Mechanical diesel engine. Diesel engines

The principle of operation of the diesel engine looks like a self-ignition of the fed sprayed fuel when interacting with heated with air compression. In a nutshell, it is not entirely clear what we are talking about, so this article will devote a completely diesel engine.

Diesel Engine Device - Basic Details

Such engines have both a few advantages and a few flaws. To the first one can attribute: the principle of its work is ideal for heavy trucks; It is more economical compared to gasoline force aggregate. Disadvantages: the process of combustion of fuel is equivalent to the explosion, which is already in itself there can be no advantage; Fuel apparatus has a rather complicated design, so if it fails, you will have a pretty tinker; Developed speed will be less than when working on gasoline engines.

The device of the diesel engine is presented as follows. All begins with an inlet valve, by means of which the air can get into working cylinders. The piston creates the necessary pressure so that the air is heated to the desired temperature, and the crankshaft perceives the force coming from the piston, and converts it to the torque. In short, it looks like a diesel engine.

Principle of operation of the diesel engine - choose the type of combustion chamber

Areas for fuel ignition are two types, depending on the type of the same. The unrealized combustion chamber is in the piston, the fuel in this case is injected into the epipper space. In this case, you can count on economy, since the consumption of a combustible mixture will be minimal, but a negative point will serve as an increased noise, especially during idle move.

In separated combustion chambers, fuel supply is carried out in a separate chamber, which is associated with a cylinder through a special channel. It provides excellent mixing of fuel with air, only after that it is already fed into the workspace, which contributes to a better combustion of the mixture. This increases the purity of emissions, the durability of the motor and the power of the car.

How the diesel engine is working - the motor clue

The diagram of the diesel engine is the two-stroke and four-stroke. In the first case, the work happens as follows: during the working stroke, the piston moves down, while the outlet openings open in the cylinder and exhaust gases come out. At the same time (sometimes a little later) open the course of intake windows, air is carried out by air. Next, the piston starts the upward movement, all windows are closed, and the process of compressing the air. Before the piston reached NMT (the highest dead point), the fuel is sprayed from the nozzle, the explosion occurs, and the whole process is repeated again.

It is important to know how it works diesel engine and by four-stroke scheme. In the first beat, air intake is made, the exhaust valve is open at the same time. The second beat corresponds to the compression of the air so that it reached the required temperature. On the third tact, a combustible mixture is injected into the combustion chamber, and as a result of interaction with preheated air, an explosion occurs. During the fourth, the tact is converted exhaust gases From the body of the cylinder.

The four-stroke motor, with other things being equal, has a smaller power than the two-stroke, but has a large efficiency and more efficient fuel combustion.

How the diesel engine is arranged - modern realities

The device of the modern diesel engine is equipped with a computer fuel supply control. This system allows the injection of a combustible mixture into the cylinders with dosage portions. This moment is very important for diesel power units, since with such a supply, the pressure arising in the combustion chamber is growing smoothly without the occurrence of various kinds of "jerks", and this is how it is impossible to better contribute to soft and silent work Power unit.

4-stroke diesel engine internal combustion. This "brother - twin" other engine - gasoline. Constructively "diesel" is not much different from the gasoline fellow, but the principle of operation in these engines differ, which is why the internal combustion engines went to 3 different ways of development.

Diesel engines are the most popular power units that are used in various industries. They are equipped with passenger and trucks, stationary power plants, special equipment, ships and diesel locomotives. These are peculiar "workhorses", which you can trust the hardest work. Since its appearance in 1897, Diesels practically did not change the principle of work and general scheme Buildings, but every year they are improved in order to reduce their weight and dimensions, reducing fuel consumption and increase their power. Mainly, modernization is to develop electronic systems that control the operation of the main systems and mechanisms of the motor in order to determine the optimal mode of its operation.

Basic distinctive trait The diesel engine from its main gasoline competitor is a way of igniting fuel in cylinders, which lights up with a compressed air during a working clock, which eliminates the detonation inside the cylinders and makes it possible to increase the degree of compression, as well as using various boost systems that increase power.

The effectiveness of any, including diesel engine, depends on the amount of energy produced during fuel combustion in the cylinders. In this regard, the diesel engine is much more effective than its gasoline fellow, which is achieved due to a higher compression, reaching 20-24 units, and a more rational fuel consumption, which directly depends on the loads. If you compare the diesel and gasoline motor of the same volume, the first will consume 1.5 times less than fuel. The efficiency of the diesel engine is about 40%, and using additional system Adjust - all 50%, which is 1.5-2 times higher than that of gasoline. Diesel engines in their structure have more durable and reliable elements designed to work in high pressure conditions, so they are more durable. But the disadvantage of such engines is their big mass, noise when working, the difficult launch at minus temperature. When operating, it is necessary to carefully monitor the health of the plunger pair, from which the quality of the engine operation directly depends on. In contact with the fact that economically and efficiently diesel engines justify themselves, and with an increase in the size of the benefit, they are only increasing, they are used on the ocean and sea fleets, All kinds of high-water civilian ships.

Engine device

The diesel engine consists of the following main systems and mechanisms:
- crank mechanism;
- gas distribution mechanism;
- start system;
- supply system;
- cooling system;
- Lubricant system.

The principle of operation of such a motor is the following: fuel combines in the cylinders, highlighting the energy that leads the piston associated with a connecting rod with crankshaft. Under the pressure of the piston shaft scrolls, passing the torque further along the transmission to the drive wheels. The engine systems are responsible for starting the engine, fuel supply, cooling and lubrication of working surfaces.

Diesel engines can be 2 and 4-stroke. And the first, and the second are successfully used in various fields and have their advantages and cons. Advantages of 4 clock engines are:
- efficiency;
- reliability;
- Non-futured maintenance;
- A relatively low noise level when working.

Disadvantages of 4-attaching motors:
- 3 of the 4 cycle cycles are performed on inertia, and only one of them is workers;
- A sharp increase in the load during the working clock requires the presence of more reliable and durable elements: connecting rod, cylinder sleeves, piston, etc.;
- the need to adjust the thermal gaps;
- It starts longer than 2-point.

Diesel engine work process

As follows from the name, the operating cycle of four-stroke engine consists of 4 clocks: inlet, compression, expansion and release. Four closures correspond to two crankshaft revolutions and four piston moves. Piston move is his movement from top dead Points (NMT) to the bottom (NMT) or vice versa. This is one of of the most important characteristics engine that determines the compression ratio fuel mixesSo, the power of the motor.

The first tact is the intake tact - in the diesel engine is an air intake through the opening valve. The piston moves from VTC to NMT, creating a vacuum in the combustion chamber, which contributes to the air of the air into the cylinder.

Compression tact is the process of compression of air when the piston is moved from the NMT to the NTC with the valves closed. In this case, the volume in the combustion chamber decreases, the pressure increases and the temperature rises. A little earlier than the piston will take its upper position, diesel fuel is injected through the nozzle. When interacting with hot air it is flammable.

Expansion tact (workforce) is characterized by a sharp increase in temperature and pressure due to fuel combustion. Gases are pressed on the piston by moving it out of the NMT in NMT, which is the main driving force of the motor.

Producing tact - removal of waste gases from the combustion chamber through an exhaust valve. The piston rises to the VTT, pushing the combustion products outward.

After the tact of release, the intake beat again comes, and so in a circle.

The work of all the 4 stroke engines is the same, whether it is a diesel engine or gasoline.

Fuel mixture combustion chamber

Different models of diesel engines differ in the structure. One of the important features is the design of the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is a space where the fuel combustion is directly.

The unrequited camera is located in the very design of the piston or above it, the fuel on the intake tact falls into it, where it flammifies with hot air. This is the easiest option that, besides, reduces fuel consumption, but the engine itself works very loud at the same time.

Another option is a divided camera, that is, the camera, which is not located in the cylinder, and at the input to it and is associated with them. The fuel is fed to the chamber, where it is mixed with the vortex air flow, which better distributes its drops along the volume of the combustion chamber and contributes to its full combustion. This option is suitable for small installations and passenger carsBut it significantly increases fuel consumption.

Based on the design of the piston and the combustion chamber, distinguish different methods Mixing formation in diesel engine:

- Volumetric mixture - the easiest option. The combustion chamber is a space between the piston, walls and head of the cylinders. The fuel is injected under pressure through the nozzles sprayers. It is important that the drops of fuel are evenly distributed throughout the volume and thoroughly mixed with hot air, therefore, in the combustion chamber, the vortex flow of the fuel charge must be organized, and the fuel itself should be organized under high pressure;

- Volumetric mixture formation is used in high-speed engines with a small diameter of cylinders. This is exactly the case when the combustion chamber is partially placed in the piston design. In the domestic production engines such chambers have the shape of a truncated cone. When the charge injected, the fuel falls on the surface of the combustion chamber, forming a "film", after which it almost immediately evaporates. The vortex flows formed under the influence of the piston movement make it possible to evenly distribute the fuel drops throughout the volume;

- The pre-commercial mixture is provided for the presence of a pre-commerce located in the cylinder lid. It connects with the main combustion chamber with small channels with diameters no more than 1% of the piston diameter. The volume of the pre-boat is up to 30% of the total volume of cameras. In shape it can be oval, cylindrical or spherical;

- Dyeshecmer mixture is due to the vortex air flows, which makes it possible to maximize the fuel charge with air, even with a low pressure of its supply to the combustion chamber. For such a mixing formation requires a separate chamber consisting of two parts: vortex and basic. On the compression tact of air from the main chamber is displaced into a vortex, which has a spherical or cylindrical shape. The air flow creates the vortex movement, moving in a circle, and at this time the fuel charge is supplied from the nozzle under pressure to 12 MPa. Since the air wave is in motion, the drops are evenly distributed throughout its volume.

Engine company

4-attaching diesel engines are distinguished not only by the structure of the combustion chamber, but also the number of cylinders and their mutual location. It is clear that the more cylinders, the more powerful the engine and the more in size it. Different layout options make it possible to reduce its dimensions. Depending on the location of cylinders, engines can be:

1. Inline.

All cylinders are located in a row. This design of the engines is the simplest, the details of them have simple production technology.

2. V-shaped engine.
Cylinders in such an engine are arranged in the form of the letter V, in two planes, two rows at an angle of 60 0 or 90 0. The angle formed between them is the corner of the collapse. Plus such an engine is power. Its dimensions can be reduced due to the displacement into the collapse of other important components. Its length is smaller, and the width is greater. But due to the complexity of such structures, it is not easy to determine the center of their gravity.

3. Opposite engines (marking B) .
They are relatively balanced, to reduce the vibration, all elements have symmetrically. Them constructive feature - Central shaft mount on a hard block. It also affects the degree of vibration. The corner of the collapse is 180 0.

4. Noun-shifted aggregates (VR marking).
This layout distinguishes the small angle of collapse (15 0) of the V-shaped engine in the collapse with a row analogue. This allows you to reduce the size of the longitudinal and transverse aggregates. The VR marking is decrypted as V - shaped, R is inline.

5. W (or double V) - shaped .
Most complex engine. Known by two types of layouts.
1) Three rows, the corner of the collapse is big.
2) Two Layouts VR. They are compact, despite the large number of cylinders.

6. Radial (star) piston engine.
It has a small size length with a dense placement of several pieces of cylinders. They are located around the crankshaft with radial rays with equal corners. It is distinguished from other presence of a crank-connecting mechanism. In this design, one cylinder is the main thing, the rest are trailed - are attached to the first periphery. Disadvantage: at resting the lower cylinders may suffer from oil flowing. Recommend prior to starting the engine to check that there is no oil in the lower cylinders. Otherwise, it is possible to hydrate and breakage. To increase the size and power of the engine, it is enough to lengthen the crankshaft by the formation of several rows - stars.

Electronic engine tuning

Modern diesel engines are increasingly equipped with electronics. Sensors, which monitor the load, control the amount of fuel supplied and the composition of the fuel charge, fed signals to the central control unit, which selects the most efficient and economical mode of operation. With careful effect on this system with additional equipment You can increase the power of the motor within certain limits - this is called chip tuning. Immediately it should be noted that the chip tuning is not impressed, it can improve the operation of the engine within the laser stock of strength and often leads to premature wear of the systems.

Special modules or blocks can be used to enhance the diesel engine power:
- a block that changes the impulses of nozzle control;
- modes replacement unit fuel pump high pressure (TNVD);
- unit changing the readings of the fuel battery pressure sensor;
- Mode optimization module.

The first option is the most famous among autotuning lovers. The principle of operation of such a block is that it blocks short-term impulses of the preliminary and subsequent opening of the nozzle needle, which reduces fuel consumption. The unit can be installed almost on any model, but its work reduces the resource of the motor and affects the quality of the combustion of the fuel charge.

The second option can only be used on certain models of engines. The principle of operation of this block consists in the fact that it gives a signal with low pressure indicators in the system, which lead to its increase. In this case, "suffers" by the pump and the nozzles, but the engine power does increase, and the fuel consumption is reduced.

The third option provides for connecting a block that gives the computer a signal about a permissible reduced pressure in the fuel battery. As a result, the pressure is automatically increased and the time and intensity of fuel injection is determined in a new way. At the same time, the power increases and the fuel is saved, but the resource of the TNVD and the particulate filter is reduced, nagar is formed on the walls of the cylinder, the engine begins to "smoke".

The fourth option is the most secure and efficient. The module connected to the power system does not replace the true values \u200b\u200bof the operating parameters with the required numbers, and sends a signal to the ECU on the need to change the duration of the fuel injection. In contrast to the previous blocks, this module does not bring any harm to the engine, nor TNVD, so the resource of systems and mechanisms will not decrease. Disadvantage this method Increased power is its high cost, limited in the application and complexity of the structure. It does not allow an instant effect - its action can only be felt after a while.

There are other ways, including the use of equipment that changes the true meaning of stoichiometric values, but their use can lead to serious problems with the engine.

One of the serious problems arising from diesel engines is the so-called "engine spreading". This is an abnormal mode of operation of the diesel engine, at which an uncontrollable increase in the speed of rotation of the engine shaft occurs. This mode is usually observed after launching or with a sharp discharge of the load. The main reasons for the spread of two: Malfunction of the high pressure fuel pump and the ingress of a large amount motor oil In the combustion chamber.

According to the prevailing ideas, diesel engines produce a lot of noise, it is unpleasant to smell and do not give the necessary power. It is believed that they are only suitable for trucks, vans and taxis. Perhaps in the 1980s. Everything was so, but since then the situation has changed in the root. Diesel engines and fuel injection systems are much more perfect. In 1985 In the UK, almost 65,000 cars with diesel engines were sold (approximately 3.5% of the total car sold). For comparison, in 1985 Total 5380 was sold. (Data is probably for the US market).

The main parts of the diesel engine must be stronger than the engine running on gasoline.

Ignition.For ignition, sparks are not required, because The mixture is flammable under the action of compression.

Funny candles. Heat the combustion chamber at a cold start.

Many diesel engines were created on the basis of gasoline engines, but their main parts have increased strength and are able to withstand high pressure.

Fuel enters the engine due to the discharge pump with a dispenser, which is usually attached to the side of the cylinder block. The system does not use electrical ignition.

The main advantage of diesel engines before gasoline is to reduce operating costs. Diesel engines have greater efficacy due to strong compression and low fuel cost. Of course, the prices for diesel can vary, so the car with a diesel engine will cost you expensive if you live in the region with high prices for diesel fuel. In addition, such cars are less likely to maintain, but the oil replacement for them is organized more often than for cars that work on gasoline.

Increase power

The main disadvantage of diesel engines is their low power compared to gasoline engines of equal volume.

This problem can be solved by simply increasing the engine volume, but often it leads to a significant weight gain of the car.

Some manufacturers provide their engines to turbocharger to increase their competitiveness. For example, the production of turbo diesel engines are engaged in Rover, Mercedes, Audi and VW.

How do diesel engines work

Inlet

When the piston moves down the cylinder opens the intake valve, encompassing the air.

Compression

When the piston reaches the lower base of the cylinder, the intake valve closes. Piston rises, squeezing air.

Ignition

The fuel is injected into the cylinder when the piston comes to top base. In this case, the fuel flashes and again leads the piston in motion.

Release

On the way back, the piston opens the release valve, and the spent gas comes out of the cylinder.

Four-stroke diesel and gasoline engines work in different ways, despite the fact that they include the same components. The main difference lies in the method of igniting fuel and control of the resulting energy.

In the engine running on gasoline, a mixture of air and fuel is lit from the spark. In the diesel engine, fuel flashes under the action of compressed air. In diesel engines, the air is compressed on average in a 1/20 ratio, at that time for gasoline engines - this ratio is average equal to 1/9. Such compression greatly heats the air to a temperature sufficient for instant fuel ignition, so when using a diesel engine there is no need for sparking or other ignition methods.

Gasoline engines absorb a lot of air for one piston clock (the specific volume depends on the degree of opening of the throttle opening). Diesel engines always absorb the same volume that depends on the speed, while the air core is not equipped with a throttle. It overlaps one inlet valve, and in the engine there is no carburetor and disk shutter.

When the piston reaches the bottom base of the cylinder, the inlet valve opens. Under the action of energy from other pistons and pulse from the flywheel, the piston is sent to the upper base of the cylinder, squeezing the air about twenty times.

As soon as the piston reaches the top base, a carefully measured volume is injected into the combustion chamber diesel fuel. The air heated during compression instantly flammives fuel, which expands when combustion and again sends the piston down, turning the crankshaft.

When the piston moves up the cylinder on the output tact, the exhaust valve opens, allowing the exhaust and expansioned gases to exit the exhaust pipe. At the end of the release tact, the cylinder is ready for a new portion of fresh air again.

Diesel engine design

The diesel and gasoline engine consist of the same parts that perform the same functions. However, parts of the diesel engine have increased strength, because They are designed to withstand a larger load.

The walls of the diesel engine unit are usually much thicker than the walls of the gasoline engine. They are reinforced with additional lattices that block pulses. In addition, the unit of the diesel engine effectively absorbs noise.

Pistons, connecting rods, shafts and lids of bearings housing are made of the most durable materials. The cylinder head of the diesel engine has a special form associated with the shape of the nozzles, as well as forms of combustion chamber and the drainage.

Injection

For smooth and efficient operation of any internal combustion engine, the correct mixture of air and fuel is required. For diesel engines, this problem is especially relevant, because Air and fuel are served in different timeMixing inside the cylinders.

Fuel injection into the engine can be straight and indirect. According to the current tradition, the indirect injection is often used, because It allows you to create vortex streams that mix fuel and compressed air in the combustion chamber.

Direct injection

With a direct injection, fuel falls directly into the combustion chamber located in the piston head. Such a shape of the chamber does not allow you to mix air with fuel and adjust the resulting mixture without a rigid knock characteristic of diesel engines.

In the engine with indirect injection, a small spiral joint is usually present (forcamera). Before entering the combustion chamber, the fuel passes through the vortex vehicle, and it is formed by vortex streams providing best mix with air.

The disadvantage of this approach is that the vortexer becomes part of the combustion chamber, which means that the whole design acquires an improper form, causes problems during combustion and negatively affects the efficiency of the engine.

Indirect injection

With indirect injection, fuel falls into a small fork meter, and from there to the combustion chamber. As a result, the design acquires an incorrect form.

The engine with direct injection is not equipped with a whirlpool, and the fuel is straightforward into the combustion chamber. When designing combustion chambers in the head of the piston, engineers should pay special attention to their shape to ensure adequate vortices.

Outside candles

To warm up the cylinder head and the cylinder block in front of a cold start, in diesel engines are used with ignition candles. Short and wide candles are an integral part of the car electrical system. When you turn on the power, elements in the candles are very quickly heated.

The wicked candles are turned on with a special turn of the steering column or using a separate switcher. In the latest models, the candles are turned off automatically, as soon as the engine is heated and accelerates to a speed greater than the idle speed.

Speed \u200b\u200bcontrol

Unlike gasoline engines, in diesel engines there is no choke, so the amount of air consumed remains unchanged. The engine rotation frequency is determined only by the volume of fuel injected into the combustion chamber. The more fuel, the more energy is allocated during combustion.

The gas pedal is connected to the sensor in the ignition system, and not to the throtsel, as in cars that work on gasoline.

To stop the diesel engine, you still need to rotate the ignition key. IN gasoline engine At the same time, the spark disappears, and in diesel - the solenoid is turned off, which is responsible for the supply of fuel into the pump. After that, the engine spends the fuel remaining in it and stops. In fact, diesel engines stop faster than gasoline, because high pressure slows down the move.

How to start a diesel engine

Diesel engines, like gasoline, are hardened when the electric motor that runs the compression and ignition cycle is turned on. However, at low temperatures, diesel engines are struggling with difficulty, because the compressed air is not heated to the temperature necessary for fuel ignition.

To solve this problem, manufacturers make outstanding candles. Outside candles are electrothera fed from the battery, which are included in a few seconds before starting the engine.

Diesel fuel

The fuel used in diesel engines is very different from gasoline. It does not undergo clean, and therefore is a viscous heavy liquid that evaporates quite slowly. Thanks to these physical properties, diesel fuel is sometimes called diesel oil or fuel oil. In service centers and at refueling cars operating on diesel fuel are often called wood (from Diesel-Engined Road vehicles).

In cold weather, diesel fuel is quickly thick or even freezes. In addition, it contains a small amount of water, which can also freeze. All types of fuel are absorbed from the atmosphere of water. Moreover, it often penetrates underground tanks. The permissible water content in diesel fuel is 0.00005-0.00006%, i.e. A quarter of a glass of water for 40 liters of fuel.

Ice or water cork can block fueling and nozzles, which makes it impossible to work the engine. That is why in cold weather you can see drivers who are trying to heat the fuel line with a soldering iron.

As a preventive measure, you can carry with an additional tank with you, however, modern producers are already added to the fuel of impurities that allow it to be used at temperatures above -12-15 ° C.

There is u japanese manufacturers Reliable diesel engines. And what is the most reliable diesel engine from all reliable in Japan?

Let's consider the most common modern diesel engines of the Japanese car industry.

What is these dieselks, what weak and strengths Japanese diesel engines. They are now dominated mainly in Europe, but quite often began to appear in Russia.

But, unfortunately, they also have problems when their runs are passing for a hundred thousand kilometers of run, and even some of a hundred thousand people.

Caution supply diesel engines From Japan is due to their capricious attitude to fuel. Them fuel system Pretty weak to use our diesel fuel.

Another problem is the presence of spare parts. There are practically no original surplus from reliable manufacturers. Chinese appear, but the quality of them leaves much to be desired and does not correspond to Japanese quality.

From here and their very high price is dictated, much higher than the German surplus. In Europe, many plants producing spare parts of decent quality and prices are significantly lower than the original.

The most reliable diesel engine from Japan

So what is the most reliable diesel engine from Japan? Let's build on the rank of the top 5 of the best diesel engines.

5th place

You can safely put a 2.0 liter subaru engine (subaru) into fifth. Four-cylinder, turbocharged, opposite, 16 valve. COMMON RAIL inlet.

It must be said is the only opposite diesel engine in the world.

Opposite engine, this is when mutual pairs of pistons operate in a horizontal plane. This layout does not require careful balancing balancing.

Weak sides This engine, this is a two-mask flywheel, he failed even up to five thousand kilometers of run. The cracking of the crankshaft, until 2009 was destroyed crankshafts And shaft supports.

This engine is very interesting in its design, with good characteristicsBut the absence of such engines of recruitment drives its advantage. Therefore, in a Japanese series of diesel engines to take the fifth honorable place.

4th place

On the fourth place we dissiminate the engine Mazda 2.0 MZR-CD. This diesel has become released since 2002, and installed on car Mazda. 6, Mazda 6, MPV. It was the first Mazda Motor with the COMMON Rail system.

Four cylinders, 16 valves. Two versions - 121 hp and 136 hp, both developed the moment of force of 310 nm at 2000 rpm.

In 2005 survived modernization, with an improved injection system and new TNVD. Reduced the degree of compression and adaptation of the motor with a catalyst for emissions of harmful gases. Power has become 143 hp

Two years later, a version with a motor in 140 hp was released, in 2011 this engine disappeared from the line of installed engines for unknown reasons.

This engine calmly looked at 200,000 kilometers, after which it was necessary to change the turbine and two-mask flywheel.

When buying should be carefully studying his story, and it is better to remove the pallet and see the oil bar.

3rd place

Also, the Mazda engine, Mazda 2.2 MZF-CD. The same engine of increased, but increased volume. Engineers tried to eliminate all the shoals of the old two-liter engine.

In addition to the increased volume, the injection system is upgraded, another turbine is installed. On this motor, they put piezo formins, changed the degree of compression and radically changed changes. dairy filter Because of which there were all the problems of the previous model of the two-liter engine.

But the global struggle for the ecology, both in Europe and in Japan, adds Gimoroy to all engines and this establishes the system, with the addition of urea to the diesel fuel mixture.

It all reduces exhaust to Euro5, but as always, in Russia it adds problems to everyone without exception to modern diesel engines. It is simply solved with us, the particulate filter is thrown out and the hovering valve of the unlawful exhaust is thrown out.

The rest of the engine is reliable and unpretentious

2nd place

Engine Toyota 2.0 / 2.2 D-4D.

The first two-liter Toyota 2.0 D-4D CD appeared in 2006. Four-cylinder, eight-valve, pig-iron block, belt drive timing, 116 hp The engine was walked with the index "CD".

Complaints on this engine were very rare, they all reduced only to nozzles and to the exhaust gas recycling system. In 2008, he was removed from production, and in return was launched a new one, with a volume of 2.2 liters.

Toyota 2.0 / 2.2 D-4D AD

Already began to make chain, for four cylinder already 16 valves. Block began to make aluminum with cast-iron sleeves. The index of this engine has become "AD".

The engine is available as 2.0 liters and 2.2.

The best reviews about such an engine, and good return, and low fuel consumption. But there were also complaints, the main one, it is the oxidation of the aluminum head at the point of touching with the gasket of the GBC, in about 150-200 thousand km. Run.

Replacing the blocking of the block head does not help, only grinding of the GBC and block, and this procedure is possible only with the removal of the engine. And this repair is possible only once, the second grinding of the head and the motor unit will not stand it, the depth will be critical with the possibility of meeting the valves with the head. Therefore, if the motor passed 300-400 thousand kilometers, with one grinding, it is only for replacement. Although this is a very decent resource.

Toyota in 2009 solved this problem, with such malfunctions, they even guarantee the guarantees of the motors on new at their own expense. But the problem is very rare, but it is found. Basically, those who do not lightly light on the strongest version of this engine model 2.2 liters.

Such engines are still manufactured and installed on various car models: RAF4, Avensis, Corolla, Lexus IS and others.

1st place

Diesel Motor Honda 2.2 CDTI. The most reliable small diesel engine. Very productive and very economical diesel engine.

Four-cylinder, 16 valve, with turbocharged performance variable, with a Common Rail injection system, a guilized aluminum block.

The nozzles are used by Bosch, and not capricious and expensive Japanese Denso.

The predecessor of this engine was built back in 2003 with marking 2.2 I-CTDI. He was very successful. Single, dynamic and economical in fuel consumption.

Modern considered engine Honda. 2.2 CDTI appeared in 2008.

Of course not minimized typical faults, but they were all extremely rare. The cracks of the exhaust manifold, but they arose in the first releases, the Japanese responded and in subsequent issues were not observed.

Sometimes there were faults of the tensioner chain of the gas distribution mechanism. Sometimes the backlash of the turbine shaft appeared prematurely.

All of these faults occurred from excessive constant loads and poor maintenance.

This Honds engine was installed on models Honda Civic, Accord, CR-V and others.

Of course, this engine has a smaller number of failures and breakdowns in relation to all other engine motors of Japanese automakers.

We put five points from five points, we assign the first honorable place to him and wish you to have a similar one in your car.

The times have long passed when a diesel engine was considered largely a compromise "smaller brother" of gasoline engines in the civil engine industry.

Due to the peculiarities of diesel fuel, this type has a number of obvious advantages.

The strengths are so apparent that even domestic constructors broke their heads to introduce this technology.

Now such motors have a NEXT Gazelle, UAZ Patriot. Moreover, there were attempts to install a diesel engine on the Niva. Unfortunately, the release was limited to small export parties.

Positive factors allowed the diesel engine to gain popularity in each of the automotive segments. We are talking about a four-stroke configuration, since the two-stroke diesel engine has not received widespread use.

Design

The principle of operation of the diesel engine is to transform the reciprocating movements of the crank-connecting mechanism into mechanical work.

The method of preparation and ignition of the fuel mixture is something that a diesel engine differs from gasoline. In the combustion chambers of gasoline engines, prepared in advance fuel-air mixture is flameable using the spark ignition candle.

The peculiarity of the diesel engine is that the mixing formation occurs directly in the combustion chamber. The working clock is carried out by injection under the huge pressure of the dosage portion of fuel. At the end of the compression tact, the reaction of heated air with diesel fuel leads to ignition of the working mixture.

A two-stroke diesel engine has a narrower scope of application.
The use of single-cylinder and multi-cylinder diesel engines of this type has a number of constructive flaws:

• ineffective blowing of cylinders;
• increased flow oils with active use;
• located in piston rings in high-temperature exploitation and other.

A two-stroke diesel engine with the opposite placement of the piston group has a high initial cost and is very complicated in maintenance. The installation of such an aggregate is appropriate only on maritime courts. In such conditions, due to the small dimensions, low mass and greater power during identical revolutions and working volume, the two-stroke diesel engine is more preferable.

The single-cylinder unit of internal combustion is widely used in the household as an electric generator, engine for motoblocks and self-propelled chassis.

This type of energy obtaining imposes certain conditions on a diesel engine device. It does not need fuel pump, candlelight, ignition coil, high voltage wires and other nodes, vital for normal operation of gasoline engine.

In the discharge and supply of diesel fuel: high pressure fuel pump and nozzle. To facilitate cold start modern motors Glow candles are used, which preheat air in the combustion chamber. In many cars, auxiliary pump is installed in the tank. The task of the low pressure fuel pump is to pump the fuel from the tank to the fuel equipment.

Development ways

Innovation of the diesel engine consist in the evolution of fuel equipment. Designer's efforts are aimed at achieving the exact moment of injection and maximum spraying of fuel.

The creation of fuel "fog" and dividing the injection process on the phases made it possible to achieve greater efficiency and increase in power.

The most archaic specimens had a mechanical TNVD and a separate fuel line to each nozzle. The engine device and that type have had great reliability and maintainability.

The further path of development was complicated by the TNLD diesel engine. It has changed injection moments, many sensors and electronic processes control. At the same time, all the same mechanical nozzles were used. In such a type of design, the fuel injected pressure was from 100 to 200 kg / cm².

The next step was the introduction of the COMMON RAIL system. A fuel ramp appeared in the diesel engine, where pressure is up to 2 thousand kg / cm². TNLD such motors have become much easier.

The main structural complexity lies in the nozzles. It is with their help that the moment is regulated, the pressure and number of injection steps. System nozzles battery type Very demanding of fuel quality. Enterprise such a system leads to a rapid failure of its main elements. The diesel engine with Common Rail works quietly, consumes less fuel and has a greater power. For all this you have to pay a smaller resource and more high cost Repair.

An even more high-tech is the system using pump-nozzles. This type of nozzle connects the functions of injection pressure and spraying the fuel. The parameters of the diesel engine with pump-nozzles are an order of magnitude higher than analog systems. However, as the cost of maintenance and requirements for fuel quality.

The importance of configuration of turbines

Most modern diesel engines are equipped with turbines.

Turbocaddv is an effective way to increase the power characteristics of the car.

Due to the increased pressure of exhaust gases, the use of turbines in a pair with diesel engine is noticeably increases the rigging and reduces fuel consumption.

The turbine is far from the most reliable car unit. More than 150 thousand km they often do not go. This is perhaps its only minus.

Thanks electronic block Engine control (ECU), a diesel engine is available chip tuning.

Advantages and disadvantages

There are a number of factors that are profitable distinguish diesel engines:

• efficiency. Efficiency of 40% (up to 50% with the use of turbocharging) is simply an inaccessible indicator for the gasoline fellow;
• power. Almost all torque is available on the most low revolutions. The turbocharged diesel engine does not have a pronounced turboyama. Such richness allows you to get real driving pleasure;
• reliability. Mileage of the most reliable diesel engines reaches 700 thousand km. And all this without tangible negative consequences. Thanks to its reliability, diesel DVS put on special equipment and trucks;
• ecology. In the struggle for safety ambient Diesel engine exceeds gasoline motors. A smaller amount of ejected CO and the use of exhaust recycling technology (EGR) bring minimum harm.

Disadvantages:

• cost. The equipment equipped with a diesel engine will cost 10% more than the same model with a gasoline unit;
• complexity and high cost of service. KVS nodes are made of more durable materials. The complexity of the engine and fuel equipment device requires high-quality materials, new technologies and great professionalism in their manufacture;
• bad heat transfer. The large percentage of efficiency means that smaller energy losses occur when combustion of fuel. In other words, less heat is allocated. In the winter season, the operation of the diesel engine for short distances will negatively affect its resource.

Considered minuses and advantages do not always balance each other. Therefore, the question of which engine is better, will always stand. If you are going to become the owner of such a car, consider all the features of its choice. It is your requirements for power installation There will be that a factor that will solve that better: a gasoline or diesel engine.

Should I buy

New diesel carsmobile - This is the type of acquisition that only joy will bring. Playing the car with high-quality fuel and making it according to regulatory prescriptions, you will not regret buying 100%.

But it is worth considering the fact that diesel cars are an order of magnitude more expensive petrol analogs. You can compensate for this difference and subsequently save only when you overcome a big kilometer. Overpay with the purpose of passing a year to 10 thousand km. Simply not advisable.

The situation with used cars is a bit different. Despite the fact that diesel engines are distinguished by a large margin of strength, with time, complex fuel equipment requires increased attention. Prices for spare parts for a diesel engine of over 10 years truly depressing.

Cost TNVD on budget car A class of 15 years old can plunge into some car enthusiasts. To the choice of cars with a mileage of over 150 thousand. It must be treated very seriously. Before buying it is better to make comprehensive diagnostics in specialized service. Since the low quality of domestic diesel fuel is very adversely affected by the resource of the diesel engine.

In this case, to decide which engine is better to give preference, the manufacturer's reputation will help. For instance, model Mercedes-Benz OM602 is considered to be one of the most reliable diesel engines in the world. Buying a car with a similar power unit will be a beneficial investment for many years. Many manufacturers have similar "successful" models of power plants.

Myths and delusion

Despite the prevalence of cars with a diesel engine, the people still have prejudices and misunderstanding. "Tharachtitis, it does not warm in winter, and in a large frost you will not get started, in the summer it does not go, and if something worries, you need to repair everything, which for space money will repair everything," - about such words can sometimes hear from "experienced" motorists. All this is the echoes of the past!

1. Thanks to modern technologies, only idling rack allows you to distinguish diesel engines from gasoline. In motion, when the noise of the road is growing, the difference is not noticeable.
2. To improve launch and warm up in the cold season in modern cars Various auxiliary systems are used. In view of increasing popularity, the number of services specialized in the maintenance of a diesel engine is constantly increasing.
3. It is the opinion that the engine running on a diesel engine is difficult to force. This is true if we are talking about the modifications of the cylindrophone group. At the same time, chip tuning diesel engine is good way Increase its power characteristics without deterioration of resource.

It is worth remembering that the principle of operation of the diesel engine is entirely aimed at achieving efficiency and reliability. Do not require transcendental dynamic indicators from such internal engine.

Symptoms and causes of faults

• The poor launch of the diesel engine is on the cold, and after a long downtime - means poorly working glow candles, air in the system, the check valve pours fuel pressure, poor compression, discharged battery;
• increased noise, increased consumption and black smoke from exhaust pipe - means clogging or wear of the sprayers and nozzles, incorrect injection advance angles, a dirty air purification filter;
• the power of the diesel engine disappeared - means the absence of compression, failure of the turbine, clogging of fuel and air filters, incorrect injection advance angles, contaminated valve EDR;
• gray or white smoke from exhaust, elevated oil consumption - means cracker GBC. or punched gasket GBC. (The cooling fluid is due, and an emulsion appears in the oil), a turbocharger fault.

Proper operation

Improper operation can destroy even the most reliable motor.

Extend the resource of the diesel engine, and enjoy the ownership of the car will help you with the execution of simple rules:

• diesel engines with turbocharging are very demanding of the quality of oil and fuel. Pour only the oil that meets the requirements installed for your DVS. Refuel only on proven gas stations;
• conduct the preheating in accordance with the standards of the manufacturer. In this case, you will not have any problems with the launch of the diesel engine during the cold season. Operation of an aggregate with an incorrectly operating nozzle can later lead to expensive repair of the FROS;
• after active trips, the turbine needs cooling. Do not shuffle the motor immediately. Let him work for some time at idle;
• avoid running "from the Tolkach". This method of revitalizing the motor can cause great harm to the crystal-connecting mechanism of your engine.

Both types of engines have not only advantages, but also cons. The main goal of the car is to meet your requirements, it does not matter, the gasoline or diesel engine is installed in it. What is better to suit you, depends only on individual preferences.

Modern innovative technologies and progressive marketing allow people to choose from cars that they can afford. We still have to compromise and sacrifice separate parameters. Especially this trend is noticeable in the process of evolution of diesel cars.