and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. However, manufacturers recommendations may differ, so it is necessary
Follow the instruction manual for the car.

E6. Oils that provide high purity pistons, wear protection, having high resistance from soot contamination and stable properties throughout the entire period of operation. Recommended for modern diesel engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, Euro-2, Euro-3, Euro-4 and Euro-5 and working in very difficult conditions with significantly elongated replacement intervals (in accordance with the recommendations of manufacturers).

Can be used in engines with exhaust recycling system, with or without a smbed filter, and for engines with nitrogen oxide reduction systems. Oils of this class are strongly recommended for engines equipped with
Summary with low sulfur fuel and designed to work on fuel. However, manufacturers recommendations may differ
Therefore, you need to follow the instruction manual for the car.

E7.

extended replacement intervals (in accordance with the recommendations of manufacturers). Recommended for use in engines without particulate filters and for most engines equipped with exhaust gas recycling systems and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. However, manufacturers recommendations may differ, so it is necessary to follow the instruction manual for the car.

E9. Oils that effectively ensure purity of pistons and protection against varnish deposits. Provide excellent protection against wear, have high resistance from soot contamination and stable properties throughout the entire period of operation.

Recommended for modern diesel engines that meet the requirements of Euro-1, Euro-2, Euro-3, Euro-4 and Euro-5 and working in difficult conditions with
extended replacement intervals (in accordance with the recommendations of manufacturers). Can be used in or without particulate filters and in most engines equipped with exhaust gas recycling systems and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.

Oils of this class are strongly recommended for engines equipped with the particulate filters and designed to work on low sulfur fuel. However, manufacturers recommendations may differ, so it is necessary to follow the instruction manual for the car.

Classification of motor oils for viscosity, appointment and levels of operational properties of GOST

Motor oils for viscosity and their approximate compliance of SAE classification
GOST	SAE	GOST	SAE	GOST	SAE
3rd	5w.	6	20	3rd / 8.	5W-20
4z	10w	8	20	4Z / 6.	10W-20
5z	15w.	10	30	4Z / 8.	10W-20
6Z	20w.	12	30	4Z / 10.	10W-30
		14	40	5Z / 10.	15W-30
		16	40	5Z / 12.	15W-30
		20	50	5Z / 14.	15W-40.
		24	60	6Z / 10.	20W-30
				6Z / 14.	20W-40
				6Z / 16.	20W-40

Groups of motor oils for the purpose and operational properties and their approximate compliance of the API classification
GOST		API.	Recommended area of \u200b\u200bapplication
BUT		SB.	Informed gasoline engines and diesel engines
B.	B1.	SC	Multified gasoline engines operating in conditions that contribute to the formation of high-temperature deposits and corrosion of bearings
	B2.	CA.	Multified dieseli
IN	IN 1	SD.	Mid-profile gasoline engines operating under conditions that contribute to the oxidation of oil and the formation of all species
	AT 2	CB.	Medium-affiliated diesel engines that present increased requirements for anti-corrosion, anti-wear properties of oils and ability to prevent the formation of high-temperature deposits
G.	G1.	SE	Highformed gasoline engines working in severe operational conditions that contribute to oxidation of oil, the formation of deposits of all types and corrosion
	Г2.	CC.	Highformed Diesels without boosting or moderate supervising, working in operational conditions that contribute to the formation of high-temperature deposits
D.	D1	Sf.	Highformed gasoline engines operating under operational conditions, heavier than for oils of groups
	D 2	CD	High-resistant Diesels with a supervision working in difficult operational conditions or when the fuel used requires the use of oils with high neutralizing ability, anti-corrosion and anti-wear properties, a small inclination to the formation of all types of deposits
E.	E1	SG.	Highformed gasoline engines and diesel engines working in operating conditions heavier than for oils of groups D1 and D2
	E2.	CF-4.	Different with increased dispersing ability, best anti-wear properties

According to GOST 17479.1-85, oil marking includes the following signs:

• letter M (motor)
• one or two numbers separated by a fraction pointing class or viscosity classes (for all-season oils). For all-season oils, the digit in the numerator characterizes the winter class, and in the denominator - summer; The letter "s" indicates that the oil is thickened, i.e. Contains a thickest (viscous) additive.
• one or two letters (from A to E) denoting the level of operational properties and the scope of this oil. Universal oils Denote as a letter without an index or two different letters with different indices. Index 1 - assign oils for gasoline engines, index 2 - diesel oils.

For example, M-6Z / 10B brand indicates that this is an all-season engine oil, universal for medium-affiliated diesel engines and gasoline engines (group B). M-4Z / 8-B2G1 - All-season motor oil, universal for medium-affiliated diesel engines (B2 group) and highly affiliated gasoline engines (group G1).

Specifications of car manufacturers

The classifications of the API and ASA are formulated the minimum basic requirements that are agreed between oil producers, additives to them and car manufacturers. Behind the latter, the right to put forward its own additional requirements for oils, which are formulated in the Specifications of the Auto Plants. Since the designs of engines of different brands differ among themselves, the conditions of oil work in them are not entirely the same. Therefore, car manufacturers spend tests of oils on their own production engines. Based on this, either a certain class on any generally accepted classification, or make up their own specifications in which the specific brands of oils allowed to be applied to use are indicated. In the operating instructions, the manufacturer specifications are necessarily present, and their number is applied to the oil package next to the designation of its class of operational properties.

Motor oils are selected based on two main technical parametersHonor of primary importance for the engine: viscosity class and operational class.

By viscosity, it is necessary to understand the parameter characterizing the ability of fluid molecules to move relative to each other, keeping molecular communication. In the scale of fluid under viscosity, the property of various lubrication layers move to each other with a certain index of internal friction. The greater the intermolecular friction indicator, the greater the viscosity parameter of the engine oil.

The international standard SAE J300 regulates all the requirements for the class of viscosity of the engine oil. The optimal indicator is selected in accordance with the design of the mechanisms, the modes of operation of the engine, the duration of active operation, external operating conditions.

Under the operational class it is understood as a parameter that determines the quality indicators of the oil itself. Implementation new Systems And technology in all spheres of mechanical engineering led to the fact that motor oil is subject to increasingly stringent requirements. To give each engine exactly the lubricant that will provide him with the most efficient mode of operation, special systems for the classification of motor oils have been developed. Each of which divides the entire range of petroleum products by categories and rows depending on the purpose of each and the level of their quality.

Most Popular Oil Classifications

• KAPI - Classification is developed by the American Oil Institute (American Petroleum Institute), the name comes from the corresponding abbreviation.
• ILSAC - Classification Developed by the International Committee for Standardization and Testing Engineals International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee.
• - Classification Developed by the Association of European Car Manufacturers, the name is also formed from the abbreviation - (Association des Cunstrurteurs europeens d'automobiles)

The only system recognized worldwide is sAE classificationdeveloped by the Company of Automotive Engineers (Society of AutomotiveEngineers).
It is this classification to the most fully described the relationship between the temperature and viscosity of the engine oil during its operation in car Engine. Total classification includes 12 different classes for seasons of six for each season.
In this classification of oil are divided into two categories:

• SAE SAE, do not have alphabetic designations, but only digital from 20 to 60, which determine the viscosity indicator. This category includes only high viscosity oils that allow you to efficiently exploit the engine at high ambient temperatures.
• Winter SAE marked with digital designations and Latin letter W. The figure shows the degree of viscosity and varies from 0W to 25W. For operation in low temperatures, low-viscosity oils are used.

Depending on the ambient temperature, the temperature of various parts of the engine, the viscosity parameter in one and the same fluid varies in proportion to cooling or heating, since it accelerates or slow down the movement of the lubricant molecules.

SAE Summer Lubrication allows reliable lubrication even in conditions high temperaturesBut it becomes a real obstacle to normal operation of mechanisms at low temperatures. As a result, the process of starting the engine is largely hampered.
Winter lubricant SAE allows you to carry out an easy engine start when working in low temperatures, but it is absolutely not able to provide reliable lubrication at high temperatures or large loads on the engine.

What are cool brands?

Optimal solution for any season

Solving the problem of changing oils during the transition from the season for the season it became possible due to the emergence of the new product on the market - the all-season motor oil SAE.. A special formula allows you to effectively use such oils under all weather conditions. The general classification table contains two labeling in the designation of all-season oil, both for winter and summer type (5W - 30; 10w - 40). The peculiarity of such types of oils is that, when a temperature decreases, the lubrication fluid behaves in the same way as summer species, and when the ambient temperature decreases, all properties of winter types of lubricants are acquired.

All-season oil is created on the basis of two basic principles: first, it should not exceed the low-temperature characteristics of dynamic viscosity; Secondly, kinematic viscosity should be within the limits of operating parameters at a temperature of 100ºС.

Main parameters characterizing low-temperature properties by SAE

The scratch indicator determines the oil flow parameters at low temperature modes. Under this parameter, it is necessary to understand the maximum allowable level of viscosity of the oil during the start of the engine located under conditions of work at low temperature modes. The turnability should provide a turn of the crankshaft at such a speed so that the engine can start.

The measurement rate is expressed by the value of the dynamic viscosity indicator for the temperature mode of each particular class. This parameter should not exceed 60000 MPa * C, but it must provide pumping through the oil circulation system. It is measured by the MRV minimal viscosometer. In practice, measured when temperature mode 5 ° C less calculated, while the engine should not suck air from the external environment.

High temperature viscosity is characterized by the following indicators

The kinematic viscosity indicator is measured at a temperature of 100ºС. This parameter, for all-season oil, should not go beyond the limits of the set range. Since, with a decrease in viscosity, premature wear of rubbing surfaces, such as bearing, crankshaft, camshaft, crank mechanism. And in case of exceeding the longer limit, it causes oil starvation and also premature wear and failure of the mechanical part of the engine.

Comparison of oils at temperatures -35

HHS dynamic viscosity indicator

It shows how stable the viscosity characteristic of lubricant during operation in extreme operations (high temperature mode). It is one of the main parameters characterizing the energy-saving properties of motor oils.

Depending on the type of materials, all engine oils are divided into three main types of classification:

1. Mineral-based lubricantsobtained by distillation of waste of petroleum products or agricultural crops. This category is characterized by rapid evaporation and low-resistant chemical processes and low-resistant to different impacts. Viscosity indicator B. mineral oils high enough. But such oils will be quickly spent.
2. Lubricating fluids on a synthetic basis. For such oils, the main feature is the low degree of viscosity. The manufacturing technology is based on oil processing and subsequent chemical processing. Such oils are in a much lesser degree exposed to the aggressive environment, they are more stable and ensure reliable protection of engine parts.
3. Semi-synthetic lubricants consist of a mixture of mineral and synthetic oils and are bright representatives All-season machine lubricants.

What do the automakers are recommended when choosing oil for different temperature modes?

Before choosing the engine oil initially, it should be carefully familiar with the factory instruction and recommendations of the manufacturer's plant. Recommendations and instructions are compiled on the basis of the design features of engine mechanisms, such as the degree of load on lubricating materials, an indicator of hydrodynamic resistance of the oil system, pumping pump performance indicator lubricant. Some firms producers produce lubricants with admission to operate under a specific temperature region.

Before purchasing engine oil, you must verify the classification on the label with the data in the manufacturer's factory instructions. Consider as an example of the All-season SAE 5W40 brand. In this case, the Latin letter W shows that this type Lubricant can be used in winter conditions. The first digit 5 \u200b\u200bshows the lowest temperature at which the lubricant can cope with the tasks assigned to it. In order to obtain a real temperature, it is necessary to add to the temperature to the temperature - 40ºС, this means that this type of lubricant has a lower limit in - 35ºС. The second digit in the marking indicates the upper temperature limit. In this case, the upper limit is + 40ºС.

Immediately, it should be noted that from the list of classification of oils the car owner should pay special attention precisely on those stamps that are suitable for its engine and are recommended by the manufacturer. Otherwise, the use of lubricant with different from the parameters installed by the manufacturer will result in breakdowns and the failure of individual parts or the entire engine.