What is the name of the Military Truck Gas AA. GAZ-AA - the legendary Soviet "half-one", which passed through the Great Patriotic War

The gas-aa car, "half-one", pre-war and wartime, was produced at the Gorky Auto Plant since 1932. The prototype of the model served as "Ford AA" of 1930, which was purchased by the Soviet Union under the license agreement. So the "half-timer" gas-aa appeared, which was subsequently upgraded repeatedly. The design of the car was simple and reliable. At that time, it was in the infancy, and a relatively inexpensive license for the production of a truck turned out to be quite by the way.

The possibilities of the Gorky Plant in terms of technical equipment were high, so the production was decided to run on gas. It is characteristic that the car produced through the American license quickly quickly moved to the provision of domestic components. It was easier to develop any unit in place than to order it outside the ocean and for months to wait for the supply. Thus, the process of assembling the "half-timer" became technologically, thanks to the efforts of Soviet engineers.

Modernization

Gas-aa went to serial production in January 1932, and the assembly workshops of the Gorky Automobile Plant immediately showed high rates of the truck. For a day, 60 cars came from the conveyor, and the acceleration potential remained. The Soviet version differed from the American model for a number of parameters. Instead of tin, a cast clutch crankcase was installed, a worm wheel steering mechanism was reinforced, installed on the carburetor air filter. The body was immediately designed again, the onboard version was manufactured in domestic drawings. Later, Soviet designers developed a unique dumping version of the "half-timer", which was distinguished by the fact that the body did not need to overturn. The cargo slipped under its own weight on a specially designed bottom of the body. It was enough to open the back board.

Chassis

The design of the rear suspension "half-timer" was original and unusual. Semi-elliptic springs were in a special way, ahead of the beam of the rear axle so that their amortization effect took the lever. Thanks to this design, the rear suspension became compact and much more technological in comparison with full elliptic springs. But this design had one disadvantage - during braking, the spring blocks took on multiple loads and often faced. The ladders loosened, and spring sheets began to move relative to the longitudinal axis.

Wooden cabin

Fully from the components of the Soviet production "half-timer" GAZ-AA was collected since 1933. The cab cabins were made of wood, and since 1934, a metal module with a tarp roof was installed on the car.

Gas-AA technological truck was designed on a frame-type chassis, with spring suspensions. The complete absence of shock absorbers made the machine with unstable and hard. Nevertheless, the car successfully performed the challenges for the carriage of goods and broke rarely. Motors "GAZ-AA" was distinguished by unpretentious and high maintenance. They could work on the lowest core petroleum products, low-ultimate gasoline and even kerosene in the hot season.

disadvantages

Most. weak place "Twentieth" was a starter and battery. The term of their service was barely reached half a year, then the unit failed, and rechargeable battery We had to repair. Usually the car started a handle.

Another significant problem in the operation of gas AA was the sharp shortage of tires. It turned up to the point that the car was completed by non-four wheels, as was put on the passport, but only two, which was why the car loads fell.

And yet the "half-one" was the most massive soviet car In the pre-war and war years. Gas AA Chassis used also for modified developments - these were ambulances, various tanks, light and acoustic installations, repair mobile "fellow", anti-chemical, hygiene and sanitary aircraft, radio stations and long-distance radio systems, Charging and lighting stations and aviation Starting units.

Update

In 1938, the "Gaz-aa half-timer received new engine Gas mm with a capacity of 50 liters. With., Which before that was installed on the car "Molotovets-1" under the designation of Gas-M1. In addition to the upgraded Motor "Onespora", equipped with an improved steering mechanism and a cardan shaft on the chassis was spring, without shock absorbers.

Since "half-timer" - the machine is technological, and its release has begun in a short time, the model has become indispensable in the national economy of the USSR. At that time, the carrying capacity of the car within 1.5 tons was considered quite sufficient. While harvesting, hundreds of cars, which quickly exported a harvest for processing were driven into the fields, and then returned to their autoship. The car "half-timer" was considered universal vehicle. He was trouble-free and unpretentious.

Car "half-timer", specifications

Machine layout: front-engine, rear-wheel drive.

Distribution and weight parameters:

• car length - 5335 mm;
• height - 1870 mm;
• width - 2030 mm;
• road clearance, clearance - 200 mm;
• base wheel - 3340 mm;
• mass are cut - 1750 mm.

Power point

It has the following characteristics:

• engine brand - GAZ-A;
• type - gasoline;
• configuration - four-cylinder, inline;
• volume work - 3285 cm / cm;
• maximum power - 40 liters. from.;
• torque - 1200 rpm at 165 nm;
• cylinder, diameter - 98.43 mm;
• compression ratio - 4.22;
• piston stroke - 87 mm;
• cooling system - water;
• block head - cast iron;
• cylinder block - cast iron;
• the number of clocks - 4;
• maximum speed - 70 km / h;

Transmission is a mechanical, four-speed gearbox.

"One-year" - machine universal

In addition to ordinary, Gorky Automobile Plant produced a dumping modification of gas-C1. The principle of operation of this car was quite unusual. The cargo in the body was originally located in such a way that his mass pressed on the back side, which was blocked by a simple stopper. The loader or driver opened the castle, and the mass of the building material under its own weight fell out. Then the empty body closed again on the castle.

"The road of life"

The participation of the car GAZ-AA ("half-timer") in the war of 1941-1945 is written a huge number of books. But the most important historical route for which the legendary car was kiced was "the road of life", laid on the ice of the Lake Ladoga. It was the only way to connect a blockade Leningrad with the outside world.

On ice, only light gas-aa could pass on the ice. The military "half-timer" with darkened headlights carefully passed the distance under the fire of German artillery, delivering food to the precipitated city. Many cars went under the ice, but still the city was saved not least due to the dedication of the legendary "half-timer".

After the start of the Second World War, the Gorky Automobile Plant started the release of military trucks in a simplified version. The deficiency of cold-rolled metal, as well as the lack of a variety of components. The military "half-timer" did not have the door - there were tarp shirms instead, the front wings were made from ordinary roofing iron. The brakes were only on the rear wheels, covered the road one headlight. The sideboard of the body did not learn.

End of production

Only by 1944 he took a normal form, there were doors from wood, front brakes, second headlights and folding side boards. After the end of the war, "half-timer" was again produced by large parties, as the country needed transport. Gas-Aa production continued until 1956. And on the roads these cars could be found until the 1960s until the outdated car replaced the gas-51.

The history of "half-timers" began about 90 years ago, when the young USSR began to acquire the automotive industry. Half of the car in the world then, in 1928, the Ford was produced (including 3 of 5 in Europe), and despite the fact that the US and the USSR and the USSR did not foresee and did not foresee the commercial benefits. Over politics, and the USSR government has concluded with Henry Ford the first agreement on the transfer of the Soviet side of production technologies and equipment for the production of freight and cars, as well as about training Soviet specialists at Ford factories (also attempts to conclude similar agreements with Chrysler and General Motors, alas - unsuccessful).

As a result, in 1929 the construction of a huge automotive plant in Nizhny Novgorod (In 1932, renamed Gorky, and back to Nizhny Novgorod - in 1991). As a result, the first "half-sighters" was carried by an abbreviation of Naz-AA; Abbreviation gas appeared a little later.

Constructively, those cars were a complete technical copy of Ford Aa truck, they were collected in the USSR at first, the method of screwdriver (in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod) from the machine collectors delivered from the United States. The actual technical documentation and drawings of Ford products in the USSR were received only in 1932. Soviet engineers looked at them, shook her head, and - immediately began to upgrade the car, based on local realities. Thus, changes were made to the construct of the clutch and steering mechanism, due to which these nodes increased significantly. A slightly changed and the suspension changed, and a little later, the wooden cabin was initially replaced with a metal - and turned out to be an externally acquainted to everyone along the Soviet films of that era of a truck.

Finally, the "half-timer" was ripe in 1934, when the engine was installed from GAZ-M (the legendary Emka's legendary "). She was published with this power unit until the end of production in 1946. The car was moderated in this way received the name of gas-mm, and in the history of war entered as "half a gun".

Tactical and Technical Data

Wheel formula 4x2.
Curb weight, kg 1810
Load capacity, kg 1500
Maximum speed, km / h 70
RESERVATION STOP, KM 215
Dimensions, mm:
Length 5335.
Width 2040.
Height (Cabin) 1970
Road clearance, mm 200
Engine power, l. from. (rpm):
GAZ-AA 42 (2600)
Gas-mm 50 (2800)

By the way, almost immediately with the beginning of the war, the car began to undergo a serious modernization, aimed primarily for reduction and acceleration of production; The comfort of the driver was sacrificed among the first. While from the national economy in the army was mobilized pre-war cars, elegant and beautiful, gas urgently replenished the loss of military transport by one-sighters, appearance which otherwise as "brutal" is difficult to call. So, almost immediately from the car disappeared the right headlight, rear view mirror, bumper, silencer, as well as claxon and front brakes. Elegant rounded deep wings were replaced by angular from the roofing iron, the cabin began to be made from the boards and plywood. At the peak of simplication from the car, the janitor disappeared, and the doors (they were replaced by tarpaulin rods), and the cabin was a wooden frame covered with a cloth. The driver's seat was made by the whole fever without any upholstery, and from the controls in the car there were two pedals (gas-brake), gear knob (without an embodied), steering wheel, and a benzometer. Such cars are the case-MM-B conditional designation ("B" - means "military"). However, the justification of such asceticism can be considered the fact that long these cars did not live; In the midst of the battle for Moscow - just a few days.

Also, it was "half a gun" most often went through the "road of life" in the first winter of the blockade of Leningrad. Overloaded over the norm that set on an elevation exclusively with a reverse course (including due to the absence of fuel pump, the fuel went by self-propelled) - the names of this machine delivered to the city of food and evacuated patients and weakened Leningrad residents, mostly old men and children.

And in the winter of 1941-42, a legend appeared in the blockaded town that one day the driver of the Lake Lake was heated on the ice of Lake Lake, he warmed her engine torn to a vocabulary moistened in gasoline, and wound up, and after leaving shelling, did not have time to throw off the burning rags . So came to the city, with the hands burned to the bone. And each, which received a blockade soldering in 125 grams of bread believed that in this piece of life there is a flour toliary brought by a nameless hero on the way of life on overloaded over all the norms "half-timer".

Curious moment: Despite the fact that most of the "half-one" who went through the "road of life" consisted of pre-war cars, often the drivers themselves deliberately made them "light versions". For example, disconnected one headlight, for reasons of the freebish. And and the second headlight was put "plug", ordinary tin with a narrow horizontal slot in the middle. This was done for the reasons of the blackout at night. The doors, one or both of them were also shot; This was done in case the car starts to fall under the ice, so nothing prevented quickly jump out from the cab. And the heat lifting of such tuning was partially compensated by a large number of clothes on the driver's body (which was almost always given to those who were evacuated in the body), partly - a bucket with smoldering coals on the floor.

985,000 copies of gas-aa, gas-mm and their derivatives were issued, including during 1941-45. - 138 600.
Thus, the "half-timer" became the most massive Soviet car of the first half of the 20th century. They could be found on the roads of the country until the end of the 60s

In 1930, the Gorky Automobile Plant "Gas" under the license of the American firm Ford for the first time released the first 10 trucks under the brand of Ford-AA, it was based on their basis. Serial production began domestic freight gas-A carsBUT. Nickname «OERSHOD» GAZ-AAi received for my carrying capacity, which was 1.5 tons, respectively.

Initially in early 1932 the first trucks wore name Naz-AA, Since at that time they released the Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant, but by the end of the year the plant was renamed, and from the conveyor already a new plant, 60 gas-aah trucks per day.

With the onset of war, the situation with the raw material was aggravated, and not only with him. Due to the lack of thin cold-rolled steel and a number of other components that were delivered by third-party enterprises was decided to produce simplified trucks that got the name of gas-mm-IN. In such a simplified form, trucks produced almost until the very end of the war, since 1944 partially began to return to their initial mind. On October 10, 1949, the last car gas-mm was released from the conveyor of the Gorky automotive factory, but his story was not over, because the Ulzis plant continued their release until 1950.

For all the production time, almost 1 million (985,000) gas-aa trucks on the nickname "half-timer" were released including modifications that were produced at the GAZ factories, Kim, Ulzis, as well as the Rostov Motor Mountain Plant. His chassis served as the basis for creating a whole series of high modifications of military and civilian purposes, and the nodes and aggregates of GAZ-AA and Gas-MM were widely used when creating military and combat vehicles, including light tanks, armored vehicles of the BA-6 and BA-10 series, self-propelled Su-12, artillery tractor etc.

Design and design

The cabin of the first serial gas-aa was made of wood and pressed cardboard, looked like cut from the ax - angular. But later since 1934 it has already become metallic with more streamlined forms.

Specifically for operation in Soviet road conditions Gas-AA trucks, unlike their American prototype, received a reinforced clutch crankcase, the steering mechanism, installed the air filter, which, by the way, the American Fords did not complete. The model was constantly refined and upgraded. Since 1938. gas-aa engine increased in power up to 50 horse power Since then, "half a gun" received a name.

The gas-aa car was constructively simple and technologically performed on a frame chassis with a spring suspension. The design feature was the rear suspension and transmission device, the drive shaft of the closed type. The pushing pipe inside which the drive shaft was located, rested in the bronze sleeve exposed fast wear. Insufficient vitality differed and fastening the reactive thrust of the front suspension, which perceived the effort when braking. These disadvantages, as well as due to the fact that GAZ-AA was almost always exploited with significant overload, affected the service life of the car, in this "half-one" was inferior to a 3-ton "Zahar" ZIS-5

After the start of the Great Patriotic War began to release simplified version of "half-timer" gas-MM-in. These door trucks have been replaced by triangular side fences and foldable tarpaulin doors, the wings were made of the roofing iron by the simple bending method, there were no brakes on the front wheels, only one headlight headlamp was left, the side boards did not lean.

In 1944, the "half-timer" partially returned to his pristine appearance, wooden doors again appeared, that is, the cabin became wooden-metal again (and remained so far before the end of the truck production), later the front brakes appeared again, folded side boards and the second headlight.

Modifications

Upgraded option "Onesporks" with a more powerful engine capacity of 50 horsepower, new cardan, steering and enhanced suspension. Produced from 1938 to 1950.

Simplified version of "half-timer". The doors were replaced by triangular side fence and foldable tarpaulin doors, the wings were made of roofing iron by simple bending method, there were no brakes on the front wheels, only one headlight headlamp was left, the side boards did not lean.

GAZ-AAA

Freight car increased passibility With wheel formula 6x4 and a carrying capacity of 2 tons. Produced from 34 to 43 years. 37373 cars were released, this is a funny number! On its base were produced both staff buses and military equipment - armored vehicles, combat chemicals and armored personnel carriers.

GAZ-410.

The dump truck on the gas-aa chassis with a all-metal body and smaller lifting capacity - 1.2 tons. Produced from 34 to 46 years.

GAZ-42.

A truck, with a gas-generated installation, built on the basis of "half-timer", worked on solid fuel and in the literal sense traveled on firewood. The engine power was 35-38 horsepower, and loading capacity without firewood 1 ton, with full loading of firewood just over 800 kg.

GAZ-43.

The car, as well as GAZ-42 worked on solid fuel, but instead of firewood coal was used. The gas generator unit was smaller in size. Years of release 1938 - 1941.

GAZ-44.

Modification with a gas-blatant installation, liquefied oil gas used as fuel. Produced in 1939.

GAZ-55.

Released in the amount of 12044 copies, a Soviet sanitary bus on the gas-mm chassis. Serial production was organized in 1938 at the Gorky Motor Mounting Plant (since 1940 - the bus branch). In 1942, the design of the machine was significantly simplified. The front wings did not make a deep stamping method, as well as on the gas-MM-B bent from the flat sheet, the rear mudguards were performed similarly, only the left headlamp was installed, the front brakes were absent.

GAZ-55 production continued after the war. Removed from production at the end of 1950

GAZ-60.

Half-megazine truck of increased passability. Released from 1938 to 1943 by the Small Party. In total, a little more than 1000 copies of GAZ-60 and its modifications were released.

GAZ-65.

Tracked and wheeled modification of gas-aa. Caterpillars were superimposed on standard rear wheels, these rear wheels were driving a car. In 1940, an experienced party was issued, in the amount of about 2,000 copies. The design was unsuccessful and subsequently no longer returned. Experience in design, testing and operation of such cars showed that the creation of half-seekers based on standard cars He led to extremely low durability, since during the installation of the caterpillar stroke, all other units remained unchanged, and due to the increase in the carrier's ability of the propulsion, they worked with large overloads. Frequent breakdowns And the design failures were typical for the operation of hegered cars.

GAZ-03-30.

Civil bus on Gas AA chassis designed for 17 passengers. Body frame was wooden with metal trim. The most common model of the pre-war buse. Years of release 1933-1950

PMG-1

The first fire trucks Gorky Automobile Plant produced on the AMO-F15 chassis, back in 1926. In order to get a fire car from the "half-one", the first thing was removed from it a drive shaft and driver's director. The rear gearbox was set, and in the back of the car - the centrifugal pump D-20. Nizhny exit shank dispensing box connected to the cardan shaft with the main transmission, and the upper - with the pump.

On the chassis wept the wooden superstructure with side seats for the fire team. It has a water tank for first aid on fire. On the sides to the backs of the seats, the coils with vykuty sleeves were attached. Tricolled retractable staircase, scuba sleeves, spare wheel and rubber trunks, inside the superstructure - extension and foaming "bat", and in its drawers - various firefare (splitter-tee, scuba mesh, and so on) and Shant tool. On the front wings pinned a foam generator, twinker-twin and two fire extinguishers, and the rotary brackets were attracted to the vehicle, on which a large coil with blank sleeves was hung. To control the machine, the appropriate thrust was placed inside the superstructure, and the control knobs were installed in the rear part.

At home, in the USA, the Ford A family machine lived quite shortly: they were released from 1928 to 1931. Moreover, at the end of 1929, the model has undergone deep upgrades. Machines released "to" and "after" largely lost interchangeability of spare parts. Even the main bodies of the body have changed! The Soviet car industry got a "new", upgraded option.

In the Soviet Union, such cars waited a long happing life. Passenger gas left from the Gorky conveyor in 1936, giving way to more modern gas-M1. And I drove through the 1930th and throughout the 1940s, served as a combat gun of the Great Patriotic War, then six post-war years went from conveyors of two factories, Gorky and Ulyanovsky, finally resigning only in 1951. The engine and electrical equipment of gas-aa went to another family of Soviet cars - all-wheel drive GAZ-67 and GAZ-67B.

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Cars in the USSR lived for a long time not only on plants conveyors, but also in operation. Even in the 1970-1980s, the preserved GAZ-AA and GAZ-67B still worked in the autoras. Then, just many motorists thought that those cars were not "old trash", but a lively memory of the great victory and labor victories of the Soviet people, as a last resort - props requisition for filmmakers.

Old "Gaziki" began to take care and save. But all Soviet restorers encountered one problem. There are no cars, but not to find original spare parts. In the surviving copies, everything you can and what can not be replaced by details from later cars. Instead of huge pre-war headlights - small post-war. Instead of real "Fords" control devices - Modern from the warehouse. There are no "native" cladding, moldings, rear lights, distributors and ignition coils, there are no engines and gearboxes. About such a trifle, like knobs or door locks no longer say.

Van from the famous television film. Example "Restoration" in Soviet: Little headlights, homemade lattice, lost decor

Large "Fords" headlights and a new American beep transform the face "half-timer"

America will help us

But it turned out that it was not difficult to restore GAZ-AA or GAZ-67B in a full factory original. High unification with American analogues ford brands. In the same 1980-1990s, the United States went to the USD to restore OldTimemers - cars of past decades. And one of the "iconic" models was just Ford A.

In the photo: GAZ-AA "1932-38

American enthusiasts began to search for dumps all the surviving cars of this model. And entrepreneurs felt demand and responded with a proposal. For a few years, the production of accurate copies of the original spare parts for the Ford A. family has gained strength to the Ford A. family, using old documentation and old catalogs, ordered "new-fashioned" details in China or in Taiwan.

In the photo: Ford Model A "1930-31

Restorers from Russia and the countries of the former USSR quickly appreciated the opportunities. The Internet allowed our compatriots instantly to write off with the American colleagues and order them any details necessary for the configuration close to the original, even for GAZ-AA, at least GAZ-67, even one of the few continued gas.

In the photo: Gas-A "1932-36

Over the ocean, there are several different businesses specializing in spare parts for the Ford A. family so it happened that at the turn of the "zero" and "tenths" of the years, it was happening to this work. I ordered Fords not at the most "promoted" company, and its competitors - a small family-owned enterprise, for several years a rapidly expanding offer.

In the photo: Ford Model A Sedan "1930-31

The procedure for obtaining the necessary parts was very simple. Find in the catalog on the site of the rooms of the desired items, list them in a letter to the seller's e-mail, specify the number of your bank card. After a few days, SMS comes that with your card they have written off the cost of the order and the transfer of the shipment, and take weeks from two weeks from the home mailbox that the parcel came from America to your post office.

If the cost of the order does not exceed a certain amount (then it was 500 dollars), then it is given it without a customs collection. If the price is higher - immediately, in the mail, pay the duty. But these are very small money - counting rubles with kopecks. It usually came a large cardboard box, inside of which - neat boxes with branded symbolism. They are different details.

You can buy large body parts: front wings, hood, steps, windows frame, front bumper. Even the repaired engine is proposed, however, without warranty. Of course, it is easy to purchase sharp drives of wheels similar to our gas-a, tires, including with white sidewalls. As always, tuning items are popular: a spare wheel case, additional headlights, mirrors - copies of similar products of the beginning of the 30s.

However, I specialized in small and lung details, put each car. First of all, these are electrical equipment: rear flashlight, ammeter, ignition lock, light switch, distributor cover and reserving plates from it, ignition coil, beep. The characteristic spring spring has been popular. Unexpectedly the big sound button turned out. It is combined with a long tube leaving the hollow steering column. The authentic vacuum drive of the wiper can be replaced by electric, while the lever and the brush will remain "as relatives".

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Some small "Fords" details look good than Soviet counterparts. Shining chrome corks of radiator and gas tank, dashboard case, oval overlays on the front bumper. It is impossible not to mention the famous "Fords" headlights, huge, flat glass. Such headlights covered the road not only to gases, but also ZIS-5 trucks, Yag, Yaroslavl trolley buses and even BT tanks.

In addition to the "electricians", it is convenient to order body fittings: locks and handles of doors, windows and their handles, hooks, locking hood, seals. Several times I received a new black ebonite steering wheel with four knitting. Oddly enough, the problem was a speedometer assembly - it was offered only in parts.

Usually "at the output" Russian customers paid the parcel twice as much as its cost. Helped in the work that not all owners of retro equipment loosely owned the Internet, not everyone knew english, And not everyone was able to use electronic translators. And not everyone had free time for this.

In the same way, you can get spare parts from the USA different cars. For example, to the legendary in our time you can buy almost everything, even a new body.

We are for such

Orders have come from different cities. I gradually earned. And most importantly, more and more "half-sided" and "gazikov" in the countries of the former USSR were not restored by "garage", not "in terms of collective farm", but freshly, beautiful and as close as possible to the original. Let even to the American.

The history of these machines is inextricably linked with the first Stalinist five-year plates. With the roads of the military likholetya. With the restoration of the destroyed areas of the country. The name of them, given by the people - half-timers.

Let us forgive us the reader for the fact that we will consider only ordinary trucks with the onboard platform, leaving "behind the scenes" buses, dump trucks, three-axis and gas-generating models of pre-war technology with the gas brand. And so he will agree with us that considering the most famous basic machines, it is not necessary to concern their numerous, but less known varieties.

In comparison with its Moscow peers, AMO-3 and, Gorky half-timer had a less perfect design of individual aggregates and nodes, and its suspension and chassisOriginally designed for American "Highweev" were unlikely for our operating conditions. But it was not about to choose the carriers of the carriers from anything: the domestic automotive industry was actually only born, and in comparison of any car with an equestrian outer, the latter lost out of the same way ...

Motors of gas-a and gas-aa

Passenger gas-A machinesAnd gas-aa trucks received the same "Fords" motor. Nothing amazing: Recall that the first two-year-olds from the newest history, in the 90s, were divided with "Volga-31029" their strength aggregates.

The Ford's license Motor, which was given in the 1930s by Soviet cars, was far from excellence not only from the standpoint of today, but already in pre-war years.

The crankshaft of this four-cylinder unit was installed only on three support bearings, and did not have any means to reduce the level of vibration. And therefore, the rate was done on a massive flywheel, which was additionally lit by clutch, could not, of course, not transmit an increased dynamic load on the rear support bearing crankshaft. And the indigenous and connecting rod bearings did not have, as now, thin-walled interchangeable liners to increase maintaining motors, and fledged babbit, and then demanded processing on the site under the size of the necks of a particular shaft.

For comparison we will remind, as the Soviet four-cylinder GAZ-25 motor was made, almost the same size. This 1944 sample engine, received a four-sample crankshaft. The crank of the first cylinder was located between the first and second crankshaft crankshafts, the fourth cylinder crank - respectively, between the third and fourth supports. And between the second and third supports, the cranks of the second and third cylinders rotated, and the general central balance sheet. Due to such a layout of the crank-connecting mechanism, the flywheel weight was reduced to a minimum, and the load on the indigenous bearings was distributed more evenly.

The power unit GAZ-25, after changes in the lubrication system, was subsequently converted as M-20, and was known as the motor for the A / m "Victory" and GAZ-69.

The gas distribution mechanism of the semi-third could not have the possibility of adjusting the gaps in the valves, which were selected initially, or worked from repair to repair, with all known consequences due to the resulting incorrect gaps.

Pressure lubricants, as such, practically did not exist, the performance of the oil pump was only enough to ensure the supply with a small overpressure, (0.8 - 1.5 atm on a heated motor) to the crankshaft support bearing and distributional shaftsAnd the connecting rod bearings were smeared with "self-ward", clinging in the lower position for the level of the oil filled into the crankcase.

The piston group and cylinders were lubricated the same spraying. Oil filters There were no, there were only a grid on the oil worker, but the factory requirements for replacing the oil every 800-1000 km. Run. If anyone from readers does not believe that the motors of the half-timer did without filters at all, then on the proposed circuit circulation scheme in the engine, it will not find them anyway.

There was no control over the oil pressure in any way, unscrewing the plug in the oil line, the driver could only make sure that the pump is working, and there is still no oil supply.

The cooling systems of these pre-war motors are the thermosifone type, with water circulation due to the expansion when heated. A small "exciting" pump only initiated the beginning of this circulation of blinds, thermostats, water temperature control devices were not.

K-14 carburetor, according to the type of American "Zenith", was attached under intake manifold, and was with the "ascending" flow of the mixture, only at the expense of the discharge in the cylinders. The gas station was not - the feed was carried out by a self-shot, the benefit that the 40-liter fuel tank Posted above the carburetor, in fact in the engine compartment.

But, no matter how it was, it is such an engine and had one-weeks from 1932 to 1938. This force aggregate, with a diameter of cylinders of 98.43 mm. The working volume of 3.28 liters, and the compression ratio of 4.2, developed 42 hp. at 2600 rpm, and torque is 15.5 kgm at 1200 o'clock. / min.

In 1935, on the eve of the commencement of the release of passenger EMCI, GAZ-M1, (1936), the motor was somewhat modernized. The increased degree of compression to 4.6, made it possible to increase power up to 50 hp. at 2800 rpm., And torque up to 17 kgm at 1450 rpm. A fuel pump appeared on this motor, (Emki was located on the rear breath of the body), a new ignition distributor with a centrifugal argument, as well as output from the oil line to the gauge in the cabin car.

But, as mentioned above, the semi-third of the engine of high power received not immediately. And he was good to "modernization", (which indicated the letter "M") if the truck's motor did not receive an updated set of attached equipment! And their chaffins still remained without controlling oil pressure, and with the only possible possible manual adjustment Ignition advance angles. Flamesos would like "Emki", two-sided gas-mm, yes a gas tank under body, more volume - with a regular 40-liter container not much driven a lot. But it was not necessary: \u200b\u200bbypass, the driver, the fact that there is not you first!

In 1941, the gas-MM truck engine, which was released since 1938, again subjected to modernization. But only ... for installation on the Army Commander Jeep GAZ-64, (later GAZ-67). The power unit received an increased productivity water pump, for forced water circulation, the ignition distributor with a centrifugal argument, and the K-23 carburetor with the "incident" flow of the mixture, which allowed the power to raise up to 54 hp. Only the chasters half-one, as before, remained at their own interests ...

Transmission of gas-aa and gas cars

Gas-aa and gas grip - dry, one-piece, with a mechanical lever drive. There was no clutch of his Carter, and therefore when installing was installed on an open flywheel, which was then closed with a crankcase made at the same time with the gearbox housing.

Four-speed gearboxes, with strait gears, without synchronizers, had the following gear ratios of steps: 1.-6.40; 2.- 3.09; 3. - 1.69; 4.- 1.00; Z.Kh. - 7.82. Later, these aggregates were taken as the basis of geerts of GAZ-61, -64, -67 jeeps, and post-war trucks and.

Thanks to the intelligence of frontal chaffins, appeared on the two-way "fifth speed". As it, he served a stick with a richina at the end, broken from the branch of a suitable tree. It was put in place between the lever of the CAT in the position of the fourth speed, and the bulkhead motor compartment. Thus, the problem of constant "knocking out" of direct transmission on the course of the car was decided when the partial shaft of the gearbox was carried out. And the headings of the ZIS trucks, meanwhile, were only four speeds in the checkpoint, originally provided by the design of these machines.

The big problem of the maintainability of these trucks was the design of their cardan gears. The transmission had a single hinge, allowed to transmit torque under a changing angle. This hinge connected the output, (secondary) gearbox shaft, with the rear axle drive shaft drive shaft of the rear axle installed in a closed pipe, rigidly connected with the main transmission crankcase. And compression - the return of the rear axle suspension was compensated only by the longitudinal slotted connection of the drive shaft inside the pipe. And therefore, with the wear-wear of the only hinge, had to be removed from the springs, to unleash the entire rear axle from the jet and brake traction and "roll back" back.

If you need to repair the clutch, everything was even more difficult. Remove the gearbox by moving it, as it should be back, did not allow the already mentioned tube of the cardan shaft, which rested in the rear axle. And how the reader is guessing, the output was the only and diametrically opposite - remove the entire power unit, the engine along with the gearbox, forward.

The figure below, an image of the cardan transmission, the main transmission, semi-axes and hubs of the hollows of the passenger car was proposed. The principal difference between such a combination of aggregates at the half-timer - in the size of parts, form and device of the main transmission crankcase. Mutual layout and device of all parts transmitting efforts to wheels, in cargo and passenger cars of the 5th anniversary are the same.

Pos.5 in the figure is the only drive shaft hinge, transmitting efforts under a changing angle.

But the rear axle of the car, as such, was not a gift, and suggested consolidated problems for operational points and repairmen.

The main transmission with the gearbox 6.60, did not contribute to the trapping of these machines, with their 40-50-strong motors. Recall that GAZ-51 with a 70-strong engine, the rear axle reducer had even more, (6.67) attitude.

The semi-sighteavers bridge had a semi-axis unloaded on ¾, and discovered at the same time with the sizes of differential. What did this mean? When assembling this unit, they first collected in a single node of both semi-axis, along with the box of the main transmission differential. Then, the housings of the semi-axle "came" to this node on both sides. And then, on the ends of these semi-axes, the wheel hubs were installed on the conical landing, which were recorded from turning with the knaps, and from the weakening of the mutual conical connection - whipped nuts.

The hubs rotated not on dual roller conical bearings, with the possibility of their adjustment as wear, as now, and on single cylindrical, without the possibility of adjusting the preload.

Well, as the reader understands - the half of the semi is not taken out by definition, in the event of a breakdown of one of them, had to be removed and fully disassembled the whole bridge. And "Zakipess" on their conical - key landing of the hub without a special filler, or heating with gas welding, on "times" will not be removed. It is not a completely unloaded type of you, like the ZIS-5, or GAZ-51, remove the outward, simply screwing two bolts with thread m 12 ...

But that's not all. What differ completely unloaded semi-axes, say, from GAZ-51 or ZIS-5, and the semi-axis, from the two-sided, unloaded to ¾? In the fact that in the first case, the hub at the end of the bridge beam, has an independent fastening, and the breakdown of the latter, on the mounting of the hub and wheels is not reflected.

And if the driver has no other semi-axis with him, the car is simply taken to the "tie" or "fork", and some time performs the duties of the trailer. And the first-sided hub of the rear wheels holds in its place only until the whole one is half a way. And in another case, the friction is one thing in the roller bearing of the hub, from the falling out of it with the wheel on the road, will not hold. Then, under the broken end of the bridge, "skiing" was supplied, but in the time of half, it was not forces to drag such a "plow" by any truck. Well, the tractor, as you know, do not go to dalnyak ...

We approach another section that covers the miscalculation of the pro-American design embodied in the Soviet car.

Chassis gas-aa

At the beginning of the material there was already a mention that both suspension was a gift for our transport workers, were not at all. The front suspension of GAZ-AA, and ie with it, included the only transverse resor, and the so-called spacer fork - two jet thrust, converging V - figuratively, from both ends of the front axle beam, to the hinge of their mounting in the middle part of the frame.

These jet thrust prevented the movement of the ends of the beam back and forth in the longitudinal axis of the machine. And the semi-elliptical spring, toughly fixed by the "hump" upwards of its middle in the front of the car, and articulated to the ends of the front axle beams, did not allow the last shifted to the left - right.

But, as any person understands, the suspension is in the plan was not too hard triangle, in fact, with two (!) Fastening points in the longitudinal axis of the machine.

If one of the longitudinal springs breaks, with the truck familiar to us, then the car, receiving the roll on one board, does not lose the ability to continue movement. In addition, the wonder chauffeur may still build a strut between the frame of the frame and the bridge beam to align the roll. But what to do with the only broken transverse springs, and in a situation where the front axle beam starts even more "walk" to the left - right?

Rear suspensions gas-aa machines and gas-mm are made on two longitudinal springs of cantilever type. Spring packages such suspension, "hump" up, on the axes of swing attached to the frame, like the balancing suspensions of three-axis machines. The front ends of such packages, with the help of gray, articulated, are also attached to the frame spars. And to the rear console, and directed downwards the springs is attached to the rear axle beam, there is also jet thrust.

What do we see? The fact that the rear shoulders of the springs have a knowingly larger range of bend angles than the front - the springs perceive the uneven load over its entire length. What do we know from history? What at the rear course, with random but strong blows rear wheel About the obstacle, (Prenok from the tree, hitting the pit), the suspension "turned", the springs broke, and the jet thrust were bent. And why wonder? Sproughts and jet thrust received actually hitting "to the end", for which they were not designed. For more - less smooth work The stretching is compression, and the axial stroke is far from the same thing. It is not by chance, on the GAZ-51 machines, published on the same, (if immediately after the war is not even worse), there were no expensive, there were no more solutions. Neither in the front, nor in the rear suspensions.

In the photo, we see the stuck half-flight, in harmless, in general, the situation - the wheels did not fall into the pit, the beams of the bridges did not break into the ground.

Overhead with a submissal reputation

Carefully considering the situation, with a lot of probability, it can be assumed that the car "village" on the jet thrust of the front or rear suspension, or closed the hinge of the spacer front bridge. In another case, why would it be trying to bring support for the front, not leading wheels? And if it were only about the slide of the rear wheels, why not try to simply squeeze the truck ahead-back "from the Tolkucha"? However, if it's still true the first assumption, then you can immediately do the second - whether this "lawn" has four normal longitudinal springs, like the peer of the ZIS-5, or the GAZ-51 successor, such situations could not be in principle ...

By the way, there are cases of the fact that the two-weeks, forced, or when touched by the case, were converted to the "fifty-first" move. With the installation of post-war spring suspension, and with "swing" new bridges.

The author of these lines, in 1997, was personally engaged in the repair of such a truck. It was a military-patriotic search group "Crew", (head of S.N. Flowerkov, died in 2001). It, already converted, (with a motor and gearbox GAZ-51), "Tsvetkov" found in one of the collapsed farms in the Russian outback. And now, it is likely that this car is located in the Museum of Vadim Zadorozhnaya Museum, (with. Ilyinskoye, Krasnogorsk district, Moscow region) And if anyone from readers see it there, it will be able to make sure that at least 6 stigps the wheels - One-weeks "A la Gaz-51", existed.

A photo of another similar machine is on the Internet. We see the wheels from GAZ-51, which are impossible to install on the hubs of the bridge bridges.

And the image enlargement clearly shows that the rear axle from GAZ-51 is installed. It is given a "cylindrical" hub with the flange of the semi-axis fully unloaded type. In addition, the attentive and knowledgeable reader will notice the post-war springs, "steps" down.

But why would all this if gas-MM machines produced up to the mid-50s, and original spare parts, for smaller, in comparison with re-equipment, labor costs at normal repairs, have enough? After all, you make such changes in the state or collective farm truck, it is not at all that putting a motor or a rear axle from "Volga" to the personal "victory" ...

On the gas-aa machinesAnd gas-mm, the same wheels were installed with a tire size of 6.50 x 20 inches, and five-pointed discs. The reader, carefully examined the wheel in the photo on the screensaver to the material, may agree with us that the wheels of trucks, due to the size of the windows, could be structurally unabiliated. This is directly or indirectly, may indicate such a fact.

Division, 76 mm. The ZIS-3 gun, the entire war-held on the tires and 5-spiel front hubs from the gas-aa truck, had their own, 2-window wheels. So it is asked in the task: did it cost to change the production technology of wheels actually from the two-spora, with almost the same load per iterate? At the ZIS-3 gun, its total weight, (1200 kg), was distributed to two single-sided wheels. And in the loaded half-timer, the total weight coming on the rear axle (2485 kg.), Was distributed into two dual skate.

The network has enough photosVedias that the light and openwork wheels of the half-timer sometimes went to the dump of history. And instead of them, 2-window discs were used from the same CIS-3 guns, or mobile compressor stations of the PKS-5 type.

By the way, if the reader is not aware, then the first cars of GAZ-51, until the beginning of the 50s, had 2 window wheels from the ZIS-5, although the designers, of course, were already known to the 6-window discs.

Truly, according to the saying, "having burned on milk, blowing on the water."

What other do not need evidence that "Hodovka" half-timer, despite all their fighting and labor services in front of the party and the state, was the "third grade - not marriage"?

We believe that the objective reader will agree with us: when considering the structures of even well-known and well-deserved front cars, you need to be able to see all of them (if any), shortcomings and miscalculations. And not to "cover" them with bullet and fragmentation samples in wings and cabins.

By the way, according to some information we have, among front-line chaffins, rushing on domestic cars, the view was. In the critical combat situation, there were more chances to stay alive with those who went to the ZIS-5, and not on the "lawn". And on the front-line "droinated" roads, the reliability of the chassis was no less important than the mercy of the motors ...

Therefore, when you read on the network, in the writings of other authors of the student age that the two-way guns were "were durable and enduring", nothing but a sad smile (option - a sinic smirk), such pearls cannot cause. These people do not understand anything about what they took to reason publicly. And in the best case for them, the externally similar Gorky two-year-old and Moscow three-thunder, hanging the first truck with the stated advantages of the second car.

Gas-aa and gas management mechanisms

Gas-aa and gas-mm steering mechanisms were a pair of "worm and sector with two teeth". The transfer ratio of the steering gearbox, 16.6 - typically "passenger".

The same relations had steering gearboxes of pre-war gas-M1, and the first "victories". For the sake of justice, it should be noted that thanks to its weighing, the weight coming to the front axle of the half-timer was always less than that of Victory.

So, with its own weight, on the front wheels of compared machines, I had to: a truck is 730 kg, and in a passenger car 740 kg. With full load, the same compared parameters were 835 and 880 kg respectively. But on the "victories", already since 1950, the gearbox was increased to the relationship of 18.2.

The brake systems of the half-timer, as well as in the entire domestic pre-war vehicle - with a mechanical lever-cable drive.

In workers brake systems Gas-aa and gas-mm machines were applied the same for the front and rear wheels the sizes of pads and drums. Interchangeability "in a circle" is an unconditional benefit, but only when it does not contradict elementary logic and common sense.

Everyone must be obvious that the two-axis truck with double rear wheels, rear brake mechanisms And should be more efficient. The load on the rear axle is always higher, and the rear dual skates, according to their total weight, and the total contact area with the road, always resist their stop.

On post-war "lawns", starting with GAZ-51, when technological, production and financial capabilities for "variations on the topic" appeared, rear brake mechanisms, in comparison with the front, were significantly reinforced. So, in the front wheels, the diameter of the brake drums was 355 mm., Width of the pad 60 mm., And the diameter of the operating cylinders is 35 mm. For the head of the wheels of GAZ-51, the same dimensions were 380, 80, and 38 mm respectively. And what did Americans think about the same drums on the front and rear axles of their trucks, with a diameter of 355 mm, and the same blocks, with a width of 63 mm?

Ribbon drum mechanisms of parking braking at the half-sighted operated on the rear wheels.

The story did not leave us information about how effective they were or trouble-free. However, taking into account the whole thing that was said on the sizes of the rear pads of working inhibition, it is unlikely that you can question that the "handbrake" was an additional and peculiar amplifier of the rear brakes, both when working and emergency braking. Otherwise, an axiom could not be confirmed that the brakes at the half-timer left much to be desired. And therefore, the chaffins of these machines may have been the most disciplined and neat on the roads - life obliges ...

Electrical equipment Gas-aa

Shes-aa six-handed equipment, with polarity "Plus for Mass" was typical for that time. Consumers were littered from the 3T-80 battery, with a capacity of 80 A.Ch., or the GBF-4105 generator, with a return 13a, and with a capacity of 80 W. It also remained in all gas-mm machines.

For comparison, we indicate that passenger car GAZ-M1, in fact, with the same engine, immediately received a GM-71 generator, with an impact of 18 A and a capacity of 100 W. It would seem that everything is quite understandable - the Emki officials are more than four consumers more: the second beep, the second, rear right lamp, the ceiling lighting ceiling, and even the "scam", (cigarette lighter, on terminology of those years).

But what did the more powerful generator and AKB of greater capacitance fundamentally prevented in principle, for more reliable launches of motors in the cold? After all, trucks, as you know, belong to the category of means of production ...

But inertial type starters, Maf-4006 models, power. 0.9 hp On all pre-war gas machines, were still the same.

As mentioned above, 4-cylinder pre-war gas engines gas had three varieties of ignition interrupters, and of course, completely interchangeable by installing on engines.

The GAZ-AA used the IGC-4003 node, with a lamella, (using contact tires) by the distribution of high voltage pulses by candles. He only had a manual remote adjustment of the ignition advance.

Almost the same externally, the device IM-91, which received a centrifugal fiber advance automation, was installed on the engines of the passenger "Emok"

Finally, GAZ-64 and GAZ-67 jeeps, received the R-15 and P-30 nodes, not only with the ignition protruding machines, but, unlike the "Emok", with the lungs of distributors, and the plug connection of the usual today, "Soft" high-voltage wires.

Let the reader do not surprise and do not puzzle completely unsystematic, independent of reality, alphanumeric designations of nodes and devices of pre-war automotive electrical equipment .. possibly, according to the standards of that time, they were encrypted not the first letters of the functional product, but the names-names of the designers specific products. In any case, the intelligible explanation of such "Ocolesice", we, alas, can not give ...

And what did one-weeks have, at least gas-mm post-war assembly? And all the same "Option number 1", as well as GAZ-AA, the beginning of the 30s ... Summing up all of the foregoing about the fact that the "lawns" at the factory were completed on the "residual principle", it seems that they are in the manufacturing program Gas, were, essentially, machine cars. Although it automatically, it was possible to attribute to their chasters. And in priority there were "Person" for officials, and promising models.

As the reader understood, classic ignition battery systems were used on the two-weeks, although in the 1930s, ignition systems from magneto-autonomous high voltage pulse generators were also. The domestic industry was produced by Magneto of the SS-4 and CC-6, respectively, for 4- and 6-cylinder engines. But none of our disposal sources of information on those years have not confirmed that the magneto is used and on the motors of ordinary side half-one.

The headlight systems of the pre-war Gorky trucks were more perfect than their peers - Moscow three-year. They already had "nearby" and "long-distance" light, (ZIS cars are the only mode), and a separate switch only to lighting, (in Moscow machines - a common switch to all chains). At the half-hour Middle Light had the power of the lamps in 21 candle, (21 W.), And the distant - 32 candles. Larger then the aforementioned "cargo" generators did not allow.

Unified with other trucks, the only rear round lamp, had two sections. The size of the overall light was closed with the usual red glass, and the "Stop" section - a sign - yellow. However, according to the standards of that time, the power of the signal lamps of the signal was 15 st.

On the electrical equipment diagram, the reader can see the gasoline level pointer. But this pointer was mechanical connected to the float in the tank., In the "Torpedo", just the location of the pointer scale was selected taking into account the window for her in the overall combination of instruments. This combination also included the same ammeter and the coil speedometer. The coil of the speedometer, with the values \u200b\u200bof the values \u200b\u200bof the speed rotated relatively fixed risks on the glass of the device.

Cabin and Body Gas Aa and Gas MM

Closed from wind, snow and rain, 2-seater gas-aa cabin and gas-mm, no special amenities provided with chasters. Is that raising windshield On the hinge, it was possible to arrange a "subttage" from the bottom, against the fogging from the breath of sitting people. But in winter and it was not a way out ...

Registration of the place of the driver, at the two-year, and passenger gas, and did not differ practically. In that epoch, when the "Person", unlike trucks, did not offer any other options for chaffins, there was no reason to create and other dashboards. Controls - Standardly located pedals and lever PPC, ignition lever and fuel tap, ignition key, manual light switch Yes Foot starter button. And the switch is the unique left wiper with a vacuum drive, located on the case of this device ..

Body-typical cargo platform, at pre-war cars with three folding sides.

"What have you been, so stayed ..." - these words of the song from the film "Kuban Cossacks", (1952), and full right can be attributed to the pre-war "lawn", which continued to be issued, as already mentioned, and after the victory. Unlike the post-war three-year-old Uralzis, two-weeks of the Ulyanovsk assembly, they did not receive a replaceable liner of the crankshaft, no more light steering, nor the hydraulic of the brakes, no new devices ...

However, all this is over the framework of the initially stated topic.