Metal cords in ferrous metal scrap. Pneumatic tire construction The composition of waste tires with metal cord spent

19.10.2019

Car tire - It is an elastic rubber-metal-tissue shell mounted on the rim of the wheel. The tire provides the contact of the vehicle with the road web, is intended to absorb minor oscillations caused by the imperfection of the road surface, compensating the error of the trajectories of the wheels, the implementation and perception of forces arising from the contact spot.

Winter tire - Tire for the car, designed specifically for use in the cold season at temperatures below +7 ° C.

The main differences between these tires are the specific properties of rubber and the drawing of the protector part. Rubber mixes It is designed so that at low temperatures, the tire retains its elasticity, which guarantees the best clutch and abbreviated braking path on cold, wet, snow-covered and iced road surfaces. As for the Winter Tire Tread Picture, it is characterized by a high density of cutting lamellae. All of the above features allow for better handling and efficient braking.

Tread (PR. oTECT — protection) - The element of the tire (tires) of the wheel designed to protect the inner part of the bus from punctures and damage, as well as to form an optimal spack of the tire contact.

There are several types of protector: off-road, with high pattern and powerful primers; Universal, suitable for riding in the rough terrain and by asphalt; Smooth, intended for riding mainly on the rolled tracks. Tires different season have the same and different design of the tread.

All-metal flop tires (MDK) - Car tires in which steel wire is permeated and the frame and the breaker (part of the tire located between the frame and the tread). MDK Tire is more expensive due to the fact that there is a complex technology that provides a solid connection of cord and rubber. The tire's web is a few dozen parallel steel cables - "pigs", which are compressed with rubber on both sides. High price MDC tires are offset due to a longer service life. The construction of the tire is such that the worn protector can be restored to three times. This increases the service life of the tire from 150 thousand km of mileage to 500 thousand miles.

The main materials for the production of tires are rubber, which is made of natural and synthetic rubbers and cord. Cord fabric can be made of metal filaments (metal cord), polymer and textile yarns.

The tire consists of: framework, bracker layers, tread, side and side part.

Textile and polymer cord are used in passenger and light trucks.

MetalOkord: Depending on the orientation of the Cord's threads in the frame, the tires differ:

radial
diagonal

In the radial tires of the Cord's threads are located along the radius of the wheel. In the diagonal tires, the Cord's threads are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel, the threads of the adjacent layers are crossed.

Radial tires are structurally more rigid, as a result of which they have a large resource, they have the stability of the shape of the contact spot, create less rolling resistance, provide smaller operation of the operation. Due to the possibility of varying the number of layers of the frame (in contrast to necessarily a number in diagonal) and the ability to reduce the layering, the total weight of the tire, the thickness of the frame is reduced. This reduces the tire warming up when rolling - the service life increases. The breaker and the protector also easily release heat - it is possible to increase the thickness of the tread and the depth of its drawing to improve the roadlessness. In this regard, at present, radial tires for passenger cars almost completely displaced diagonal.

Breaker Located between the frame and the protector. Designed to protect the frame from shocks, giving the tires in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire contact stains from the road and to protect the tire and the riding chamber from through mechanical damage. It is manufactured from a thick layer of rubber (in light tires) or crossed layers of polymer cord and (or) metal cord.

Tread We are necessary to ensure an acceptable tire clutch coefficient with expensive, as well as to protect the framework from damage. The protector has a certain pattern, which, depending on the destination of the tire varies. High passability tires have a deeper tread pattern and soils on its side sides. The drawing and design of the trailer tire is determined by the requirements for water and dirt from the tread grooves and the desire to reduce noise when rolling. But, nevertheless, the main task of tire tread is to ensure reliable contact of the wheels with an expensive in adverse conditions, such as rain, dirt, snow, etc., by way of removing from a contact spot along precisely designed grooves and drawing grooves. But effectively remove water from the spot of contact protector in the forces only to a certain speed, above which the liquid does not physically be completely removed from the contact spot, and the car loses the grip with the road surface, and therefore control. This effect is called aquaplaning. There is a widespread misconception that on dry roads the protector reduces the clutch coefficient due to the smaller area of \u200b\u200bthe contact spot compared to the tire without a tread (Slick Tyre). This is incorrect, since in the absence of adhesion, the friction force does not depend in any way on the area of \u200b\u200bcontigated surfaces. In many countries there are laws regulating the minimum height of the tread on the road vehiclesAnd many road tires have built-in wear indicators.

Board Allows the tire to hermetically sit on the rim of the wheel. For this, it has onboard rings and from the inside is covered with a layer of viscous airtight (for tireless tires) Rubber.

Side part Protects the bus from lateral damage.

Spike anti-skid. In order to increase the safety of the vehicle movement in ice and iced snow apply metal spikes anti-skid. Riding on studded tires has noticeable features. On the course the car is made noticeably more noisy, its fuel efficiency deteriorates. In the snow-muddy caress or deep loyal snow, the effectiveness of spikes is small, and on a solid dry or wet asphalt, the studded tires even lose the "ordinary": due to the decline in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire contact spot, the car's braking path increases by 5-10%. Although 70 percent reduction brake path On Ice - their undoubted advantage.

Delicious tires (Tubeless) are most common due to its reliability, less mass and convenience (for example, the puncture in the tubeless tire will not cause large inconvenience on the road to the car service).

Marking - Tire Code.

Metric system

Example: LT205 / 55R16 91V

LT (optional, mandatory notation by DOT) - Tire function (P - passenger car (Passenger Car), LT - light truck (Light Truck), ST - Trailer (Special Trailer), T - Temporary (used only for spare tires))
205 - profile width, mm
55 - ratio of profile height to width,%. Unless specified - it is considered to be 82%.
R - tire has a radial type frame (if there is no letters - a diagonal type bus). A common error - R - accept the letter of the radius. Possible options: B - Bias Belt (Diagonal-grooved tire. The tire frame is the same, and in the diagonal tire, but there is a breaker, like a radial bus), D or not specified - the diagonal type of frame.
16 - Landing diameter of the tire (corresponds to the diameter of the rim of the disk), inches
91 - load index (on some models, in addition to this, a load in kg can be indicated. Max Load.)
V - speed index (defined on the table)

Inch system

Example: 35 × 12.50 R 15 LT 113R

35 - External tire diameter, in inches
12.50 - the width of the tire, in inches (note that this is the width of the tires, and not the protector part. For example, for a tire with a specified 10.5 inches width, the width of the protector part will be equal to 26.5, and 23 cm, and the protector part 26.5 cm will be Tires with a specified width of 12.5.). If the outer diameter is not specified, the profile is calculated as follows: if the bus width ends on zero (for example 7.00 or 10.50), then the height of the profile is considered to be 92%, if the width of the bus is not ends on zero (for example 7.05 or 10.55), then the profile height It is considered to be 82%
R - tire has a radial type frame
15 - landing diameter of the tire, in inches, the same in the metric system
LT - Tire Function (LT - Light Trucks, For Light Trucks)
113 - Load Index
R - speed index

Translation from the metric system in inches and vice versa

Metric system	Inch system
D / E-C (205/55-16); C - board diameter (in inches), D - width of the tire (in mm), E - profile height (sidewall height tires in% of width)	A × B-C (31 × 10.5-15); C - landing diameter of the disk (in inches), A - Tire diameter (in inches), B - width of the tire (in inches)
Translation from the metric system in inch	Translation from an inch system to metric
A \u003d c + 2 * d * (E / 100) / 25.4 B \u003d D / 25.4	D \u003d b * 25.4 E \u003d 100 * (A-C) / (2 * D / 25.4)

Speed \u200b\u200bindexes

The high-speed category assigned to the tire on the results of special stand tests, implies maximum The speed withstanding the tire. When operating, the car should ride at a speed of 10-15% less than the maximum permissible.

Index speed	Permissible speed, km / h
A1	5
A2.	10
A3.	15
A4.	20
A5.	25
A6.	30
A7.	35
A8.	40
B.	50
C.	60
D.	65
E.	70
F.	80
G.	90
J.	100

Tire Load Indices

Load index	Load index
0	45	100	800
1	46,2	101	825
2	47,5	102	850
3	48,7	103	875
4	50	104	900
5	51,5	105	925
6	53	106	950
7	54,5	107	975
8	56	108	1000
9	58	109	1030
10	60	110	1060
11	61,5	111	1090
12	63	112	1120
13	65	113	1150
14	67	114	1180
15	69	115	1215
16	71	116	1250
17	73	117	1285
18	75	118	1320
19	77,5	119	1360
20	80	120	1400
21	82,5	121	1450
22	85	122	1500
23	87,5	123	1550
24	90	124	1600
25	92,5	125	1650
26	95	126	1700
27	97	127	1750
28	100	128	1800
29	103	129	1850
30	106	130	1900
31	109	131	1950
32	112	132	2000
33	115	133	2060
34	118	134	2120
35	121	135	2180
36	125	136	2240
37	128	137	2300
38	132	138	2360
39	136	139	2430
40	140	140	2500
41	145	141	2575
42	150	142	2650
43	155	143	2725
44	160	144	2800
45	165	145	2900
46	170	146	3000
47	175	147	3075
48	180	148	3150
49	185	149	3250
50	190	150	3350
51	195	151	3450
52	200	152	3550
53	206	153	3650
54	212	154	3750
55	218	155	3875
56	224	156	4000
57	230	157	4125
58	236	158	4250
59	243	159	4375
60	250	160	4500
61	257	161	4625
62	265	162	4750
63	272	163	4875
64	280	164	5000
65	290	165	5150
66	300	166	5300
67	307	167	5450
68	315	168	5600
69	325	169	5800
70	335	170	6000
71	345	171	6150
72	355	172	6300
73	365	173	6500
74	375	174	6700
75	387	175	6900
76	400	176	7100
77	412	177	7300
78	425	178	7500
79	437	179	7750
80	450	180	8000
81	462	181	8250
82	475	182	8500
83	487	183	8750
84	500	184	9000
85	515	185	9250
86	530	186	9500
87	545	187	9750
88	560	188	10000
89	580	189	10300
90	600	190	10600
91	615	191	10900
92	630	192	11200
93	650	193	11500
94	670	194	11800
95	690	195	12150
96	710	196	12500
97	730	197	12850
98	750	198	13200
99	775	199	13600

Additionally:

The following information must be specified on the tires:

The maximum allowable pressure (MAX PRESSURE).

Air pressure in tires significantly affects the behavior of the car on the road, safety at high speeds, as well as on tread wear.

Materials used in the framework of the framework and breaker (Tire Construction Materials)

Color labels. Marks in the form of "points" or "Circles":

red - the point of the greatest power inhomogeneity (the most rigid place of the tire). It is recommended to combine with a white point on the wheel (if any);
yellow - the easiest tire place (determined when controlling the bay imbalance).

These marks are necessary to minimize the mass of balancing loads during tire.

Outdated strip marks in the side zone (used only in the United States):

no - good quality;
red - cosmetic defects;
yellow - a violation of the composition of the rubber mixture (without warranty);
green - internal defects.

Purpose for certain operating conditions

Winter. - Winter tires.
Aqua, Rain. etc. - are highly efficient on a wet road.
M + S. (MUD + SNOW) - Literally - "Dirt + Snow" - suitable for moving on dirt and snow. (Increased tires)
M / T. (MUD terrain) - Mud landscapes.
A / T. (All Terrain.) - All-season tires.
Max Pressure. - Maximum allowable pressure in the tire, in the kPa.
Rain, Water, Aqua (or Pictogram "Umbrella") - It means that these tires are specially designed for rainy weather and have a high degree of protection against the effect of aquaplaning.
Treadwear 380. - the coefficient of wear-resistance is determined with respect to the "base bus" for which it is 100. The wear indicator is a theoretical value and cannot be directly related to the practical service life of the tire, which road conditions, driving style, compliance with the recommendations on Pressure, adjusting the corners of the gathering of the car and rotation of the wheels. The wear indicator is represented as a number from 60 to 620 with an interval of 20 units. The higher its value, the longer the protector withstands when testing on the established method.
Traction A. - the clutch coefficient, it has the meanings A, B, C. Coefficient A has the greatest clutch value in its class.
Max Load. - Maximum load and then stand in kilograms and pounds.
Pr. (Ply Rating) - The strength (carrier ability) of the frame is conditionally estimated by the so-called ocheliness rate. The stronger the frame, the greater the air pressure withstands the tire, and, therefore, has a greater carrying capacity. For passenger cars, tires are used with a 4PR layering rate and sometimes 6Pr, and in this case the latter have the inscription "REINFORCED", that is, "reinforced" (high load tires).
Extra Load. (XL) - Increased load index.
Reinforced. (REINF or RF) - Increased load index. On light trucks and minibuses are the most commonly used tires from 6PR and 8PR. On elevated poles (i.e., the tires may indicate the letter "C" (Commercial), which is raised after the landing diameter designation (for example, 185R14C)
Twi. - The sign is located on the sidewall of the tire and shows the location of the residual height of the tread pattern in the main grooves. For the countries of the European Union and Russian Federation The residual height of the tread pattern of the worn passenger tire must be at least 1.6 mm.
Zp. - zero pressure (Zéro Pression), commercial designation Michelin for tires with enhanced sidewalls. ZP: the ability to continue moving in the case of a puncture at a distance of up to 80 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h. ZP SR: Ability to continue moving in case of puncture at a distance of up to 30 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h.
SST. - Self-supporting tire (Self Supporting Tyres). Such tires can carry a load and continue to move after puncture.
Dunlop MFS. Maximum Flage Sheild) - The system of maximum protection of the rim of the side protects the expensive wheels from damage to the borders and sidewalks - the rubber profile around the circumference of the tire, located on the bottom of the wall above the flange of the rim, forms a buffer zone.
Studless - It is not subject to mistake.
Studdable - subject to mischief.

In addition, the tires indicate the quality standards (the letter "E" in the circle - the European standard, "Dot" - American).

Pneumatic tire - This is an elastic sheath from the chamber, tires and rims, rigidly mounted on the wheel rim and filled with compressed air, which gives it the ability to transfer the traction force of the engine on the road, soften the jacket and maintain the vehicle stability during movement (Fig. 1.1). Camera It has a view of a toroidal elastic rubber tube, equipped with a valve valve for influencing air, and is designed to ensure the tightness of the pneumatic tire. In size, the chamber is slightly less than the cavity of the tire, which facilitates its installation, and on the outer surface has a number of ring protrusions with a height of 0.4-0.8 mM. and 1-2 width mM. To remove air from the cavity of the tire when pumping the collected tire. Part of the chamber in the wheel rim is called a bandage, and adjacent to the tire in the tread zone - running. The thickness of the camera is usually the same throughout the transverse section. Wise ribbon In the form of a profiled elastic rubber ring, it is located between the wheel rim and the camera to reduce its abrasion about the rim, in passenger and tubeless tires it is not used. Rim By the method of fastening to the wheel of the wheel, there may be a disk or ill-minded, according to the design - collapsible or unseesented, on the configuration of the profile - flat, half-profile or deep, as well as with cylindrical or conical landing shelves.

Fig.1.1. The main elements of the pneumatic tire:

1-tire, 2-chamber, 3-ribbon, 4 rim.

Tire It is the general, most important and difficult to design by the element of all pneumatic tires, which ensures the preservation of the specified form in the action of internal pressure and consists of a frame, a tread with sidewalls, breaker and two sides (Fig. 2). Base of Tires - frame 1 Responsible for its strength and elasticity, therefore, it is made of several layers of rubberized textile cord or a metal coordinate in the form of a thin steel wire coated with a layer of brass or zinc to increase the strength of communication with rubber. The stress of the shift in the frame is reduced by separating rubber layers between the Cord layers, especially located closer to the protector. Breaker 2 It consists of layers of the columnated Cord and rubber interlocks between them and on the border with the frame and the protector, it serves to increase the strength of the relationship between them and the depreciation of the efforts occurring when rolling the tire as a result of shock loads. Tread 3 - Outdoor rubber part of the tire responsible for adhesion with expensive and protection against mechanical damage and penetration of moisture. The protector includes a treadmill, a slot layer, two sidewalls 4 , reinforcement zones and bending and shoulder zones (sugar).

Fig.1.2. Tire design elements: 1-frame; 2 breaker; 3 protector; 4-sided;

5-board; 6 sock board; 7-heel of board; 8-base side; 9-filling cord;

10-wing tape; 11-wrap; 12-wire side ring; 13-on-board tape;

14-soldiers of the cord frame layers. Tire sizes: N.- Highness Tire profile;

N. 1 -Exterest from the base of the side of the tire to the horizontal axial line of the profile;

N. 2 -treating from the horizontal axial line of the tire profile to the equator; IN-Chirin Tire profile; IN B. -Shirin tread tread on chord; R.-Dius of the curvature of the tread; FROM-Shirina sides of the sides; D.-outside diameter tires; d.-thenny (landing) tire diameter; h.- Stretch of the tread arc; a.-Shirina board.

Tire board 5 , each of which has a sock 6 faced inside the tires 8 And the heel 7 coming from the corporate rim, designed for its fastening on the wheel rim and consist of wings and side ribbons 13 . Wing Base - Wire Ring 12 With filling cord 9 and wrapper 11 which after fixing on it layers of frame 14 When assembling the tire wrap the wing tape tape 10 . Of overall dimensions Tires are the most important dimensions of the external transverse outlines - height profile N. and width of profile IN, as well as outside diameter D. and internal (landing) diameter d.. The latter is approximately equal to the diameter of the wheel rim.

Depending on the location of the cord threads in the frame layers, diagonal and radial (meridional) tires are distinguished (Fig, 1.3). IN diagonal tires ( but) The framework consists of a clear number of cutting cord layers, the threads are crossed, and the angle of inclination on the tire equator to the meridional plane passing through the axis of its rotation is 50-55 about and is equal to the corner of the tilt of the cord threads in the breaker (as a rule, two-layer). IN radial tires ( b.), called often type tires R (R.), Cord threads in the layers of the tire frame are located in the meridional plane, and each layer works independently. Therefore, they may have an odd and approximately twice the number of cord layers compared with diagonal tires, which increases the flexibility of the frame. The breaker consists of several layers of a metal cord, whose threads are located at an angle of 70-85 about to the meridional plane.

Figure 1.3. Diagonal tire structure ( but) and radial ( b.) Tires:

1-treadmill tread; 2-sided; 3-layers of the frame; 4-breaker; 5 sock board; 6-heel of board; 7-board; 8-on-board tape; 9-wing tape; 10-sided ring; 11-complementary metal riveted wing; 12-tape for an onboard ring wrap; 13- filling cord.

Metal coordinate breaker, Like a short-sized tough belt, can perceive the bulk of the efforts arising in the radial tire under the action of internal pressure and external loads. Due to the combination of a flexible frame and a hard breaker belt, radial tires are superior to the diagonal wear resistance and durability and at the same time provide lower rosings on rolling and less heat generation. Radial tires with metal cord in frame and breaker are called alloyometalocord (MDK) and are characterized by elevated speed characteristics, safety and reliability of motion, less fuel consumption and better maintainability. They are suitable for 4-5 to a multiple recovery, which is 1.7-2 times higher than that of the tires of the combined design. The use of metal drowkind in the framework of cargo MDK-tires allowed to stabilize their dimensions; Reduce heat generation during operation by 15-20 aboutC, increase the load of 10% and the full life resource taking into account the multiple restoration of the tread - by 70-100%. High wear resistance, repeated repair and low fuel consumption increase environmental safety of MDC-tires. However, their design, requirements for materials and technology of their production require special approaches.

Treadmill - This is the most massive part of the tread with a pattern, on which the ease of controlling the car, adhesion with the road and resistance to tire rolling, wear resistance and other operating characteristics of the tires are dependent. Figure tread comprises protrusions in the form of separate checkers or soils and reversion , including grooves and sliding slots up to 1.5 width mM. In the array of protrusions. Under saturation of the tread pattern Understand the proportion of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe treadmill coming to the protrusions. The following types of drawings distinguish (Fig.1.4):

· Road pattern formed by narrow longitudinal grooves - for roads with an improved coating, such as asphalt concrete;

· Universal drawing with narrow grooves in the middle and wide grooves around the edges of the treadmill - for mixed road Conditions;

· Figure of increased patency, formed by massive primers with wide grooves between them, more often in the form of "oblique tree", which goes to the edge of the treadmill - for soft soils and off-road;

· Career - drawing with a slight number of narrow grooves and massive low-shred protrusions - for rocky and stony soils;

· "Winter" drawing with narrow and deep, transverse and diagonal sliding grooves - for roads covered with a layer of dirt, snow or ice. Each type of treadmill drawing has many varieties. Road drawing increases wear resistance and loading capacity of tires, speed up to 80¸100 kM / C. for trucks and up to 120¸170 kM / C. - For passenger, and a universal drawing, which has become the greatest distribution, is a clutch with an expensive. The use of tires of increased passability is limited due to high wear (low wear resistance) of the tread. After selecting the figure, calculate the main sizes of the tread: the width and curvature of the treadmill, the depth of the pattern and the width of the slotted layer.

Figure 1.4. Types of tread tread tread tread patterns:

but-road, b.-universal, in-Ivyshevy g.- Executive.

Tires rsk are a type of radial tires in which the role of a rigid breaker belt is performed removable protector rings reinforced with metal cord with perpendicular arrangement of threads in relation to the meridional section (Fig.1.5). The pattern of the rings can be a road or universal type or increased patency, and when the pattern wear, they are replaced with new tires without restorative repair. There are tire structures with one and three protector rings, which are installed between the rubber guides on the outer surface of the non-tailed frame-enclosure. Design work on increasing the durability of radial tires continues in the direction of using additional reinforcing layers along the internal profile and between the layers of tires and the use of new materials with gradual characteristics varying by profile.

Fig.1.5. RS tires with three ( but) and one ( b.) Protectory ring:

Tire sealing method - An important constructive feature in which they are divided into chamber and tubeless tires (Fig.1.6). Besleless tire - This is a tire, differing from the chamber tire tires by the presence of a sealing layer 2-2.5 thick mM. From gas-controlled rubber and sealing ribbons, as well as sides design. The air, pumped directly into the cavity of the tire, is held in it due to the landing of the tires on the hermetic rim under the tension. A variety of tubeless tires - two-moving Tires separated inside with an elastic diaphragm. In the flow of such tires, the air is released only by their one cavity, and the diaphragm is stretched, makes it easiest the inner surface of the tire. The tubeless tires are superior to chamber speeds due to a small leakage of air when punctured, on ease of maintenance and repair, as well as by weight, as the sealing layer is lighter than the camera. However, for the hermetic landing of the tubeless tire on the rim requires a special mounting equipment and increased accuracy of the manufacture of rims from high-strength materials. Depending on the relationship N./IN Tires are divided into wide-profile, ordinary profile and low-profile. With one outer diameter, the profile width IN Conventional tires are 1.5-1.9 times less than wide-profile. Low profile tires with the same profile width IN have a smaller outer diameter. An increase in the profile width and a decrease in its height was one of the main directions for improving the structures of pneumatic tires from the moment they appear.

Fig.1.6. Chain section ( but), beless ( b.) and two-viable beless ( in) Tires:

1-tire; 2-chamber; 3-sealing layer; 4-elastic diaphragm; 5-ribbon; 6 rim; 7-valve; 8-needle valve; N.-Ell profile; IN- Sharina profile.

Shin designation systems diverse. In the designation of the tire of the ordinary profile with two numbers, the first and second number indicate the profile width and the landing diameter in mM. (for example, 240-508, 170-380) or in inches (for example, 6.70-15). When designating on another system, the first number shows the rounded outer diameter of the tire, and the second - rounded width of the profile in mM. (for example, 1140 ´ 700). In some cases, the designation consists of three numbers: the first is the outer diameter, the second - the profile width, and the third - the landing diameter of the rim in mM. (for example, 1200 ´ 500-508). The first number of the notation of passenger tires often indicate the width of the profile in mM., the second is the height of the profile as a percentage of its width, the third - the diameter of the rim in inches, and the radial - the letter R after the second number (for example, 175/70R13). The tire has a sequence number that is applied on the sidewall, the manufacturer and date of release indicate it. Cameras and rim ribbons are more often indicated as well as the tires for which they are intended.

Pneumatic tire, which is one of the most important elements The car consists of a tire and cameras located on the rim of the wheels. The tire perceives the faithful load, on the weight of the car, and all the efforts that occur in the spot of the contact of the shelter with the road when accelerating, braking and rotate the car. The tire also absorbs and softens the blows that occur when the car moves along the road. During the movement of the car, the elastic pneumatic tire in the lower part is deformed, small uneven roads are absorbed by the strain of the tire, and large cause smoothly translating the axis of the wheel. This tire ability is called smoothing. The smoothing capacity of the tire is due to the elastic properties of compressed air, which is filling on the tire. When tire deformities, energy losses are inevitably caused by internal friction in the tire material. Internal friction increases the tire temperature, which adversely affects its durability. The greater the deformation of the tire, the greater the cost of energy on the internal losses and the greater the capacity is spent on the movement of the car. The properties and performance of the tire is largely dependent on its design.

Tire design

Modern tire has a rather complicated design (Fig. 4.6). The main material for the manufacture of the tire is rubber and special fabric - cord. If you make a tire only from rubber, then when filling it with air, it will significantly change the measures and shape. Rubber used to produce tires is made of kauches of ka (natural and synthetic), to which the personal fillers are added during the production process: sulfur, soot, resins, etc.

In the manufacture of pneumatic tires for the first cars, only natural rubber was used, which was obtained from resin trees - rubberos. Synthetic rubber was first obtained in our country. This invention belongs to Academician S. V. Lebedev, which in 1931-1932. For the first time in the world, developed a synthetic rubber production technology. In order for the elastic rubber with fillers to turn into elastic rubber, it must pass the vulcanization process (the compound of sulfur with rubber, which occurs at elevated temperatures). Tires are vulcanized in special molds, the inner surface of which corresponds to the outer surface of the tire. Before the tire enters the mold, it is assembled from the components of its elements on special machines.

The tire constructively consists of a frame, breaker, tread, sidewalls and side. The tire frame is made of several layers of rubberized cord, represent

it is a fabric consisting of closely arranged longitudinal and rare transverse filaments. The stronger the Cord's threads, the longer the tire. As a thread for the preparation of Cord, synthetic fiber, fiberglass and steel threads (metal-chop) are used. With increasing layers of Cord in the frame, the tire's strength increases, but at the same time its mass grows and rolling resistance increases.

Fig. 4.6. Pneumatic tire design:1 - two-layer protector (soft tires are lenovy); 2 - special shape of the side rings; 3 - shoulder parts, strokes for cuts; 4 - protective onboard layer

Borge of the tire has a certain form necessary for a dense landing for rims to the forest. Tire board should not stretch to ensure a dense landing of the tire on the rim and prevent the possibility of cracking the tire from the rim. For this purpose, cut or continuous onboard rings made from several layers of durable steel wire are inserted inside the tires inside the tires. Outside the side is covered with a rubberized cord and a thin layer of rubber.

The sidewall of the tire is a thin layer of elastic and so-like rubber applied to the frame. It protects the tire from the side damage and exposure to moisture.

The tire protector provides a bus clutch with an expensive and protects the frame from damage. For its manufacture, used durable, wear-resistant tires. The outer part of the tread is performed in the form of a clear figure, under which it is so called me, the slot layer. The tread pattern is determined by the type and destination of the bus.

The breaker is a special belt made of several layers about the rubber cord, which is between the frame and the tread. The shape of the tire contact spots with the road depends on the design of the barrier. The breaker predources the frame from the shocks and shocks and transmits the effort to various parts of the tire.

The inner surface of the tire is covered with a thin layer of rubber. The composition of the applying for this layer of rubber can be different depending on the type of tire (chamber or tubeless).

In the chamber bus, the camera is used to hold the air compressed air, which is an elastic, air permeable shell in the form of a closed pipe. In order that when installing the tire on the rim, the camera has not formed folds, the size of the chamber must be slightly less than the internal sizes of the tire. Therefore, the air filled with air is in a stretched state. For the air pumping and release, the camera is connected to the valve (Fig. 4.7) - a special valve, the shape and dimensions of which are dependent on the type of tire. When installing the tire on the wheel rim, the valve should pass through a special hole made in this rim.

The tubeless tires are very little different from chamber (Fig. 4.8). The inner coating of such a tire must be made of a layer of airproof cutting 2-3 mm thick, and on the external

Fig. 4.7. Camera valve:1 - rod zo of the rod; 2 - threaded head; 3 - sleeve; 4 - seal; 5 - upper cup; 6 - Promotion Ring of the Spool; 7 - Lower Cup; 8 - valve body; 9 - springs of the spool; 10 - guide cup; 11 - rubberized casing

the side of the side is applied elastic rubber, which provides tightness when landing tires on the rim. The valve of the boxless tire forms a hermetic connection when it is installed in the wheel of the wheel rim. When punctured a tubeless tire with a small subject, this item stretches the air

Fig. 4.8. Wheel design (A) with a tubeless tire:1 - protector; 2 - a sealing airproof rubber layer; 3 - frame; 4 - wheel valve; 5 - rim; (b) Wheels with chamber bus:1 - rim of wheels; 2 - camera; 3 - tire (tire); 4 - valve

the well-played inner layer of the tireless tire rubber and envelops it. At the same time, the air from the tubeless tire comes out very slowly, in contrast to the chamber, in which the chamber is in a stretched state, and, therefore, any of its damage causes an increase in the resulting hole. Therefore, the tubeless tires are safer.

Repair of small damage to the tubeless tires can be performed without removing the tire from the rim, sealing the resulting hole special Material.

An important advantage of tubeless tires compared to chamber is less weight and heating when moving. The latter is due to the lack of friction cameras about Shi and best cooling. Since tire wear is largely depends on operating temperature, tubeless tires are more durable. It is not recommended to install the measuring tires of the camera in the beam, because when pumping the chamber between the bus and the camera, air cushions may be formed, which will interfere with the heat removal and lead to the topical overheating of the tire. The disadvantages of non-chamber tires include a greater complexity of repair in the way in case of severe damage, as well as the need for high purity and smoothness of the rim for tightness.

Classification of tires

Car tires differ in purpose, dimensions, design and profile form. By destination, automotive tires are divided into two groups: for cars and for trucks. Tires intended for passenger cars can apply

on cargo cars of small loading capacity and corresponding trailers.

The construction of the tire is determined by the location of the cord threads in the frame. Distinguish two constructive types automotive tires: diagonal and radial (Fig. 4.9).

For a long time Only diagonal tires were used on cars, while in 1947, Michelin did not develop a radial tire design. Currently, the pain of cars is equipped with radial tires. In the frame of the diagonal tire, the Cord layers are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel. The threads of the neighboring layers of the frame are circulated. The framework there should be only an even number of cord layers. At the radial tire

Fig. 4.9. Design of diagonal (a) and radial (b) tires:1 - board; 2 - Boro wire; 3 - frame; 4 - breaker; 5 - sidewall; 6 - Protector

Fig. 4.10. Constructive elements and main tire sizes:D - outer diameter; N - tire profile height; B - the width of the tire profile; D - landing diameter of the wheel rim (tires); 1 - car cas; 2 - breaker; 3 - protector; 4 - Boko wine; 5 - board; 6 - onboard wire; 7 - Filter cord

the cords in the frame are located as possible the daily distance between the sides along the radius of the wheel. The number of layers in the frame can be odd.

The location of the threads in the radial bus ensures the best constancy of the shape of the tire contact stains with an expensive, smaller movement of the elements of the tread and, as a result, such tires are less heated and wears. This factor has become solving when moving from diagonal tires to radial. In addition, modern radial tires have less rolling resistance and provide better stability and controlled car mobile.

On the shape of the profile of the tire can be a conventional profile, wide-profile, low-profile, ultra-low-profile, arched and pneumatic articles. The profile of ordinary tires is close to the circle (Fig. 4.10). Single profile height to width in conventional tires is more than 90%.

In general, there is a tendency to decrease the profile height ratio to its width (Fig. 4.11).

If the first car tires had a regular profile, then tires modern cars, in particular passenger, bottom coprofyl or ultra-low-powered. In which the ratio of the profile height is from 70% to 60% and less.

Reducing the height of the side walls of the sheath with a constant tire width, gives it possible to make the wheel of greater size without increasing the total diameter of the tire. This increases the space for

Fig. 4.11. Change automotive tire profile

placement of big, and therefore more efficient disc brake. Trailers and semi trailers of modern road trains are often equipped with ultra-low-profile tires in order to lower the floor level and increase the useful cargo volume of these vehicles. Reducing the profile height increases the rigidity of the side walls of the tire, and this provides a faster tire response to the steering command signals. Reducing the deformation of the side walls of the tire reduces the amount of heat allocated at the same time and provides safe operation at higher speeds. On the other hand, the side walls become tougher, and this leads to a deterioration in the smoothing capacity of the tires, and the shape of the contact stain becomes shorter and wider. Such tires may adversely affect the car handling. These disadvantages restrain wide use of ultra-low-powered tires for mass production cars, on which tires are usually used with a height ratio to the profile width 60, 65, and 70%. Meet carsEquipped with ultra-lowered tires, in which the profile height is 30% of its width.

Wide-profile and arched tires are installed on the wheels of trucks in order to improve their passability. One such tire can replace dual tires.

The best permeability on the soft support surface (snow, sand, dirt) provide pneumatic pipes having a barrel-shaped profile and high elasticity. The ratio of the height of the profile to the width is 25-40 %. Pneumocats are produced only by the beam, they work at a very low air pressure (about 0.01-0.05 MPa). You are a juice elasticity and low internal air pressure in pneumocatters provide very low specific pressure on the ground.

The pneumatic tire is an elastic shell intended for installation on the rim of the wheels and filled with air or nitrogen under pressure. Modern tire has a rather complicated design. The main material for the manufacture of the tire is rubber and special fabric - cord. Rubber used for the production of tire is made of rubber (natural and synthetic), to which various fillers are added during the production process: sulfur, soot, resins, etc. In the manufacture of pneumatic tires, only natural rubber was used for the first cars, which was obtained from the trees resin - rubberos.

Synthetic rubber was first obtained in our country. This invention belongs to Academician S. V. Lebedev, who in 1931-1932. For the first time in the world, developed a synthetic rubber production technology. In order for elastic rubber with fillers to turn into elastic rubber, it must pass the vulcanization process (sulfur compound with rubber, which occurs at elevated temperature). Tires are vulcanized in special molds, the inner surface of which corresponds to the outer surface of the tire. Before the tire enters the mold, it is assembled from the components of its elements on special machines.

The tire consists of: carcass, layers breker, tread, sidewalls and bORT. (Fig. 1)

Frame - a rubbing base (power part) of the tire; Made from one or more layers of the columnated Cord with rubber layers, fixed on the onboard rings Cord is textile, metal or fiberglass. Textiles and glass are used in passenger tires. Metalocord - in cargo. Fiberglass features absolute resistance to rotting and stretching. Tires using fiberglass are less diverted and less affected by high humidity and temperature (tropics).

Breaker It consists of one or more layers of rareered rubberized cord separated by rubber layers, and is located between the frame and the tread. Designed to protect the frame from shocks, giving rigging the tire at the point of contact with the road surface and to protect the camera from punctures. It is made of a thick layer of rubber (in light tires) or crossed metal coordinated layers. Depending on the Cord material in the bus breaker, the tires are divided into tires with a textile breaker (TB) and metal-breaker (MB), and when using a metal coordinate and in the framework, and in the bracket - all-metal rock (MDC).

Tread - The outer part of the tire, which is a massive rubber layer with a relief pattern on the outer surface. It provides a clutch with an expensive and protects the tire frame from mechanical damage. The relief of the surface of the tread, consisting of a set of protrusions and recesses or grooves, is called a tread pattern. Depending on the tread pattern and operating conditions, the tires are divided into:

Road (in use called summer), designed for use at positive temperatures on highway roads. Tires of this type provide best clutch With dry and wet road, have maximum wear resistance and best fit for high-speed driving. For movement on dirt roads (especially wet) and in the winter they are unsuitable.
WinterUsed on icing and snow-covered roads, the coupling qualities of the coverage of which may vary depending on the situation, from the minimum (smooth ice or porridge from snow and water) to small (rolled snow in the frost). They have good road properties, somewhat inferior road ties. Many winter tires allow you to install spikes of anti-skid or are already observed at the factory.
All-season are a compromise option between summer and winter tires, Therefore, inferior to ensuring the clutch and first and second in the respective season conditions. They allow us to year-round to operate the car on one set of tires.
Universal Possess properties that allow them to exploit them both on roads and in dirt roads. It is advisable to apply for oscoretumors who make approximately equal runs on the highway and roads. The clear boundary between them and all-season tires is quite difficult to spend.
Increased passibility Designed for off-road and soft soils. Use such tires is preferably only with a rare highway movement. Otherwise they will be faster and create high level noise.

On the side walls of the tires protector goes into thinner rubber layers - sidewallsBlowing the side parts of the frame.

Board It consists of one and more wire rings, on which the frame layers are fixed, and ensures the fastening of the tire on the rim of the wheels. From the inside it is covered with a layer of viscous airtight (for tubeless tires) rubber, which allows the tire to hermetically sitting on the rim of the wheel.

By method of sealing the tires are divided into chamber and belessaless.

Chamber Tires (Tube Type) (Fig. 2) consist of a tire and camera with a valve mounted in it.

The size of the chamber is always somewhat less than the inner cavity corresponding to it on the designation of the tire. This avoids the formation of the folds of the camera in the pumped state. The valve is a check valve that allows you to pump air into the bus and preventing it out of it.

Cargo chamber tires mounted on flat collapsible rims are equipped with ribbons (flippers). Wide ribbons are located between the rim and the camera and are designed to protect the chamber from damage.

Tubeless Tire It is an advanced tire, which simultaneously performs the functions of a conventional tire and camera. The inner cavity in the tubeless tire is formed with a tire and rim of the wheels.

In the tubeless tires (Fig. 3), the inner volume is sealed with an airproof rubber layer with a thickness of 2-3 mm, superimposed on the inner layer of the frame, and an elastic rubber is applied to the outer surface of the board, which provides tightness when landing on the rim. The valve of a special design is inserted into the hole in the rim of the wheels. The tubeless tires have a lot of advantages over the chamber, and therefore gradually conquer the market, ousting the former design. When the tubeless tire is a small object, this item stretches the airproof the inner layer of the tireless tires and is enveloped by it. In this case, the air from the tubeless tire comes out very slowly, in contrast to the chamber, in which the camera is in a stretched state, and, therefore, any damage causes an increase in the resulting hole. Therefore, the tubeless tires are safer. Repair of small damage to the tubeless tires can be made without removing the tire from the rim, sealing the resulting hole with a special material. An important advantage of tubeless tires compared to chamber is a smaller mass and heating when moving. The latter is due to the lack of friction of the camera about the bus and better cooling. Since tire wear is largely dependent on the operating temperature, the tubeless tires are more durable. It is not recommended to install the camera in the tubeless tires, because when pumping the camera between the bus and the camera, airbags can be formed, which will interfere with the heat removal and lead to local overheating of the tire. The disadvantages of non-chamber tires include a greater complexity of repair in the way in case of severe damage, as well as the need for high purity and smoothness of the rim for tightness.

Tire plants produce pneumatic tires of two main structures: diagonal and radial (Fig. 4).

Radial tire (Type R) has a meridional (from the side to board) the direction of the threads in the frame layers, and the direction of the threads in the layers of the breaker close to the circumference. IN diagonal tire The frame and the breaker consist of layers of cord layers superimposed on each other, whose threads crossed at a given angle. The angle of tilt threads in the breaker in the middle of the treadmill 45 - 60 °. Radial tires have technical and economic advantages over diagonal tires (increased durability, high adhesion with expensive, reduced rolling resistance, which causes a reduction in fuel consumption, reduced heat generation, etc.). However, diagonal tires are preferable for some operating conditions, for example, under high impact loads on low-quality roads and in roads.

One of the main components of the wheels of any car are pneumatic tires. They are installed on wheel disk And provide high-quality contact with the road. When the car moves, the tire absorbs vibrations, as well as fluctuations from the passage of road irregularities. Thus, the tire provides comfort and safety. Produce various types of tires. They are distinguished by materials, chemical composition, physical properties. Tires have a different tread pattern, which provides maximum adhesion with various surfaces.

Tasks of tires

Pneumatic tires Perform the following functions. They give oscillations from road irregularities, ensure constant contact of the wheels with the roadpapers. Due to the tire, the fuel consumption and noise level during movement is reduced. Rubber provides patency in difficult conditions.

Device

The design of pneumatic tires is quite complicated. The tire consists of several elements.

This is a cord, protector, breaker, shoulder zone, side and sidewalls. Consider each element in detail.

Cord

This element is a power frame. It consists of several layers. Cord is a layer of tissue made of textile materials or metal wire. This layer is covered with rubber. Cord is tightened throughout the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire or radially. Manufacturers make radial, as well as diagonal tire models.

The most widely distribution was the radial model. It is characterized by the longest life. It has more elastic cord. Due to this, heat formation and rolling resistance is significantly reduced.

Diagonal pneumatic tires have a frame of several layers of rubberized tissue-cord. These layers are arranged crosswise. These solutions have a low price, and the sidewalls are of greater strength.

Tread

Those called the outer part of the tire, which is in direct contact with the roadpapers. The main function is to ensure reliable clutch of the wheel of the car with the roadpapers, as well as the protection of the wheel from possible damage. Noise depends on the drawing, as well as vibrations when driving. In addition, the protector allows you to determine the degree of wear of the tire.

Structurally, this is a rather massive rubber layer with a relief pattern. The latter is a furrow, grooves, protrusions. The pattern of the tread is the possibility of tire operation in various conditions. There are models pure for asphalt or for dirt. There are also universal tires.

Tread drawings

It is formed on a rubber pneumatic tire formed by the location of elements (checkers) relative to each other, as well as the direction of rotation. On different tires there may be an unired, directed or asymmetric pattern. Each option has an impact on the tire characteristics.

Wheel with an infinite pattern can be installed arbitrarily. The tire with a directional protector is installed along the arrow, which is on the sidewall. It shows the direction of rotation. Asymmetric tires are installed on the inscription located on the side part.

The most versatile is considered an unired picture. Part of the tires, which are presented in the modern market, are issued with it. It allows you to install a tire on the wheel in any direction. However, it is significantly inferior to other types of drawing according to the ability of water removal from the contact point with the roadpapers.

The directional pattern is characterized by elements that are sliced \u200b\u200bin the form of a Christmas tree. This requires a certain direction. This method of building a drawing makes it possible to more effectively remove the water, dirt. Also, this figure significantly reduces the noise level compared to non-directional. On the side part, the direction in which the wheel should rotate. The minus is associated with the fact that a spare wheel equipped with such a tire can only be installed on one side of the car.

Asymmetric pattern - This is one of the embodiments of different properties in the same tire. Thus, the outer side of the tread may have a drawing that provides a maximum of adhesion on dry asphalt, and on the other side - with wet. For such a picture, various location of checkers and grooves are characterized by both one and from the other part of the middle of the tire. These tires are most often non-directional. Directed they are only in rare cases. In this situation, we need different tires for the left and right side. On the side parts, there are necessarily symbols indicating which of the parties should be external and which is internal. Spare wheel With such a pattern, the tread can be installed on the machine on any of the sides.

Breaker

It is a Cord layer, which are between the tread and the framework. Element is needed to provide best connection Between the tread and cord. Also, the breaker prevents the tread deal due to the impact of various external forces.

Shoulder zone

This is part of the frapper tire tread, which is between the treadmill and the sidewall. This part serves to enhance lateral rigidity. In addition, the design element improves the synthesis of the tire frame with a tread, the shoulder zone takes part of the loads that are transmitted to the treadmill.

Sideways

This is a rubber layer, which is a continuation of the tread tread on the side of the frame.

This item is designed to fencing the frame from the effects of moisture and various mechanical damage. Also on the sidewall is applied marking.

Board

This is what the sidewall ends. The board serves for mounting and sealing on a wheel disc. At the heart of the airbar of the air tire lies the unpretentious steel wire covered with rubber. It gives a tire and board the necessary strength and rigidity.

Types of tires

A pneumatic car tire is classified by various parameters. This is seasonality, a method of sealing, purpose, tread pattern. Consider each classification separately.

Seasonality

On the season, the tires are classified as follows - highlight summer, winter and all-season tires. The purpose of the tire for one of the seasons is distinguished by the drawing of the tread.

On summer tires there is no microdernok. But here there are pronounced furrows. They are designed to flow water into raw weather. This makes it possible to get the maximum clutch. Winter tires Differs in narrow grooves on the tread. Thanks to these grooves, the tire does not lose elasticity and keeps the clutch even on the ice.

Allocate I. all-season rubber. There are already quite a lot about the benefits and disadvantages. These tires normally withstand the summer heat and winter cold. But the operational characteristics of all-season pneumatic tires are very mediocre.

Sealing method

By this parameter, you can select tires with a camera and tubeless models. In the last tires there is no familiar camera. And the tightness is achieved by the design features of such a tire. And in the first, and in the second case it is a tire with air.

Manufacturers

The Italian brand Pielli uses extremely popular at motorists. The company represents a mass of tire options for any cars and motorcycles. All tires are made according to unique technologies. The Pirelli Scorpion ruler shows well - the company is in this collection of winter and summer tires. In the company's catalogs there is a lot of items for all cars. Tires are also made for classic cars.

Pirelli Scorpion line is a tire for exclusive and premium machines. The product was developed taking into account modern cars. Also, the development took into account maximum safety, a high level of manageability and stable characteristics for any weather. Among the possibilities - the tire can perform its functions, even if there is no air. The collection has all the modern sizes.

Also cannot be discounted and other well-known companies producing rubber for cars. Their products are not worse, but you can buy it on more affordable prices. Choosing rubber, it is better to read the tire reviews in advance - from right choice Tires depends a lot. "Michelin", "Continental" and "Nokian" have proven not bad. Among the domestic it is worth noting "Rosava". As noted reviews, these tires are not worse than imported. And it is almost twice as cheaper.

Conclusion

So, we learned that it is a car tire, as it is arranged and what types it happens. This will help when choosing a suitable model. Comfort, handling and safety depends on the right choice. An important factor when buying - tire reviews. They will allow you to evaluate the tire correctly, because sometimes non-prospective tires come to the market because of marketers.

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