Rotary DVS. Principle of operation of electric motor Electric rotary engine Presentation
Electric motors
- Purpose: study the device and the principle of operation of EL. engines of various designs; read the principle of work asynchronous engine (single-phase)
- Where in the life and industry use electric motors?
- Electric drill
- Washer
- A vacuum cleaner
- Electric Shaver
- Sewing machine
- Electric transport, etc.
- Electric drill
- The electric motor uses a collector electric motor
- Electric motor
- Washer
- At washing machines an asynchronous single-phase electric motor is used
- electric motor
- a vacuum cleaner
- In vacuum cleaners applies a collector electric motor
- electric motor
- electric transport
- For the movement of trams, trolley buses, electric trains, high power electric motors are used.
- Device collector electric motor
- The collector electric motor is universal and can work both from the constant and from the alternating current.
- anchor
- collector
- Stanina
- inductor
- Features of the collector electric motor.
- By changing the voltage on the engine brushes, you can adjust the rotor speed. Due to this, the collector engine is used in those machines where it is necessary to change the speed of rotation of the mechanisms. (Kitchen electrical appliances; electric drill; electric shaver; hairdryer; tape recorders; sewing machine; Electric carpentry tools, etc., as well as electric transport)
- brush
- collector
- Rotor winding
- How does the collector electric motor work?
- The principle of engine operation is based on interaction
- explorer ( anchor) with electric shock and magnetic field,
- created electromagnet (inductor). Mechanical force
- arising from that interaction makes rotating
- anchor (rotor).
- Such engines are divided into:
- AC motors, a bed and core, which are made of electrical steel sheets;
- DC motors that have named parts are made solid.
- The electromagnet excitation winding in the AC motors is turned on in series with an anchor winding, which provides a large starting point.
- Device asynchronous electric motor
- Next, consider the principle of operation of an asynchronous engine.
- rotor
- stator
- Work asynchronous engine
- The principle of operation of an asynchronous engine is based on the interaction of a rotating magnetic field with currents that are bred by the field in the conductors of a shortly closed rotor.
- The rotor is reinforced in the bearings and therefore comes in motion in the direction of the rotating rotor.
- a structural asynchronous engine consists of two main parts:
- - fixed - stator;
- - Movable - rotor.
- The stator has three windings wound at an angle of 120 °. The rotor has a winding in the form of a squirrel wheel.
- Work asynchronous engine
- Asynchronous engines have their own:
- * Advantages - simple on the device are reliable in operation and apply in all sectors of the national economy;
- * Disadvantages - the impossibility of obtaining a constant number of revolutions (compared to collector);when starting, has a high current, sensitive to voltage fluctuations in the network.
- From the total number of electric motors manufactured - 95% - asynchronous.
- Features of the work of an asynchronous electric motor
- In contrast to the collector engine, where coal brushes across the collector occurs, the winding asynchronous engine is located in the stator, so there are no rubbing parts for the service life of an asynchronous engine much higher than the collector, and the range of application is significantly wider. (washing machines, vacuum cleaners, woodworking and metalworking machines, fans, pumps, compressors, etc.
- I'm to about p
- winding
- Using a three-phase engine in everyday life
- To use a three-phase motor in everyday life, where one-phase electrical wiring, the capacitor must be connected to the diagram. The disadvantage of this method is the use of expensive paper capacitors. (for every 100W power of 10 MCF to voltage 250-450V.
- Enabling asynchronous single-phase engine in the network
- In household machines, single-phase asynchronous engines are used which have two windings:
- # working; # launcher; Winding are located at an angle of 90 °. When you turn on the network, a rotating magnetic field is formed, and the short-circuited rotor comes into rotation, after which the starting winding is turned off.
- launcher winding
- ~ 220V.
- Determine what type of electric motor is used in this home appliance.
- Determine what type of electric motor is used in industrial technology.
Engine creation: Hiving the old bike that Vankel came up with a wonder-engine in 1919. She always believed with difficulty: how could a 17-year-old guy, albeit a talented, so much? He opened his own workshop in Heidelberg in the city, and in 1927 the drawings of the "Machines with rotating pistons" appeared (in German, DKM in German). The first Patent of the DRP Felix Vankel received in 1929, and in 1934 he filed a request for the DKM engine. True, he received a patent in two years. Then, in 1936, Vankel is justified in Lindau, where he places its laboratory.
Then a promising designer noticed power, and the work on DKM had to be left. Vankel worked on BMW, Daimler and DVL, the main air-soloracial enterprises of the fascist Germany. So it is not surprising that before the occurrence of 1946, Vankel had to sit in prison as a staffing of the regime. The laboratory in Lindau was taken out of the French, and Felix simply remained with anything. Then a promising designer noticed power, and the work on DKM had to be left. Vankel worked on BMW, Daimler and DVL, the main air-soloracial enterprises of the fascist Germany. So it is not surprising that before the occurrence of 1946, Vankel had to sit in prison as a staffing of the regime. The laboratory in Lindau was taken out of the French, and Felix simply remained with anything. Only in 1951, Vankel is arranged to work in a motorcycle firm - the NSU is already widely known. Restoring the laboratory, he was interested in Walter Freud, racing motorcycle designers with its designs. Together Vankel and Freud sold the project in the manual, and the development of the engine accelerated sharply. On February 1, 1957, he earned the first rotary engine DKM-54. He worked on methanol, but by June worked for 100 hours on the booth, the engine was transferred to gasoline. Only in 1951, Vankel is arranged to work in a motorcycle firm - the NSU is already widely known. Restoring the laboratory, he was interested in Walter Freud, racing motorcycle designers with its designs. Together Vankel and Freud sold the project in the manual, and the development of the engine accelerated sharply. On February 1, 1957, he earned the first rotary engine DKM-54. He worked on methanol, but by June worked for 100 hours on the booth, the engine was transferred to gasoline.
Principles of operation of the rotor motor The cycle of the Vankel engine cycle of the Vankel engine but here Freud offered a new concept of a rotary engine! In the Vankel engine (DKM), the rotor rotated around a fixed shaft along with the combustion chamber than the absence of vibrations was provided. Walter decided to fix the combustion chamber, and the rotor would lead to the shaft in motion, that is, use the principle of duality of rotation for the rotor motor. This type of rotary engine received KKM designation. But here Freud offered a new concept of a rotary engine! In the Vankel engine (DKM), the rotor rotated around a fixed shaft along with the combustion chamber than the absence of vibrations was provided. Walter decided to fix the combustion chamber, and the rotor would lead to the shaft in motion, that is, use the principle of duality of rotation for the rotor motor. This type of rotary engine received KKM designation.
The principle of duality of rotation Vankel himself patented in 1954, but he still used the DKM principle. I must say that I didn't like the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch an inversion, but he could not do anything - the engine of his beloved type DKM was time consumed to change the candles, the disassembling of the motor was required. So the engine of type KKM had much more prospects. His first sample was twisted on July 7, 1958 (although it was still in the rotor there were candles as on DKM). Subsequently, the candle was transferred to the engine housing, and he gained his appearance that did not change fundamentally to this day. Now all rotary motors are arranged for this scheme. Sometimes they are called "Vankels", in honor of the developer. The principle of duality of rotation Vankel himself patented in 1954, but he still used the DKM principle. I must say that I didn't like the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch an inversion, but he could not do anything - the engine of his beloved type DKM was time consumed to change the candles, the disassembling of the motor was required. So the engine of type KKM had much more prospects. His first sample was twisted on July 7, 1958 (although it was still in the rotor there were candles as on DKM). Subsequently, the candle was transferred to the engine housing, and he gained his appearance that did not change fundamentally to this day. Now all rotary motors are arranged for this scheme. Sometimes they are called "Vankels", in honor of the developer.
In such an engine, the role of the piston plays the Rotor himself. The cylinder serves as a stator having a form of epitrohyoid, and when the rotor seals move along the surface of the stator, cameras in which the process of combustion of fuel is combined. In one turnover of the rotor, such a process occurs three times, and due to the combination of the forms of the rotor and the stator, the number of clocks is the same as in conventional DVS: inlet, compression, work move and release. In such an engine, the role of the piston plays the Rotor himself. The cylinder serves as a stator having a form of epitrohyoid, and when the rotor seals move along the surface of the stator, cameras in which the process of combustion of fuel is combined. In one turnover of the rotor, such a process occurs three times, and due to the combination of the forms of the rotor and the stator, the number of clocks is the same as in conventional DVS: inlet, compression, work move and release.
A rotary engine has no gas distribution system - a rotor operates for the gas distribution mechanism. He opens and closes the windows at the right moment. He also does not need balancing shafts, a two-piece engine in terms of vibrations can be compared with multi-cylinders. So the idea of \u200b\u200ba rotary engine at the end of the fifties seemed a step for the automotive industry into a bright future. A rotary engine has no gas distribution system - a rotor operates for the gas distribution mechanism. He opens and closes the windows at the right moment. He also does not need balancing shafts, a two-piece engine in terms of vibrations can be compared with multi-cylinders. So the idea of \u200b\u200ba rotary engine at the end of the fifties seemed a step for the automotive industry into a bright future. In the series! In the series!
The first engine: the motor was developed jointly with NSU and in 1957 first gained momentum. One of the 4 built experimental engines is standing today in the German Museum in Munich. Indicators: 250 cm3 and 29 hp at min-1, and in 1963 NSU, the release of the model Spider is the first serial car With a rotary piston engine. The motor was developed jointly with NSU and in 1957 first gained momentum. One of the 4 built experimental engines is standing today in the German Museum in Munich. Indicators: 250 cm3 and 29 hp With min-1, and in 1963 NSU, the release of the Spider model is the first serial car with a rotary piston engine.
The advantages and disadvantages of the engine: the design allows a four-stroke cycle without the use of a special gas distribution mechanism. In this engine, you can use cheap grades of fuel; It almost does not create vibrations. The design allows the four-stroke cycle without the use of a special gas distribution mechanism. In this engine, you can use cheap grades of fuel; It almost does not create vibrations. The main advantage of the vankel engine is small sizes at a given power. In the engine, few moving parts, and, therefore, it is potentially more reliable and cheaper in production The main advantage of the vankel engine is small sizes at a given power. In the engine, few moving parts, and, therefore, it is potentially reliable and cheaper in production
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Asynchronous 3-phase motor with a short-circuited rotor. Performed: Savina T.V. ,.
Asynchronous motor with a short-circuited rotor is an asynchronous electric motor, in which the rotor is made with a short-circuited winding in the form of a squirrel cell.
Instead of a frame with a current inside an asynchronous engine, there is a short-circuited rotor by design resembling a Belich wheel. A short-circuited rotor consists of key-closed rods with knots rings. Three-phase alternating current, passing through the stator windings, creates a rotating magnetic field. Thus, it was also described earlier, a current will be induced in the rods of the rotor, as a result of which the rotor will start rotating. This is due to the fact that the magnetic field change is different in different pairs of the rods, due to their different location relative to the field. Change the current in the rods will change with time. You may also notice that the rotor rods are tilted relative to the axis of rotation. This is done in order to reduce the highest harmonics of EDS and get rid of the pulsation of the moment. If the rods were directed along the axis of rotation, they would have a pulsating magnetic field due to the fact that the magnetic resistance of the winding is significantly higher than the magnetic resistance of the stator's teeth.
The principle of operation of a three-phase asynchronous electric motor is based on the ability of a three-phase winding when it is turned on to a three-phase current network to create a rotating magnetic field. The rotating magnetic field is the main concept of electrical engines and generators. The frequency of rotation of this field, or the synchronous speed of rotation is directly proportional to the frequency of alternating current F 1 and inversely proportional to the number of pairs of poles p of three-phase winding. where N 1 is the frequency of rotation of the magnetic field of the stator, rpm, F 1 - the frequency of alternating current, Hz, P - number of pairs of poles
The asynchronous motor converts electrical energy supplied to the stator winding, to mechanical (rotation of the rotor shaft). But the input and output power are not equal to each other as the energy loss occurs during the transformation: friction, heating, vortex currents and hysteresis losses. This energy is dissipated as warm. Therefore, an asynchronous electric motor has a cooling fan.
The three-phase winding winding of the electric motor is connected by the "Star" or Triangle scheme depending on the power supply voltage. The ends of the three-phase winding can be: connected inside the electric motor (three wires leave out of the engine), the outwards are displayed (six wires leave), are displayed in the junction box (six wires are released into the box, from the box three). Phase voltage is the difference in potentials between the beginning and the end of the same phase. Other Definition: Phase voltage This is the difference in potentials between linear wire and neutral. Linear voltage is the potential difference between two linear wires (between phases).
To regulate the speed of rotation and the moment of asynchronous motor, the frequency converter is used. The principle of the frequency converter is based on changing the frequency and voltage of the AC.
Thanks for attention!
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Total in the subject of 19 presentations
DC motor (DPT) Electric DC electric machine transforming the electrical energy of DC into mechanical energy. According to some opinions, this engine can still be called simultaneous machine DC with self-synchronization. Simple enginewhich is a DC machine consists of a permanent magnet on the inductor (stator), one electromagnet with explicitly pronounced poles on anchor (two teeth, with clearly expressed poles and with one winding), a brush collector node with two plates (lamellas) and two brushes .
The stator (inductor) on the DPT stator is arranged, depending on the design, or permanent magnets (micromotors), or electromagnets with excitation windings (coils, the magnetic flux of the excitation). In the simplest case, the stator has two poles, that is, one magnet with one pair of poles. But more often DPT has two pairs of poles. It happens more. In addition to the main poles on the stator (inductor), additional poles can be installed, which are designed to improve switching on the collector.
Rotor (anchor) Minimum number of rotor teeth, in which the launch itself is possible from any position of the rotor three. Of the three, seemingly pronounced, the poles, in fact, one pole is in the switching zone, that is, the rotor has two pairs of poles (like the stator, since otherwise the engine operation is impossible). The rotor of any DPT consists of many coils, part of which is powered, depending on the rotor rotor angle relative to the stator. The use of a large number (several dozen) coils is necessary to reduce the irregularity of the torque, to reduce the switching (switchable) current, and to ensure optimal interaction between the magnetic fields of the rotor and the stator (that is, to create the maximum moment on the rotor).
By the method of excitation, the DC electric motor engines are divided into four groups: 1) with independent excitation, in which the excitation winding is powered by an extraneous DC source. 2) with parallel excitation (shunt), in which the seam excitation winding turns on parallel to the power supply source of the anchor winding. 3) with sequential excitation (serial), in which the winding of the excitation of WIDs is enabled consistently with an anchor winding. 4) Mixed excitation engines (compound), in which there are serial soles and parallel seams of the excitation winding of the DC motor excitation scheme are shown in Figure: a) independent, b) parallel, c) sequential, d) mixed
The collector manifold (brush-collector node) simultaneously performs two functions: is a sensor of the angular position of the rotor and the current switch with sliding contacts. Collector designs have many varieties. Conclusions of all coils are combined into the collector node. The collector node is usually a ring of isolated plates of contacts (lamellae) located along the axis (along the axis) of the rotor. There are other design of the collector node. Graphite brushes The brush knot is necessary for the supply of electricity to coils on the rotating rotor and switching the current in the rotor windings. Brush still contact (usually graphite or copper-graphite). Brushes with high frequency blur and closure plates-contacts of the rotor collector. As a result, transient processes occur during the DPT operation, in the rotor windings. These processes are sprieving at the collector, which significantly reduces the reliability of DPT. To reduce spurs apply various methods, the main of which is the installation of additional poles. With high currents in the DPT rotary, powerful transition processes occur, as a result of which the springs can constantly cover all the collector plates, regardless of the position of the brush. This phenomenon is called ring sparking collector or "circular fire". Ring sparkling is dangerous in that at the same time all collector plates and its service life is significantly reduced. Visually ring sparking manifests itself in the form of a glowing rings near the collector. The effect of ring sparking collector is unacceptable. When designing drives, appropriate limitations are set to the maximum moments (and, consequently, the currents in the rotor) developed by the engine.
Switching in DC electric motors. In the process of operation of the DC motor, the brushes gliding along the surface of the rotating collector, consistently go from one collector plate to another. In this case, switching parallel sections of the anchor winding and change the current in them. Changing the current occurs at the time when the winding is closed with a rotor brush. This process of switching and phenomena associated with it is called switching. At the time of switching in a short-circuited section of the winding under the influence of its own magnetic field, E. d. s. self-induction. Resulting e. d. s. Causes an additional current in the short-circuit section, which creates an uneven distribution of current density on the contact surface of the brushes. This circumstance is considered the main reason for the sparking of the collector under the brush. The quality of switching is estimated to the degree of sparking under the bugger of the brush and is determined on the scale of the degree of springs.
Principle of operation The principle of operation of any electric motor is based on the behavior of the conductor with a current in a magnetic flow. If you skip the current on the conductor in a magnetic stream, it will strive to shift to the side, that is, the conductor will push out of the gap between the magnets as a cork from a bottle of champagne. The direction of force that pushes the conductor is strictly defined and it can be determined by the so-called left hand. This rule is as follows: If the palm of the left hand is in a magnetic stream, so that the magnetic flux lines were directed into the palm, and the fingers in the direction of passage in the conductor, the thumb, bent 90 gr. Spends on the direction of the offset of the conductor. The value of the force with which the conductor strive to move is determined by the magnetic flux value and the value of the current passing through the conductor. If the conductor is performed in the form of a frame with the axis of rotation located between the magnets, the frame will strive to turn around its axis. If you do not take into account inertia, the frame will turn on 90 gr. Since then the power of the driving frame will be located in one plane with the frame and strive to push the frame, and not rotate it. But in fact, the frame slips on the inertia, this position and if at this moment change the direction of the current in the frame, then it will turn at least at least 180 grams., With another change in the direction of current in the frame, it will turn 180 degrees and so on.
History of creation. The first stage of the development of the electric motor () is closely related to the creation of physical instruments for a demonstration of continuous transformation electrical Energy in mechanical. In 1821, M. Faraday, exploring the interaction of conductors with a current and magnet, showed that the electrical current causes the rotation of the conductor around the magnet or the rotation of the magnet around the conductor. Faraday's experience confirmed the principal possibility of building an electric motor. For the second stage of development of electric motors (), the designs with the rotational motion of the anchor are characteristic. Thomas.Davenport American blacksmith, inventor, in 1833 constructed the first rotary electric motor of the DC, created the model of the train leading to them. In 1837, he received a patent for an electromagnetic machine. In 1834, B. S. Yakobi created the world's first DC electric motor, which implemented the principle of direct rotation of the moving part of the engine. In 1838, this engine (0.5 to W) was tested on the Neva to drive a boat with passengers, i.e. received the first practical application.
Michael Faraday. September 22, 1791 - August 25, 1867 English Physicist Michael Faraday was born in the suburb of London in the family of a blacksmith. In 1821, he first observed the rotation of the magnet around the conductor with a current and conductor with a current around the magnet, created the first model of the electric motor. Its studies were crowned with the discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831. Faraday studied this phenomenon in detail, brought its main law, found out the dependence of the induction current from the magnetic properties of the medium, studied the phenomenon of self-induction and the extractuate of the closure and opening. The opening of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction immediately acquired a huge scientific and practical significance; This phenomenon lies, for example, is based on all DC generators. Faraday ideas about electric and magnetic fields have great impact on the development of all physics.
Thomas Davenport. Thomas was born on July 9, 1802 on a farm near the city of Williamstown in Vermont. The only means of learning Thomas was self-education. It acquires magazines and books to keep abreast of the latest engineering achievements. Thomas manufactures several eating magnets and conducts experiments with them, as a current source using a galvanic voltage battery. By creating an electric motor, Davenport builds a model of an electric locomotive, moving along a circular path with a diameter of 1.2 m and feed from a stationary electroplating. The invention of Davenport gains fame, the press proclaims the revolution in science. American blacksmith, inventor. In 1833, the first rotary DC motor was constructed, created the train model given to them. In 1837, he received a patent for an electromagnetic machine.
B. S. Jacobi. Jacobi Boris Semenovich German by origin, (). As for Boris Semenovich Jacobi, his scientific interests were mainly related to physics and especially with electromagnetism, and the scientist always sought to find a practical application to his discovery. In 1834, Jacobi invented an electric motor with a rotating working shaft, whose work was based on attracting multi-dimensional magnetic poles and repulsion of the same name. In 1839, Jacobi, together with Academician Emilia Christian Khristianovich Lenz (), built two improved and more powerful electric motors. One of them was installed on a big boat and rotated her rowing wheels. It was important for Russia. Jacobi regarding the organization of electrical education. In the early 1840s, he compiled and read the first courses of applied electrical engineering, prepared a program of theoretical and practical exercises.
DPT classification is classified by the type of the magnetic system of the stator: with permanent magnets; with electromagnets: - with independent turning on windings (independent excitation); - with consistent turning on windings (sequential excitation); - with parallel inclusion of windings (parallel excitation); - with mixed turning on windings (mixed excitation): with a predominant sequential winding; with a predominance of parallel winding; The type of connection of the stator windings significantly affects the traction and electrical characteristics of the electric motor.
The use of cranes of various heavy production drives, with the requirements for adjusting the speed in a wide range and a high trigger of the traction electric drive, electric locomotives, boats, career dump trucks etc. Electric car starters, tractors, etc. To reduce the nominal supply voltage in automotive starters, a DC motor with four brushes is used. Due to this, the equivalent complex resistance of the rotor decreases almost four times. The stator of such an engine has four poles (two pairs of poles). Starting current in automotive starters about 200 amps. Working hours short-term.
Advantages: Easy device and control; Practically linear mechanical and adjusting engine characteristics; Easily adjust the speed of rotation; good starting properties (big starting moment); Compact other engines (if used strong permanent magnets in the stator); Since DPTs are reversible machines, it is possible to use them both in engine and generator modes.
Conclusion: electric motors play a huge role in our modern life, do not be an electric motor would not have light (use as a generator), there would be no water at home as the electric motor is used in the pump, people could not lift heavy loads (use in various lifting cranes ) etc.
