Construction machinery used in the construction of the house: what is needed. The simplest lifting and transport mechanisms on the construction of cottages and at home which car raises building materials to height

Question: What technique is used on the construction site?
Preparatory work (loosening of soils, cleaning territories from shrubs, trees, stones) produce construction machines based on crawler tractors - rippers, brush cutters, cortical machines that have a mounted shift work equipmentcorresponding to the type of work performed.

On earthworks, depending on the nature of the developed soils and the type of work, one and multi-loving excavators, groovers, single-lifted loaders, hydromechanization means are used. To seal the soils in the embankments and materials stacked in road grounds, type vibro rods and rollers road static action with metal rollers and pneumatic tires, rubbing machines.

Drilling work in the development of rock soils, extraction of non-metallic building materials, the formation of wells for the installation of piles, bookmarks of explosives, etc. lead various drilling machines.

Ruffy work when the foundations and laying of the foundations are performed by puffy equipment, including diesel-hammers, steam-air hammers, vibrating loaders. The lifting of piles and the direction of the puffy equipment during operation is carried out by construction coppers.

Concrete works are produced using special machines and units: dispensers, concrete mixers are served to prepare concrete mixtures, for sealing - vibrators, to deliver the mixture to the place of laying - concrete pumps, for receiving and distributing the mixture - concrete pavers.

Besides building machinesThe construction uses such means of mechanization as lifting cranes, lifting vehicles (mainly for installation work), loaders and unloaders, conveyors, trucks, tractors, tractors, trailers for carrying out transport operations, etc.

Question: What are the main directions in improving construction machines?
First of all, the following tasks require solutions:

• An increase in unit power and carrying capacity, the development of new types of interchangeable equipment, the creation of machine-baby (especially for finishing finishing operations).
• Implementation manual machines With various replaceable workshops.
• Construction of machines based on aggregation of unified nodes and parts, i.e. the creation of universal construction machines with sets of replaceable work equipment; Improving reliability and durability.

Excavator technique

Question: What is the main purpose of building excavators?
This type of construction equipment performs digging and moving the soil through a bucket or a continuous mechanism (chain or rotary). Based on this require, excavators are divided:

• on single-line excavators of periodic action;
• for continuous excavators.

The main parts of building excavators are the chassis (wheel or tracked), rotary platform with power installation and replaceable work equipment.

To correctly assess the operational capabilities of the machine, you need to know their indexing well. The first letters will always denote the classification, such as the EO - the excavator of the single-line. This is followed by three main figures of the index:

• dimensional Excavator Group (Bucket Capacity);
• running device;
• design of working suspension.

There is also a fourth digit in the index that denotes the sequence number of the excavator model.

Then it follows the letter indexation: the first of the additional letters (A, B, B, etc.) means the ordinal modernization of this machine, the following - the type of climatic execution (C or CL - Northern, T - tropical, TV - to work on wet tropics).

For example, the EO-5123Hl index can be decrypted: the excavator of the single-line universal, 5th size of the group, on the tracked running device, with a rigid suspension of work equipment, the third model in the northern design.

Question: How are the dimensional group of excavator divide?
For each dimensional group, several buckets are usually indicated - the main and interchangeable high capacity, and smaller linear parameters and weaker soils are provided for the latter than when working with the main bucket. The main thing is the bucket that the excavator can develop the primer of the 4th category.

The capacity of the main bucket of excavators is: for the 2nd dimensional group - 0.25-0.28 cubic meters, 3rd - 0.40-0.65 cubic meters, 4th - 0.65-1 cubic meters. m, 5th - 1.0-1,6 cubic meters, 6th - 1.6-2.5 cubic meters, 7th - 2.5-4 cubic meters.

Recently all large application Get small mini and microexcavators. They can open the pitchers, trenches, perform work in hard-to-reach places. In cottage and summer construction, they are indispensable.

Question: How do excavators in the type of running device differ?
The type of running device is indicated by figures from 1 to 9:

1 - tracked (d);

2 - tracked broad (gu);

3 - pneumocole (P);

4 - special chassis automotive type (SS);

5 - Chassis of a truck (A);

6 - chassis of the serial tractor (TR);

7 - trailed running device (PR);

8, 9 - reserve.

Question: How is the design of the working suspension?
The design of the work equipment is indicated by the numbers: 1 - with flexible suspension (cablement polyspers); 2 - with rigid suspension (hydraulic cylinders); 3 - Telescopic.

Flexible suspension of work equipment is divided into:

• having equipment with direct shovel;
• having equipment with reverse shovel.

The selection of a certain modification of the excavator is dictated by the nature of the work performed, their features and the correct definition of the machine necessary in each particular case means a lot.

The hard suspension of the work equipment makes it possible to equip an excavator with a hydraulic hammer that is hung instead of a bucket. The hydraulic hammer itself is activated from the hydraulic system pumps, which ensures optimal use of power and cost reduction.

Cable polyspae excavators can be equipped with a pendant dragline, crane equipment, grab.

Question: What are the conditions for applying various work equipment?
Excavators with direct shovel equipment and with unloading to vehicles or doped it is advisable to apply for digging boilers, mainly in strong, stony and rock rocks and soils, as well as in stable soils of the middle fortress.

The reverse shovel equipment is used to dig a narrow trench (width of 0.7-1.5 m and a depth of 8 m), especially with vertical walls for laying sewage networks, foundation devices in strong and stony soils, as well as the facilities of small butt.

Working equipment Excavator-Draglain consists of an arrow and a bucket suspended to the arrow with the help of lifting and traction ropes. The recess of the soil dragine produces, as a rule, below the installation level of the excavator; The buckets are used in various capacities - in the rocky pre-rolled rocks the work of the dragline is allowed when the bucket capacity is over 10 m3. The duration of the cycle is usually 10-20% more than when using an excavator with a direct shovel equipment. With the equipment of the Draghun, up to 40% of single-loving excavators.

Question: What is Grabris?
Grapple - a loading device of excavators, cranes, loaders and monorail carts, equipped with rotary jaws for cargo capture. The grabs are used for overload and transportation for small distances of bulk and lump trucks, timber, etc. The most common grabs for bulk cargo capacity with a capacity of 0.8-1.5 cubic meters. Grauine for timber (logs, balances, firewood, etc.) on the device is similar to a grain for bulk cargo, but has a jaw of a special design - each consists of two claws, bent down and connected by the beam. The use of grabers allows you to fully automate the capture and liberation operations of various goods.

Question: What is the difference between trench excavators from one-loving?
The main purpose of trench excavators is a garment removal in the construction of underground communications. Their performance is higher than single-loving.

The indexation of trench excavators is similar to Singles, but has its own characteristics. For example, an ETC-252A index indicates: trench-chain excavator, a digging depth of 25 dm, the second model - 2, which has passed the first upgrade - A. That is, in this case, the specific characteristics of the machine are already reflected.

Question: Is it possible to use an excavator for loading and unloading work?
If necessary, you can. But it is better to use the loader. However, there are cars equipped with equipment and for excavation, and for loading. Of course, the loading bucket has a greater capacity. For example, the loader-excavator of PC-301 produced by Murommashzavod OJSC is equipped with an excavator bucket of 0.48 m3 and loading - 1.5 cubic meters. By the way, it has good characteristics: the maximum depth of digging is 420 cm, the maximum height of the raising bucket of the excavator is 520 cm, the maximum loading height in vehicle - 352.5 cm.

By purchasing one car instead of two, the consumer receives saving money when buying, maintenance and repair costs are also reduced. Special attention is paid to the creation of safe and comfortable working conditions of the driver: the strength on the levers and pedals is significantly lower than the regulatory, steering column with a changeable angle of inclination, good visibility. A comfortable cabin has good sound insulation, equipped with an adjustable chair on an elastic suspension with a turn of 360 degrees.

Having a wheelchair, PC-301 can move freely by road.

Question: What loading and unloading machines are used on the construction site?
Loaders are divided into the following types: bucket, fork and multi-loving (continuous operation). In the country and cottage construction are the most common frontal loader, bulldozer-loader and a small universal loader.

The front loader ensures the discharge of a bucket forward within the specified height. The main bucket (1 cubic meters) has a straight cutting edge with removable teeth.

The bulldozer loader along with loading and unloading operations can be planned to plan the sites and swelling of the holes. The main interchangeable equipment uses a hydraulic controlled dump and a bucket of 0.38 or 0.5 cubic meters.

Small-sized loaders are designed to perform work in particularly cramped conditions. They have a large selection of interchangeable equipment and successfully apply an enlighted bucket, a reverse shovel, a cargo boom, forks, a hydraulic hammer, a bug, a bulldozer dump, a trench. Such a loader can be reversed in place at 180 degrees, work with no more than 4 meters wide.

Mini excavators

Question: What are the advantages of mini excavators?
Very small overall dimensions, low pressure on the support surface at high passability and maneuverability allow you to use such mini-machines inside the metro stations, in basements and on floors of high-rise residential and administrative buildings, in the holds of ships, in marine and river ports. The advantage of mini excavators is the rapid performance of small volumes on objects remote from each other, due to the possibility of their transportation in the body trucks, as well as installation and work on very small construction sites.

When they are assisted, drain dwarves (cuvettes) along the country road roads, wells for racks of fences, power lines supports, trenches of various cross-section for laying networks, small trenches and pitchers for the foundations of buildings and structures, carry out the construction of wastewater, swimming pools, landscaping of squares, parks, gardens, perform construction of sports grounds.

Some models of mini-excavators are able to effectively and quickly perform next work: In configuration with a jackhammer, apply to destroy old buildings and structures; In configuration with a conventional or double bucket - for multidisciplinary earth and loading work; In configuration with a controlled rotating bucket - for work in the garden, reclamation and forest-socks.

There are models of mini-excavators that are equipped with additional hinged equipment: bucket, Planning bucket, Mobile bucket, Double bucket, Boer.

Question: What are the main characteristics of mini-excavators?
In Europe, mini-excavators are classified for bucket capacity and mass machine. In the UK, small-sized excavators are divided into 3 categories: micro, actually mini and supermini. The mass of standard mini-excavators is 1-5 tons. Supermini category includes excavators weighing 6-10 tons. At the same time, in the UK, mini-excavators are divided into 3 main groups: weighing up to 2 tons, from 2 to 3.5 tons and Over 3.5 tons. In Japan, mini-excavators are classified as a bucket.

All firms paid special attention to the issues of remaking mini-excavators. So, the relocation on standard or special low-aligned fees does not cause difficulties. There is also the experience of moving mini-excavators in machines with removable bodies and on container workers, which mini-excavator is self-driven by means of its arrows and is also unloaded.

The most typical characteristics can be studied by reading the contents of the table 1.

Table 1. Specifications Mini-excavator of Zettelmeyer Maschinenfabrik GmbH

Question: What is a typical mini excavator?
The German firm "Zeppelin" produces mini-excavators of several models.

Z204R model excavator on caterpillar With a three-cylinder diesel engine has a power of 32 kW. The engine with direct foam of fuel is located behind and plays the role of the counterweight at the same time. The mass of the excavator is 3900 kg, the force of cutting into the ground is 31 kN.

The Z206 model excavator is available in two versions: on a tracked and pneumocole projection. Power it diesel engine 34 kW, own weight of 4700 kg. Maximum depth of digging in mini-excavators of these models, respectively, 3250 and 3500 mm, the maximum arrows departure is 5800 mm, the maximum height of the digging is 4100 and 4900 mm. The hydraulic system of the machine includes a dual pump unit with summation of performance. Machine control is carried out using two levers. For the driver there is a rearranged vibrate seat with armrests. The safety lever allows for all the mechanisms only in the presence of a driver in the cockpit. The angle of rotation of the work equipment is 360 °. The arrow can turn in the horizontal plane and move across the axis of the symmetry of the machine with fixation in three positions.

The interest tracked full-time mini-excavator JCB 801, developed and manufactured by the British company JCB Hydrapower Ltd on rubber tracks, operating six replaceable buckets width: 230, 300, 400, 460, 600 and 900 mm. High maneuverability of the machine is provided by turning the cab, as well as the rotation of the boom relative to the longitudinal axis of the cab in both directions by 60 °.

The excavator can work in cramped conditions, it has a low pressure on the ground - only 0.26 kgf / cm2, which makes it possible to maintain work on the device alley, tracks, sites for parking machines at rough terrain, without disturbing the vegetation cover of the adjacent territory (garden, parka).

Question: In what conditions can a mini-excavator be used?
The mini-excavator Z206 operates the firm "Frenzel", specializing in the construction of railway tracks and perts. The company's specialists noted that the excavator due to the low mass moves through the rails, without damaging them, has a solid and reliable design. The drive to all wheels (the front axle is controlled) provides high passability. The speed of movement is steadlessly adjustable in two ranges: from 0 to 9 km / h and from 0 to 18 km / h. An example of successful use of the excavator is its operation on the construction of the site. railway Hannover - Würzburg. Because of bad weather, the soil is so hot and the use of ordinary excavators was impossible. The mini-excavator Z206 due to its small mass (4700 kg) successfully completed all the necessary work. The comfortable cabin of the Z206 excavator has a heating for work in winter. There is simplicity maintenance cars.

Richter, which specializes in the construction of gas pipelines and has its own park of loader excavators, for several weeks as the main machine operated the Z206 mini excavator. In the course of work, the excavator was equipped with a bucket of the reverse shovel with a width of 600 m (capacity - 143 L) or 400 mm (capacity - 86 liters). The company notes the possibility of using this excavator for loading automotive, a large force cutting force and its good stability, as well as a successful arrow design, which can be mounted in three positions using one bolt. The layout of the hydraulic system is thought out, which should increase its durability.

Question: How is the mini-excavator controlled?
The engine of the mini-excavator of the HR12 model of the company "KARL SCHAEFF & CO" (FRG) is started very quickly, and all the operations needed to start the operation are focused on a small and neat command panel under the armrest for the right hand of the operator. Diesel engine (3 cylinders, 4 clock) German firm "Deutz". Engine power 18 hp (13.3 kW) at 2600 min-1 crankshaft revolutions. Cooling liquid. The engine meets the strict international norms of Euro-I.

To bring the car in motion, you need any of the two extreme lateral levers, rigidly connected with each other, raise to the extreme top position. When they are in the lower position, leave the driver's seat is extremely difficult, but any movement of the excavator or its arrows is excluded in this case. Two average pedals and connected to them levers control the work of the caterpillars. The middle levers are located very close to each other, so their movement with two hands forward for the corresponding excavator movement is difficult. The heads of the levers are freely placed in one hand, and their selective joint movement provides a smooth movement forward-back and to make both turns.

The excavator has a convenient caterpillar mechanism, a pricked leading wheel with a caterpillar hydraulic system. The independent control of the tracked propulsion, 2-cycular hydraulics, combined control through manual levers and foot pedals.

Question: Does the "miniature" of this excavator technology affect the conditions of the service personnel?
By no means. For example, the working cabin of the HR12 model has a reliable sound insulation, the factor of the floor covering is equipped with an impact glass, lifting front (wind) glass, equipped with an adjustable seat, halogen headlights, radio. The same model has the heating of the cabin and the front glass.

Both cabins of the cabin (left and right) are sprinkled at an angle of 180 ° with fixation in extreme positions, which provides a convenient landing-disembarkation of the operator. In order for the side review (left and right) to be comparable in the case of open and closed doors, the latter are equipped with upper and lower windows that occupy at least 80% of the entire doorway. At the same time, the doors are strong enough due to the extension of the belt in the steel part of the door body. In this belt, there is a handle with a lock for locking the cab. The front of the cabin is completely covered with glass (from floor to ceiling), so that the observation of the arrow and the working body does not cause difficulties. The windshield is very original suspended on moving brackets, which allows you to quickly remove it into the cabin under the roof and fix in that position. In this case, the lower part (approximately 33% of the front wind opening) remains closed with glass.

Load-lifting mechanisms

Question: What types of crane technology are used in construction?
Civil and industrial construction uses predominantly tower cranes. The construction of building tower cranes allows you to quickly carry out their installation and dismantling and transportation by vehicles. They are usually carried out with hooks with a swivel and non-turning tower, which, with a high height, is made by telescopic or extensive (from above) and the essential (bottom). Building cranes usually move along rails, and at a considerable height, it is also performed by attachments (based on the ground and the frame of the building under construction) or self-lifting, they are sometimes called creep (relied on the building and move vertically as the erected structures grows).

However, cranes on a car, pneumatic and caterpillar turn are often used: they are usually called rift cranes. They have booming devices in the form of a lifting (swinging) arrows or a console boom, according to which the cargo trolley with a cable car is moved. To increase stability have remote supports (outriggers).

Crane metal structures are usually made welded. To reduce the weight of the structures, they are manufactured from low-alloyed steels of increased strength, as well as from aluminum alloys.

Departure of construction cranes reaches 40 m, lifting height 150 m; Speed \u200b\u200bof movements: load lifting 10-100 m / min, rotation 0.2-1.0 rpm, movement of the crane (installation movement) 10-30 m / min. Load capacity (variable) reaches 75 tons (with minimal departure).

Question: How is the management of construction cranes?
In the drive mechanisms of cranes use electric motors (mainly alternating current), engines internal combustion (mostly diesel), hydraulic and pneumatic engines or manual drive. If you need to smooth speed control, DC electric motors are used widely limits. Internal combustion engines are installed on lifting cranes that should operate independently of the electrical network (floating, rail, automotive, caterpillar cranes).

To eliminate complex and difficult to manage distribution gears from one engine to a number of mechanisms (single-engine drive), a combined diesel-electric or diesel hydraulic drive is used, in which each mechanism has a separate electric or hydraulic engine (hydraulic cylinder) - multi-power drive, and diesel leads The current generator or pumps. Hydraulic drive Compactable, allows for wide limits to carry out stepless speed control, but has a low efficiency.

Pneumatic drive S. piston engines and cylinders are used in small lifting cranes working in explosive rooms.

Manual drive is used in lifting cranes when moving goods for short distances and rare work. The speed of movements is small, because Power is limited.

Crane mechanisms are controlled by a cabinker from the cab, which can be on the swivel, cargo Cart or crane bridge. Smart and rarely used cranes can control a worker on the floor (using a push-button). Perhaps remote control over the wires or using the radio. When working on a specific schedule, software control is possible with automatic execution of most operations; In some cases, the radiotelephone and television communication system of the crane driver with the place of work is applied.

For braking and stopping mechanisms, mechanical brakes of automatic action or crane drivers are served. In the presence of electric enginesIn addition, the use of electric braking is possible.

Question: What is the modern Russian production truck industry?
The most famous Russian cranes "Ivanovic". The drive mechanisms of the KS-35715-2 crane is hydraulic from the pump driven by the chassis engine. Arrow telescopic, two-section. To increase productivity, it is completed with a light lattice boom extension (the so-called "Gusk"). The microprocessor load limiter allows you to monitor the degree of loading of the crane, the length and departure of the boom, the height of the boom of the boom, and also automatically limit the zone of the crane action. Telemetric memory ("black box") records the operating parameters and the degree of load of the crane during the entire service life.

Question: What is the most optimal crane in the construction of a small cottage?
The crane of the jiggage stopper KL-1B type "pioneer" can be used for the mechanization of construction and installation work during the construction of country houses and structures. The crane can work both when installing it at the ground level and on the floors of the buildings under construction. Security conditions are considered to be working at wind speed up to 14 m / s.

In more detail about the characteristics of the crane, you can learn from Table 2.

Table 2. Technical data Crane "Pioneer"

2.1	Load capacity at double rope supply, kg
	on departure 4 m	500
	on departure 3 m	800
	on the departure of 2.3 m	1000
2.2	Hook lifting height, m:
	on the departure of 2.3 m	5,6
	on departure 3 m	5,5
	on departure 4 m	4,8
2.3	Depth of descent, m
	with double stock	25
	with one source	50
2.4	Voltage, B.	380
2.5	Maximum overall sizes of crane, mm
	length	6100
	width	2000
	height	6600
2.6	Crane weight, kg
	constructive	850

Question: How building equipment Are building materials on the upper floors of buildings?
You can install the mast lift. It is intended for lifting and supplying inside the openings of buildings of various construction goods with housing construction, finishing work and repair. The lift is attached to the building wall. Permissible wind speed in working condition 14 m / s.

In more detail, the characteristics of such a mechanism are set out in Table 3.

Table 3.

Question: What simple lifting mechanisms can be applied on a construction site?
Hand winch is designed for lifting, hold in the raised state and smooth lowering of the cargo. Load capacity 650/1300 kg. Lifting height on one branch 15 m. Lifting height on the polyspaster 7.5 m. Rope diameter from 4.0 to 6.9 mm. Mass (without rope) 15 kg.

The mechanism of the traction mounted is used to lift or move goods on construction and installation, repair and loading and unloading operations. It is advisable to apply it in a limited space.

The principle of operation of the mechanism is based on stretching the rope through the traction mechanism using two pairs of numbers, which alternately clamp a rope with an effort, proportional load, and promote it in the appropriate direction.

The mechanism can be used to work with one or two blocks. The use of blocks will allow lift or move goods, the mass of which (or resistance to movement) is 2-3 times higher than the traction force of the mechanism.

Email for the production of earthworks

Question: What work on the construction site perform bulldozers?
Bulldozer - self-propelled earthmoving machine, which is a caterpillar or wheel tractor, tractor, etc. With the hinged working body - curvilinear in the cross section of the dump (shield) located outside the base of the machine's chassis. It serves for layer-by-layer digging, planning and displacement (at a distance of 60-150 m) of soils when planning a construction site, on the construction and repair of roads, channels, hydraulic, etc. structures.

Bulldozers distinguish: with a non-refining dump set by perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the basic machine; with a rotary dump, which in the horizontal plane can be installed at an angle in both sides of the longitudinal axis of the machine or perpendicular to it; Universal with a blade of two hinged alterns, installed in a horizontal plane at different angles to the longitudinal axis of the machine or perpendicular to it (overpass). The dumps of all types of bulldozers are equipped with a hydraulic, cable or electromechanical drive mechanisms for lifting - lowering, turns in terms of disks in the transverse plane, tilt forward - back along the way.

Bulldozers are supplied with interchangeable equipment (ripper teeth, suggestions, broadcasters, openings, etc.), expanding the scope of their application and increases efficiency in separate work.

Question: What is the scrapper?
Screpeler (eng. SCRAPER, from scrape - scrubbing) - a landing and transport car, which is a working body (bucket) layers, cuts into the ground from the surface, transports it and unloads it into the dump or smash. It can be used for layer-by-layer engineering, their transportation and dumping layer of a given thickness. To increase productivity, the grinding kit is made with a tractor-pusher or a bulldozer. It is allowed to load with an excavator or an excavator loader, which, in combination with the existing quality of layer-by-layer unloading, the layer of the specified thickness expands the versatility of the use of the lock. The use of scrapers is advisable to quickly perform a zero cycle of earthworks and transmission of areas for further construction work.

Screpets are classified by type of thrust (self-propelled and trailed), boot and unloading methods (free and forced), bucket parameters, drive type and other features. When the soil is set, the scrapper moves forward with the launched bucket. The soil is usually unloaded from the bucket on the go, pouring between the wheels, less often - back (per wheels). It is possible to unload the soil with layers with a thickness of up to 0.5 m. The capacity of the scrapers produced in the Russian Federation, 3-25 cubic meters. Duration of transportation of soil 0.1-5 km. Screpets with forced loading bucket are being introduced using scraper elevators and with automated control.

For transportation and laying of solid-concrete mixtures

Question: What is the most effective way to transport concrete mixtures?
With the use of concrete mixers, which prepares a concrete mix on the way to the object, being already loaded with a high-quality mixture, activates (mixes) on the way. The optimal temperature for the operation of these machines is from -30 to + 40 ° C.

Often in the concrete mixer, several functions are combined: concrete transportation, concrete flow to 28 m, instantaneous concrete feed at any point by radius up to 24 m. Thus, this machine is both a mixer, and a concrete pump, and a distribution boom, and designed for the device Monolithic concrete structures.

Question: How is conconna mixtures on the construction site?
Concrete pumps are designed to receive a concrete mix from concrete transport means (for example, "mixers") to the place of laying with a concrete distribution boom. When using stationary conconst, the height of the mixture is up to 80 m vertically. Concrete pump is operated at a temperature of from (5 to + 40 ° C). KAMAZ-53213, Urals 4320-1912, Urals 4320-1912 are used as a basic chassis for concrete pumps of Sat and BN series. On the domestic market CIFA, Pulsar, Putsmayster, KVM, and KVM are also supplied. Used in the construction of buildings and structures from monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete.

Concrete pumps trailers are stationary devices for transporting concrete mixtures, including significantly distances. There are lightweight settings that can be raised on the floors of the building. A variety is the installations for transporting foam concrete mixtures.

Question: How to speed up the process of sealing a concrete mix on large areas?
You can apply vibrobrus. This device has a length: 1.52-2.29 m. Weight also impressive 120-140 kg. Equipment of the internal combustion engine allows you to use such technique on any construction site. You can use not only manual, but also hydraulic or pneumatic winches.

Question: How do plaster units work?
These mechanisms are designed to prepare from a dry mortar mixture of masonry, plastering or facing solutions (lime, cement, cement-lime, lime-gypsum with a gypsum content of not more than 30%) for subsequent transportation over the sleeves and applying to the prepared surface. Can be used on objects provided with electricity, water compressed air.

All components of the mortar mixture in the required proportions are loaded into the upper bunker of the unit, where the preparation of mortar compositions is prepared. Then previous mix It merges into the lower bunker, from where it is transported in a solution or sleeve to the workplace.

The design of the aggregates allows you to apply both ready-made dry mixtures and prepare them from components directly in the unit. When applied to the solution mixture to the prepared surface using a pneumatic nozzle, a compressed air of pressure to 0.6 MPa must be supplied to it and the flow rate of up to 0.5 m3 / min.

Usually in the set of aggregates are available:

• solution with nozzle;
• accessories for applying painting and painting compositions;
• vibrositto to obtain more homogeneous plaster solutions, painting, painting and other compositions.

The plaster units can also be used to prepare, filtering, transporting on sleeves and applying water primer, flame retardant and paint compositions, as well as oil and adhesive putty.

Technique for various purposes

Question: What works does the reversible vibrating plants apply?
This mechanism is used to seal the soil, rubble, sand, asphalt mixture, when conducting work on the construction of foundations, engineering networks and communications, construction of sports fields, landscaping of park alley, as well as during patching.

Question: How to dry the trenches to bookmark the foundations?
It is necessary to use the electric pumps of centrifugal portable submersible monoblock ("GNOM-6", etc.). They are intended for pumping out of trenches and dumplings of groundproof water (except for household and fecal) temperatures from 0 to 35 ° C. The content of solid mechanical impurities in water should not exceed 10% by weight and particle size of no more than 5 mm (Table 4).

Table 4. Technical characteristics of the pump "GNOM"

Question: How to mechanize the process of preparing the premises for repair?
To quickly clean the large surfaces from whitewash, old paint, plaster, etc., and the device "Sprut" is used for washing. It cleans the plane with rotating cutters and water under high pressure. The workflow is not accompanied by sprinkling water and pollution of the surrounding space fragments of the old coating. This allows the apparatus in interior. The device filters spent water from solid particles that fell into it, not allowing them to penetrate into the soil or sewer.

Question: What works are the vibrations apply?
Vibrosito is used for fractional separation of inert aggregates. It is used to sieve bulk components of concrete mixes. A distinctive feature Installation is the ability to unload material to two sides, which significantly improves the convenience and speed of work on the aircraft - 2C. The guide tray for large inclusions allows you to quickly clean the working surface of the sieve from the particles that have not passed the screening. The changeable angle of inclination of the grid allows you to produce better screening of bulk components.

Specifications

Overall dimensions: 800x940x1440 mm

Rated power of the electric motor: 0.25 kW

Sita sizes: 490x760 mm

Weight: 150 kg

Question: Is it possible to mechanize the process of laying paving slabs?
Improvement of territories can be significantly accelerated if applied universal Machine For laying paving slabs. The mechanized method of paving allows you to quickly, accurately and cheap any territory with a capacity of up to 500 m2 into a working shift.

The machine is equipped with a grappling type "grab". Capture has smooth adjustment and is suitable for all types of tiles. Moreover, it can shift the necessary rows of tiles in the pallet to the exact drawing, and then place it on the site.

There is an opportunity to hide additional equipment. For example, a planning ruble for equalizing the base for paving. Or hydraulic brush as an additional unit that serves to fill and rubbing seams after laying. The direction of rotation and the angle of inclination of the brushes is easily controlled from the remote.

Question: How does a car, performing work on stabilizing soils and recycling of asphalt road coatings?
The machine is equipped with a rotor (diameter of 1.225 mm) from the working depth of soil loosening to 500 mm, as well as the installation for the foam bitumen injection or cold emulsion.

Its use allows to perform both the stabilization of the soil with cement or lime and the recycling of an old asphalt concrete coating with the addition of a foamed bitumen or emulsion, followed by a seal of a soil vibratory and applying a solid base of new layers of asphalt concrete.

Question: What is a hydraulic station?
Hydraulic stations are equipped with a new generation that meets modern requirements for environmental friendliness, efficiency, functionality. These advantages are combined with small dimensions, low weight and, most importantly, the possibility of connecting the tool and special working equipment with a wide range.

The development and implementation of the hydraulic tools are engaged in the company known worldwide, rightly considering it tool for the future.

For convenience, the station is equipped with wheels, therefore moves without much effort with one or two employees and is freely placed in the body of a car-pick-up or car type VAZ-2109. Models of hydraulic stations are available with the possibility of operation with one tool, or at the same time two tools (according to statistics, any compressor an average of 80% of the time runs only one hammer, although it is possible to connect more). Connecting to the station tool station is carried out using sleeves with quick disconnect connections that provide a quick connection without oil strait.

The hydraulic station is designed to drive various tools, in particular, hydraulic jackhammers. Manual hydraulic jackhammers are designed to destroy rocks, concrete, asphalt concrete, brick and stone clips. Hydraulic hammers have a number of essential advantages over pneumatic. With high impact characteristics (up to 85 kJ), the hydraulic hammer is compact enough, it does not have an exhaust air, it is much less noisy, it is not afraid of moisture and snow, it retains performance even at a temperature of -40 ° C. Of great importance is attached to a decrease in noise and vibration, separate models are equipped with special handles absorbing vibration and reduce the risk of damage to the operator's joints. In order to provide safe work Operator and compliance with European standards requirements All manual hydraulic jackhammers are equipped with a standard safety descent. In addition, the hydraulic jackhammer works reliably at any angle to the working surface.

In addition to the jackhammers, a range of equipment and tools are produced to hydraulic stations: a disk hydraulic saw, submersible pump, the machine grinding angular, etc.

Q: What technique is used when a soft roofing device?
These works are carried out using roofing machines that produce cleaning, rewinding roll materials, their rolling and sticker. For the supply of mastic on the roof, preliminary mixing and heating of mastic use special installations, called bitumen stations.

The technology of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids is unknown so far, but those times have long passed, and today no construction site can do without the loading mechanisms of various types.

Selection of lifting equipment

The bulk of works on the installation of structures, vertical transport of materials for the required mark, is performed using construction booms - tower, self-propelled tracked and pneumatic, automotive. Based on the weight of the lifted cargo, the mark on which it must be lifted and the distances from the axis of the turn of the crane, according to the corresponding graphs, the characteristics of the mechanism are determined - its load capacity and the length of the boom.

However, the use of lifting mechanisms - the event is quite expensive, so at the end of the work on the building "box" of the building, heavy equipment is dismantled and other types of equipment are used to deliver construction materials to the place of their application - the lift of the cargo and small stationary faucet type "pioneer" or " "

Cargo lifts

Building lifts are a farm consisting of separate sections, fixed to the wall, according to which the cargo platform moves. Such equipment can raise up to 1000 kg load to the height of up to 75 m and more. The cargo platform can stop at the level of any floor, which allows delivery of finishing materials, plumbing equipment and others directly to the workplace work.

Cranes "in the window"

For the rise of the finishing materials for the floor, this type of equipment as a faucet "in the window" is successfully used. This mechanism is two P-shaped supports with a beam attached to them with a console, which can move the tal. load capacity up to 300 kg. The crane in the window is installed on the ceiling, indoors, and the console protrudes in the window. When the gas is raised to the top, the Tal is moving along the beam, and the raised cargo falls inside the room. Such a scheme allows you to safely apply finishing materials. on any mark of the building under construction.

The right choice of equipment for vertical transport of goods, as well as determining the optimal time of its use, will reduce sufficiently significant costs for the operation of lifting mechanisms at a construction site.

Cranes "Pioneer"

When performing roofing and finishing works, small construction cranes like "pioneer" are often used. They can be installed both on overlapping and on the coating and serve loads weighing up to 1000 kg on the height up to 100 m. The design of "Pioneer" is extremely simple: frame installed on it swivel arrow, winch, counterweight. The simplicity of assembly and disassembly of such equipment allows you to quickly relocate it from the object to the object, and the incontinence of Rostechnadzor's authorities - simplifies the operation of small cranes. The use of this mechanism for feeding materials to the floor is hampered by flexible cargo suspension, which makes it uncomfortable and unsafe. At the same time, the use of a "pioneer" during roofing works brings a tangible effect: the possibility of turning the boom with a load allows you to quickly and safely apply the required amount of insulation, rolled materials, adhesive mastic.

In the construction process, it is very often necessary to move all sorts of cargoes, building materials, details, etc. The most time-consuming of these movements - vertically. For example, lifting bricks, buckets with mortar, blocks for scaffolding or on the overlap of the second floor. Such movements require large physical and time costs.

Of course, the simplest decision is to invite a lifting crane. But it is expensive, and does not always solve the problem. So, a lot of bricks on the forest do not raise, they will simply won't stand. And to raise in Male - taking into account the cost of the work of the crane and the speed of laying this brick - the brick wall will be simply golden.

This article I want to remind only simple and well-known techniques of fast and in general, that is not too time-consuming method for moving construction materials at a construction site.

The easiest of them is a block. As he looks knows everything and I do not even bring his photo, only the schemes. The meaning of the block is in changing the direction of use of force. For example, for block 1 in the diagram (the easiest case, referred to as a fixed block), to raise the load up, you need to pull the cable down. And this will already allow the use of its own weight of the worker to lift the cargo. For example, you can make a few loop on the cable, then a worker crossing them as a rope ladder will easily raise up the cargo at 50-70 kilograms almost effortless!

Block 2 (on the diagram, movable block) has one end of the cable fixed motionless and already allows you to increase the force twice, and the worker using such a unit will already be able to raise the cargo of 100 kilograms. The lack of the one that the cable must be pulled up. But if you combine block 2 with block 1, then the lifting load can reach the double weight of the worker, which can now be used again!

A similar combination of multiple blocks of type 1 and 2 is called a polyspaster. The polyspaster gives a valid equal to the number of blocks. Those. To raise the cargo weighing 1000 kg, having a polyaste in 6 mobile and 6 fixed blocks, effort will be required in just 85 kg!

The polyspaster is quite complex, therefore, a block with two pulleys of different diameters or a block on a thick axis is used, which serves as the second block.

So a block of type 3 (in the diagram) gives a winnings equal to the ratio of radii of large and small blocks. Approximately the famous gate in the well is also arranged. You remember that a log or tube on which a chain or a rope is wounds is significantly less than the wheel (or radius of the handle) with which the gate rotates. This allows you to easily lift the waters from the well even to children.

Blocks and polyspers of all types are good in available. However, they have one significant disadvantage - they move the goods only vertically. Therefore, a more valuable lifting and transport mechanism should be recognized as the so-called crane - rocker.

The crane is nothing more than the famous Archimedes lever. Although he was known where, as before Archimedes, still in the most ancient Egypt. With the help of cranes, workers of Egypt pumped the Nile water into the canals and aryks.

The charm of the crane in its simplicity, extreme cheapness and very high efficiency. I myself had to use it. It happened that the rubble in the basement was covered significantly more than it was necessary and it was necessary to raise unnecessary. How? To carry buckets on the stairs? The work is extremely unproductive, heavy and ungrateful. I had to urgently make a crane from the cast boards and stories. The easiest way was to hang the arrow (rocker) crane on a strong cable (for transporting a car). Now lifting the bucket with rubble (more than 20 kg!) Having held 2-3 seconds! (it was loaded longer).

The crane also uses the weight of the worker himself. In addition, you can use counterweight, which also facilitates lifting weights.

But the most valuable quality - he also moves the cargo horizontally! In the radius of its arrows, of course. Therefore, sometimes it makes sense to use the caravel not only for lifting, but also to move the load from place to place.

Crane is useful and in the event that it is necessary to raise the cargo on a sufficiently large height. In this case, the arrow of the crane is suspended high enough, and whatever the work is able to operate at thenime - to a merchand to a merry rope or a small helper. At the end of the arrow of the crane, a fixed block with a long rope is installed. This will allow 1 person to be completely free to lift loads, for example, on the second floor. And it is instead of carrying them on the stairs or walking.

Similar the simplest lifting - transport mechanisms make it possible to significantly accelerate and facilitate rigging and construction work without any additional costs of their organization. Apply them on your construction and you will feel the difference!

P ri built a private house or cottage will necessarily need special construction equipment. Naturally, it will have to be leased, as it is unlikely that familiar (relatives) there is a bulldozer, a lifting crane or an excavator (although not excluded). Buy such a technique for the construction of one single house, to put it mildly, it is impractical.

Taking a special equipment for rent, you get not only a car, but also an experienced operator that film will fulfill any tasks. Believe me, stupid and inexperienced operators for such equipment no firm will never plan. The scope of work (payment) will be necessary to specify with the manager of the company where you hired equipment, but no one will prevent the operator to make outsider work for the appropriate remuneration.

You can independently engage in renting equipment or entrust this business to experienced foreman. He will not only be a work plan, but also professionally monitors all stages of construction. In this case, you will have to communicate with only one person, and not with each brigade builders separately.

Rent special machinery

It will cost you the rent of course not cheap, but the dachshund will depend on the model, the size and power of the special equipment. Some firms for rent special equipment comes hourly, like http://express-tehbud.com/arenda-spettekhniki, the exception can be load lifting cranes Or dump trucks that can take a fee for a one-time climb or the amount of cargo transported. By ordering equipment only in one company, you can safely count on discounts and a more surface system of counting performed works.

We'll figure it out what technique will need to build a house. It is mainly needed for land and fill the foundation. In rare cases, lifting cranes, rollers or pile driving machines are required.

Most often required:

• bulldozer;
• excavator (forklift);
• truck (dump truck):
• auto or crane;
• confatisfacker.

You can do without them, but the construction can be significantly tightened. The special equipment is needed to simplify, and sometimes even to reduce the construction of a house or cottage.

What is the construction special equipment

It is mainly required for land, the export of soil, delivery of building materials, facade finish or roof mounting. You do not have to hire a concrete mixer, as it is on any concrete node and the cargo is delivered by the manufacturer's machines.

Before the construction of any building, first align the plot of land under the construction. It may have irregularities, trees or remnants of old structures. Only a bulldozer can quickly cope with this. He can bring a plot for a level for one day. If you decide to leave the soil, dug out of the pit, then you will need a bulldozer to evenly distribute it near the railway area.

The basis of any building is a foundation. From how high quality it is made dependent strength of the whole building. Often the owners make a basement under the house, and recently an underground garage. So you can save the area land plot And make the house multifunctional. For this, the pit is rotated, and you will surely need an excavator. Soil can be left on a plot or take it into a specially designated place. In the latter case, you will need a dump truck that will be taken out.

Dump truck or truck

In any case, it is planned to ship building materials to the site. Many building supermarkets and bases deliver materials to their transport. However, it is necessary to understand that in addition to the cost of delivery and schedule, there may be no other "tricks". Another thing is, if you hired a car will go to the base and boot by building materials. Here you can fully control the delivery time, and experienced driver Does not make yourself fool yourself when loading. Also, the dump truck you will need to export a construction garbage or excess soil.

Cranes and autowyshki

Car valve is extremely necessary for building buildings above one floor. It sets the slabs of the overlap, serves a brick, concrete solution, raises the rafted on the roof. If he has a "cradle" - then with the help of the crane you can perform any facade work. If there is no crane with a "cradle", then you will need an auto for the outer decoration of the building, installation of the air conditioner, satellite antenna, drainage and other elements of the facade.

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