How the engine is started. Method for starting an internal combustion engine

Probably, every car owner faced the problem of the impossibility of starting the engine. Especially often this problem manifests itself in the cold season. From this material you can find out for what reasons starting a car engine can be difficult and what to do in such cases.

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Causes and malfunctions that create conditions for poor engine start

If the engine cannot be started after a long period of inactivity, or this problem occurs regularly, this may be due to the following reasons:

1. Use of poor quality fuel or fuel that does not meet engine specifications. Quite often, a long start of the engine is due to filling the gas tank with diesel instead of gasoline and vice versa. In this case, before making quick launch engine, it is necessary to drain the fuel from the system, and then completely flush it.
2. The battery is discharged. Quite often, car owners are faced with such a problem when they try to start the engine in cold weather.
3. The power unit may start with difficulty or not start at all due to problems in the operation of the power supply system. The cause may be spark plugs, high voltage cables, coil, etc.
4. Engine blocking, depending on the car, can happen when there is not enough fuel in the tank.
5. Malfunctions in the fuel system. It is necessary to diagnose the condition of the injectors, fuel pump and fuel supply systems.
6. Difficult conditions that do not allow to start the engine normally. For example, an attempt to start a car in severe frost or in the heat to start a hot internal combustion engine.
7. High rpm when starting the engine may be due to a clogged throttle valve or mass air flow sensor. So that high speeds no longer disturb you, the flow meter and damper should be cleaned.
8. Ignition switch not working.
9. Engine start blocking can be performed as a result of alarm failure. In particular, we are talking about the control unit anti-theft system. Normally, the operation of an engine without an alarm does not cause such problems.

Remote start features

At first glance, it may seem that the remote start of a car engine is a useful feature that you cannot do without, but this is not entirely true. If you are wondering how to start a car without a key, then this system, of course, will help you with this.

But there are certain pitfalls to keep in mind when installing such a system:

1. If you have a carbureted engine, you will encounter one problem - before you start the internal combustion engine, in most cars you need to turn on the choke. To autostart after a long period of inactivity or overhaul did not give you difficulties, on the carburetor power unit you can additionally supply a device specifically for carburetor internal combustion engines.
2. Even if you use keyless start, most modern systems require a duplicate key in the cabin. Of course, this will allow an attacker to steal a car without any problems. To solve this problem, you can use additional mechanical anti-theft devices, securely hide the key from an intruder, use a chip or a chipless module instead of a key.
3. Even when starting the engine after a major overhaul without an ignition key, fuel will still be consumed during the warm-up process. In order not to encounter the problem of a lack of gasoline in the tank at one fine moment, it is always necessary to check its level before turning on such a function.
4. If you decide to save money on buying an autostart device or this system was installed incorrectly, then in the future you may well encounter the problem of starter failure. To prevent this, you can give preference to more expensive options that have the option of monitoring the performance of the starter assembly. We also recommend entrusting the installation procedure of such a device to specialists.
5. Do not forget that the included motor greatly simplifies the task of criminals who can covet your car. To avoid such a problem, vehicle just do not leave in deserted places where you can not get quickly if necessary.
6. Another feature is that the steering wheel is blocked due to autorun. This will greatly complicate the likelihood of theft of the vehicle, since to unlock the steering wheel in the ignition, one way or another, you will have to insert the key (the author of the video is the Learning to drive channel. All secrets for beginners).

How to start the car after a long parking?

If you plan to leave your car for a long time without operation, experts recommend filling the gas tank with at least 30%. This will allow the formation of condensate on the inner walls of the tank during temperature changes. In addition, if the car will stand for more than one month in the garage or in the parking lot, you can also drain the oil from the internal combustion engine. After all, with a long parking lot, without work, consumable flakes and loses its properties.

So, how to start the engine for the first time after a long stop:

1. Sit in the driver's seat and turn on the ignition.
2. Press the gas pedal several times - this will allow fuel to be pumped through the system.
3. Spin the starter and try to start. It is not worth scrolling the starter assembly for a long time - 10 seconds will be enough. If during this time it was not possible to start the engine, take a short break.
4. After a long period of parking, the vehicle may behave ambiguously, so the internal combustion engine must be warmed up to operating temperature, while it must be started with the clutch pedal depressed. When you release the pedal, the car may begin to twitch, while the internal combustion engine may stall. If so, repeat the startup procedure.

Instructions on how to start a car in cold weather

How to make an emergency engine start in cold weather?

Detailed instructions:

1. To start a diesel engine or gasoline unit in frost, follow all the steps described in the previous paragraph. Just before turning the starter, turn on the dipped beam for 10 seconds - this will allow you to disperse the electrolyte frozen at low temperatures in the battery.
2. If it fails to start, then most likely the problem lies precisely in the battery. In this case, you have two options - take the battery home, warm it up and charge it, or try to “light up” your battery from another car. To "smoke", you need wires with clamps.
3. The donor car must be fitted to your car in such a way that the length of the wires is enough to connect two batteries. The wires are connected like this - plus to plus, minus to minus.
4. Start the engine. If everything worked out, then warm up the internal combustion engine to operating temperature, after which you can operate your car. If the problem was a discharged battery, you need to travel for some time with the optics, stove, car radio and other consumers turned off to charge it. Keep in mind that if the car is stationary, while its engine is running, the battery will not be able to charge normally. In order for the alternator to charge the battery as much as possible, the crankshaft speed must be high.

Experts believe that the most effective in cold weather is a pre-heater (autonomous). Expensive but effective.

Video "What should be considered when starting the engine in cold weather?"

The main nuances of this process are given below (the author of the video is the RusAuto channel).

The engine starting system is designed to create the primary torque of the engine crankshaft with the revolutions necessary to form the desired compression ratio to ignite the combustible mixture. Starting system control can be manual, automatic and remote.

Engine start system consists of the main functional devices:

1. Starter
2. Starting controls (ignition switch, automatic start control unit, remote control system)
3. Connecting wires of large cross-section (stranded copper).

Requirements to the launch system:

• reliability of the starter (no breakdowns in 45-50 thousand kilometers)
• the ability to confidently start at low temperatures
• the ability of the system to multiple starts within a short time.

Car starter device

The main component of the engine starting system is starter. Represents an electric motor direct current voltage of 12 volts and developing on Idling approximately 5000 rpm.

The starter consists of five main elements:

1. The starter housing is made of steel and has the shape of a cylinder. Excitation windings (usually four) together with cores (poles) are attached to the inner wall of the housing. Fasteners are screwed. The screw is twisted into a core that presses the winding against the wall. The housing has threaded technological holes for fastening the front part, in which the overrunning clutch moves.
2. The starter armature is an alloy steel axle on which the armature core and collector plates are pressed. The core has grooves for laying the armature windings. The ends of the windings are securely attached to the collector plates. The collector plates are arranged in a circle and are rigidly mounted on a dielectric base. The core diameter is directly related to the internal diameter of the body (together with the windings). The anchor is mounted in the front cover of the starter and in the rear cover using bushings made of brass, less often copper. The bushings are also bearings.
3. Solenoid relay or the traction relay is mounted on the starter housing. In the case of the traction relay, in the rear part there are power contacts - "pyataki", and a movable jumper contact made of soft metals. "Pyataki" are ordinary bolts pressed into the ebonite cover of the traction relay. With the help of nuts, power wires from the battery and from the positive starter brushes are attached to them. The core of the traction relay is connected through a movable "rocker arm" with a freewheel, commonly referred to as a bendix.
4. Overrunning clutch (bendix) is movably attached to the armature shaft and is a roller mechanism, which is connected to the engagement gear with the flywheel crown. The design is assembled in such a way that when a torque is applied to the bendix in one direction, the rollers located in the separator come out of the grooves of the separator and rigidly fix the gear to the outer race. When rotating in the opposite direction, the rollers fall into the separator, and the gear rotates independently of the outer race.
5. The brush holder is a starter element through which the operating voltage is applied to the copper-graphite brushes, and then transferred to the armature collector plates. The brush holder is made in the form of a dielectric holder with metal inserts, inside of which there are brushes. The brush contacts (soft stranded wire) are spot welded to the pole plates. Pole plates are usually the "tails" of the excitation windings.

The principle of operation of the starting system and starter

Stages starter operation the following: docking with the flywheel ring gear, starting the starter, undocking the starter.

In fact, it looks like this: when the ignition switch is turned on and the key is turned to the “start” position, along the “+” battery circuit - the ignition switch - the winding of the traction relay - the “+” starter output - the positive brush - the armature winding - the negative brush, traction relay is activated. Relay core action movable the contact closes the power pins through which current is supplied from the battery to the positive wire of the starter. The plus of the starter is connected to the plus pole plate and the plus brushes. The minus is permanently connected by default.

After the current is applied around the armature windings and the excitation windings, magnetic fluxes arise that are directed in one direction and, as you know, the same poles of the magnet repel each other, so there is a circular motion of the anchor.

At the time of activation of the solenoid relay, "rocker" starts to move together with the relay core and pushes out the bendix on the splines of the anchor, towards the flywheel crown. The anchor at this moment begins to rotate and drives the flywheel. If it starts up, and the ignition key has not yet been released, there comes a moment when the engine speed exceeds the starter speed, in this case overrunning mechanism of bendix works.

For diesel engines or high power engines, a different mechanism for supplying rotation to the bendix is ​​used. A gearbox built into the starter housing is used. The gearbox is a drive mechanism, i.e. three satellites rotate along the inner gear cage, which actuate the shaft on which the bendix is ​​movably located. The advantage of such starters in small dimensions and high power.

Any car enthusiast sooner or later faces a problem. engine start under full discharge battery. This is usually due to the fact that the driver left the headlights or bulbs on in the cabin, did not close the doors tightly, or left the ignition on. Of course, there are other scenarios that lead to a sudden discharge of the battery, which inevitably leads to problems with starting the engine. Below we will offer readers possible ways to solve this problem.

Starting the car engine.

1. For vehicles equipped with a manual transmission, you can start the engine from the "pusher". As a rule, another car is used for this, which tows the first one, on which the clutch is then released. Due to the fact that the car managed to accelerate to the second or even third speed, its engine turns over. Under the conditions that the ignition is on and the engine is in good condition, it will start. If a attempt to start the engine happens on the first or reverse gear, turning the desired degree to achieve, as a rule, fails. However, if the engine condition is close to ideal, the push generated by releasing the clutch is enough to start it even in these gears. If there is no other car, that is, towing is impossible, there are probably those among the passengers who can be instructed to manually accelerate your car and start it from the "pusher".

2. For vehicles with automatic transmission, it is also possible from the "pusher". But at the same time, it makes no sense to try to disperse the car as a whole, since modern machines are equipped with a single oil pump, that is, if the engine is not running, there will be no pressure in the pump. Lack of pressure generated by the pump will result in the automatic transmission not working, which means there is no clutch between the engine and transmission. Therefore, no matter how much you tow the car, the engine will not start. However, engine cranking is still possible. To do this, remove the extreme drive belt and wind the rope around the pulley. Then you need to turn on the ignition and pull this rope. For these actions, you must have sufficient strength, and the engine size should not exceed 1500 cm 3. Naturally, the gear lever must be in the “P” or “N” position, otherwise additional problems may arise. This method is also suitable for engine start car with manual transmission. Engine starting such a car is also possible when turning the suspended wheel of the drive drive. To do this, you need to turn on not only the ignition, but also the third or fourth gear, and also be in very good physical shape. You can also look for someone who will help you to squeeze the clutch while spinning the wheel.

3. The most widely used method engine start with a fully discharged battery is "lighting". To “light up” you need to either put a second car nearby, or bring a charged battery or starter. Charger. In all cases, it is necessary that the wires and terminals of the "lighting" device have a thickness sufficient to pass the current of the desired value. Best Option is the use homemade device for "smoking". In order to make such a device, you will need to purchase five meters of a cable for welding (then a piece of such a cable must be cut into two parts to end up with a two and a half meter long “lighting” device), which must hold a current of at least one hundred amperes for gasoline engines (for diesel engines at least 150 amperes), as well as four welding alligators. Two welding "crocodiles" must be painted red (thus designating them as "plus") and securely attached to one piece of cable. The remaining two "crocodiles" are connected to the second piece of cable - the device for "lighting" is ready! The fact is that not every ready-made “lighting device” that you can buy in a store, especially if it is made in China, will help you start the engine the first time. The problem lies in the unacceptably small cross-section of wires and "flimsy" "crocodiles". Such a device will help charge a discharged battery, however, the current required for engine start, it won't miss. It should be noted that you can charge a discharged battery even with a simple piece of wire. So, once I was asked to “light up” from my “Vista” with a gasoline engine a dead battery of a diesel “Bighorn”, stuck in a swamp a few tens of meters from the highway. For this purpose, a piece of standard aluminum lighting wire connected to Vista came up, after which she had to work for at least half an hour on idling. As a result, the huge dead battery of the diesel jeep was charged and was able to start the engine without any problems.

4. Also well known is the following way to start the engine. The discharged battery must be removed from the vehicle and brought to a warm place. If a charger is available, connect the battery to it. Just a few hours - and a warmed up (wonderful, if also charged) battery can easily crank and start the engine.

Starting the engine in cold weather.

5. There are situations when you can use the only way start the engine. It consists in removing the dead battery and installing a new one in its place. It can be "borrowed" from another car or taken from home. With it, the engine will start, warm up and begin to idle. Then you need to turn off all energy-consuming devices in the car (headlights, interior heating - in order to reduce the voltage of the generator) and pull out the borrowed battery. Instead, you need to put in a dead battery as soon as possible, connect the terminals and turn off everything that consumes electricity. It is recommended that two people use this method. The assistant will be able to hold the disconnected terminals, which will avoid a short circuit and greatly speed up the process of reinstalling the batteries.

6. Without a doubt, it is always better to have a spare working battery available. The price of a battery (approximately 2000 - 3000 rubles) on average does not exceed the monthly cost of paid parking. You can save a lot by buying not a new, but a used battery as a spare. good condition, which is easy to find on disassembly.

We would like to point out that if you need any auto parts for your car, then our Internet service will be glad to offer you them at the most low prices. All you need is to go to the "" menu and fill out the form, or enter the name of the spare part in the upper right window of this page, after that our managers will contact you and offer the best prices like you have never seen or heard of before! Now to the main thing.

So, we all know that the most important part of the car is the maestro engine. The main purpose of the engine is to convert gasoline into driving force. At present, the most in a simple way to make the car move, is to burn gasoline inside the engine. That is why the car engine is called engine internal combustion .

Two things to remember:

Exist various engines internal combustion. For example, diesel engine different from petrol. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

There is such a thing as an engine external combustion. The best example of such an engine is the steam engine of a steamboat. Fuel (coal, wood, oil) burns outside the engine, forming steam, which is the driving force. An internal combustion engine is much more efficient (requires less fuel per kilometer). In addition, it is much smaller than the equivalent external combustion engine. This explains the fact why we do not see cars with steam engines on the streets.

The principle behind the operation of any reciprocating internal combustion engine: If you put a small amount of high-energy fuel (such as gasoline) in a small enclosed space, and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released when it burns as a gas. If we create a continuous cycle of small explosions, the speed of which will be, for example, a hundred times a minute, and put the resulting energy in the right direction, then we will get the basis of the engine.

Almost all cars now use what is known as the four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into the driving power of a four-wheeled friend. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, after Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four strokes are:

1. intake stroke.
2. Compression stroke.
3. Burning stroke.
4. Removal of combustion products.

A device called a piston, which performs one of the main functions in the engine, replaces the potato projectile in a potato gun in a peculiar way. The piston is connected to crankshaft connecting rod. Once crankshaft begins to rotate, the effect of the "discharge of the gun" occurs. Here's what happens when the engine goes through one cycle:

Ø The piston is on top, then the intake valve opens and the piston descends, while the engine gains a full cylinder of air and gasoline. This stroke is called the intake stroke. To start work, it is enough to mix air with a small drop of gasoline.

Ø The piston then moves back and compresses the mixture of air and gasoline. Compression makes the explosion more powerful.

Ø When the piston reaches top point, the candle emits sparks to ignite the gasoline. An explosion of gasoline occurs in the cylinder, which causes the piston to move down.

Ø As soon as the piston reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve opens and the combustion products are expelled from the cylinder through the exhaust pipe.

The engine is now ready for the next stroke and the cycle repeats over and over again.

Now let's look at all the parts of the engine, the work of which is interconnected. Let's start with the cylinders.

The main components of the engine thanks to which it works

The base of the engine is the cylinder in which the piston moves up and down. The engine described above has one cylinder. This is true for most lawnmowers, but most vehicles have more than one cylinder (usually four, six, and eight). In multi-cylinder engines, the cylinders are usually arranged in three ways: in-line, V-shaped, and flat (also known as horizontally opposed).

Different configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing costs, and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more or less suitable for different types Vehicle.

Let's take a closer look at some key engine parts.

Spark plug

Spark plugs provide the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture. The spark must occur at the right moment for the engine to run smoothly.

valves

The intake and exhaust valves open at a certain moment in order to let in air and fuel and release combustion products. It should be noted that both valves are closed at the moment of compression and combustion, ensuring the tightness of the combustion chamber.

Piston

A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside an engine's cylinder.

Piston rings

Piston rings provide a seal between the sliding outer edge of the piston and the inner surface of the cylinder. Rings serve two purposes:

• During the compression and combustion strokes, they prevent leakage of the air-fuel mixture and exhaust gases from the combustion chamber
• They prevent the oil from entering the combustion zone where it will be destroyed.

If your car starts to "eat up oil" and you have to add it every 1000 kilometers, then the car's engine is quite old and the piston rings in it are very worn out. As a result, they cannot provide tightness at the proper level. And this means that you need to be puzzled by the question, because buying a new engine is a painstaking and responsible business.

connecting rod

The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate in different directions and from both ends, because. and the piston and crankshaft are in motion.

Crankshaft

In a circular motion, the crankshaft causes the piston to move up and down.

Sump

The oil sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some oil, which collects in the lower part of it (in the oil pan).

The main causes of malfunctions and interruptions in the machine and engine

One fine morning you can get into your car and realize that the morning is not so beautiful... The car won't start, the engine won't run. What could be causing this. Now that we have figured out the operation of the engine, you can understand what can cause it to fail. There are three main reasons: poor fuel mixture, no compression or no spark. In addition, thousands of little things can cause it to malfunction, but these three form the "big three". We will consider how these reasons affect the operation of the motor using an example of a very simple engine which we have already discussed earlier.

Bad fuel mixture

This problem may occur in the following cases:

You have run out of gas and only air enters the car engine, which is not enough for combustion.

Air intakes can be clogged, and the engine simply does not get air, which is essential for the combustion stroke.

· Fuel system may supply too little or too much fuel to the mixture, meaning that combustion is not occurring properly.

· There may be impurities in the fuel (such as water in the gas tank) that prevent the fuel from burning.

No compression

If the fuel mixture cannot be compressed properly, then there will be no proper combustion process to keep the engine running. Lack of compression can occur for the following reasons:

· The engine piston rings are worn, so the air-fuel mixture is leaking between the cylinder wall and the piston surface.

· One of the valves does not close tightly, which, again, allows the mixture to flow out.

There is a hole in the cylinder.

In most cases, "holes" in a cylinder appear where the top of the cylinder joins the cylinder itself. As a rule, there is a thin gasket between the cylinder and the cylinder head, which ensures the tightness of the structure. If the gasket breaks, holes form between the cylinder head and the cylinder itself, which also cause leakage.

No spark

The spark may be weak or absent for several reasons:

• If the spark plug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the spark will be quite weak.
• If the wire is cut or missing altogether, if the system that sends sparks down the wire is not working properly, then there will be no spark.
• If the spark enters the cycle too early, or too late, the fuel will not be able to ignite at the right time, which accordingly affects stable work motor.

Other engine problems are also possible. For example:

• If it is discharged, then the engine will not be able to make a single revolution, respectively, you will not be able to start the car.
• If the bearings that allow the crankshaft to rotate freely are worn out, the crankshaft will not be able to turn and start the engine.
• If the valves do not close or open at the right time in the cycle, the engine will not work.
• If the car runs out of oil, the pistons will not be able to move freely in the cylinder and the engine will stall.

In a properly running engine, the above problems cannot occur. If they appear, expect trouble.

As you can see, a car's engine has a number of systems that help it perform its main task - converting fuel into driving force.

Engine valve train and ignition system

Most subsystems car motor can be implemented through various technologies, and more advanced technologies can improve the efficiency of the engine. Let's take a look at these subsystems used in modern cars. Let's start with the valve train. It consists of valves and mechanisms that open and close the passage for fuel waste. The system for opening and closing valves is called a shaft. The camshaft has lugs that move the valves up and down.

Most modern engines have so-called overhead cams. This means that the shaft is located above the valves. The cams of the shaft act on the valves directly or through very short connecting links. This system is set up so that the valves are in sync with the pistons. Many high-efficiency engines have four valves per cylinder - two for air inlet and two for exhaust gases - and such arrangements require two camshafts per cylinder block.

The ignition system produces a high voltage charge and transfers it to the spark plugs using wires. First, the charge enters the distributor, which you can easily find under the hood of most cars. One wire is connected to the center of the distributor, and four, six or eight other wires come out of it (depending on the number of cylinders in the engine). These wires send a charge to each spark plug. The engine is set up so that only one cylinder at a time receives a charge from the distributor, which guarantees the smoothest possible operation of the motor.

Engine ignition, cooling and intake system

The cooling system in most vehicles consists of a radiator and a water pump. Water circulates around the cylinders through special passages, then, for cooling, it enters the radiator. AT rare cases car engines are equipped with car air system. This makes the engines lighter, but the cooling is less efficient. As a rule, engines with this type of cooling have a shorter service life and lower performance.

Now you know how and why your car's engine cools. But why is air circulation so important? Exist automotive engine supercharged - this means that the air passes through air filters and enters directly into the cylinders. To increase performance, some engines are turbocharged, which means that the air that enters the engine is already under pressure, so more air/fuel mixture can be squeezed into the cylinder.

Improving the performance of a car is great, but what actually happens when you turn the key in the ignition and start the car? The ignition system consists of an electric motor, or starter, and a solenoid. When you turn the key in the ignition, the starter turns the engine a few revolutions to start the combustion process. Requires a really powerful motor to run cold engine. Since starting an engine requires a lot of energy, hundreds of amps must flow into the starter to start it. The solenoid is the switch that can handle that much electricity, and when you turn the key, it's the solenoid that activates, which in turn fires the starter.

Engine lubricants, fuel, exhaust and electrical systems

When it comes to daily use of the car, the first thing you care about is the availability of gasoline in the gas tank. How does this gasoline actuate the cylinders? Fuel system The engine pumps gasoline out of the gas tank and mixes it with air so that the correct air-gasoline mixture enters the cylinder. Fuel is supplied in three common ways: mixture formation, fuel port injection, and direct injection.

In carburetion, a device called a carburetor adds gasoline to the air as soon as the air enters the engine.

In an injection engine, fuel is injected individually into each cylinder, either through an intake valve (fuel port injection) or directly into the cylinder (direct injection).

Oil also plays an important role in the engine. Lubrication system ensures that oil is supplied to each of the moving parts of the engine to smooth operation. Pistons and bearings (which allow free rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft) - the main parts that have an increased need for oil. In most vehicles, oil is sucked in through the oil pump and sump, passed through a filter to get rid of sand, then under high pressure injected into bearings and onto cylinder walls. Then the oil flows into the oil sump, and the cycle repeats again.

Now you know a little more about the things that go into your car's engine. But let's talk about what comes out of it. Exhaust system. It is extremely simple and consists of an exhaust pipe and a muffler. If there was no muffler, you would hear the sound of all those mini-explosions that happen in the engine. The silencer dampens the sound, and exhaust pipe removes combustion products from the vehicle.

Now let's talk about electrical system car, which also powers it. The electrical system consists of a battery and an alternator. The alternator is wired to the engine and generates the electricity needed to recharge the battery. In turn, the battery provides electricity to all vehicle systems that need it.

Now you know everything about the main engine subsystems. Let's look at how you can increase the power of your car's engine.

How to increase engine performance and improve its performance?

With all the information above, you must have noticed that there is a way to make the engine run better. Car manufacturers are constantly playing with these systems with one goal in mind: to make the engine more powerful and reduce fuel consumption.

Increase in engine volume. The larger the engine size, the greater its power, because. for each revolution, the engine burns more fuel. An increase in engine volume occurs due to an increase in either the cylinders themselves or their number. Currently 12 cylinders is the limit.

Increasing the compression ratio. Up to a point, a higher compression ratio produces more power. However, the more you compress the air/fuel mixture, the more likely it is to ignite before the spark plug can spark. The higher the octane rating of the gasoline, the less chance of pre-ignition. This is why high-performance cars need to be fueled with high-octane gasoline, as the engines in these cars use a very high compression ratio to produce more power.

Greater filling of the cylinder. If more air (and therefore fuel) can be squeezed into a certain size cylinder, then you can get more power from each cylinder. Turbos and superchargers pressurize air and force it into the cylinder efficiently.

Cooling of the incoming air. Compressing air raises its temperature. However, I would like to have as much as possible cold air in the cylinder, because The higher the air temperature, the more it expands when burned. Therefore, many turbocharging and supercharging systems have an intercooler. An intercooler is a radiator through which compressed air passes and is cooled before entering the cylinder.

Reduce the weight of parts. The lighter the part of the engine, the better it works. Every time the piston changes direction, it expends energy to stop. The lighter the piston, the less energy it consumes.

Fuel injection. The fuel injection system allows very precise dosing of the fuel that enters each cylinder. This improves engine performance and significantly saves fuel.

Now you know almost everything about how the car engine works, as well as the causes of the main problems and interruptions in the car. We remind you that if after reading this article you feel that your car requires updating any auto parts, we recommend ordering and buying them through our online service by filling out the request form in the " " menu, or by filling in the name of the spare part in the upper right window of this page. We hope that our article is about how a car engine works? As well as the main causes of malfunctions and interruptions in the car will help you make the right purchase.

The car engine start system performs the primary rotation of the ICE crankshaft, as a result of which the fuel-air mixture in the cylinders is ignited and the power unit starts to work independently.

The main task of the start-up system is to turn the crankshaft, which allows the piston to perform the compression of the mixture in the cylinders necessary to ignite the charge. Then the fuel is ignited (from an external source in gasoline engines, from strong compression and heating in diesel).

Further, the crankshaft begins to rotate independently, that is, the engine starts, the crankshaft speed increases, the rotation of the shaft becomes possible due to the conversion of the thermal energy of fuel combustion into mechanical work. As soon as the crankshaft speed reaches a certain frequency, the starting system is automatically turned off.

In this article, we'll take a look at how it works electrical system starting the engine, what main elements it consists of, and also let's talk about what other systems are engine start other than electrical solutions.

Engine starting system: constructive features and principle of operation of the electric start of the internal combustion engine

Let's start with the fact that at an early stage, car engines were started manually. For this, a special crank was used, which was inserted into a special hole, after which the driver independently turned the crankshaft.

Later, an electric start system appeared, which at the very beginning was not entirely reliable. For this reason, on many models, electric start was combined with the ability to manually start, which made it possible to start the engine in the event of problems with electric start. Then such a scheme was completely abandoned, since the overall reliability of electrical systems increased significantly.

So, the starting system (often called the starter system for starting the engine) consists of mechanical and electrical components and assemblies. As already mentioned, the main task is to crank the engine to start.

The main elements in the electric starting circuit of the engine are:

starter chain;

Starter;

Battery;

In a nutshell, the starter circuit is actually an electrical circuit through which electrical current is supplied from the battery to the starter. Such a circuit includes a wire that connects the battery and the starter, "ground" to the car body, as well as various terminals and connections through which the starting current flows.

As for the battery, the main task is to provide the necessary voltage for the starter to operate. It is important that it has the required capacity and a charge level of at least 70%, which allows the starter to crank the engine crankshaft at the frequency necessary to start.

The starter is an electric motor. A gear is installed on the starter shaft, which, after applying voltage to the starter, engages with the ring gear on the engine flywheel. This is how torque is transmitted from the starter to the engine crankshaft.

We also note that the starter consumes a large starting current. In this case, a low-current switch, more commonly known as an ignition switch, is used to turn the starter on and off. This element controls a special relay, as well as starter interlock switches (if any).

Let us return to the general structure of the elements of the system. As already mentioned, the starter with a traction relay is a DC motor. The starter consists of a stator, which is a housing, a rotor (armature), as well as brushes with a brush holder, a traction relay and a drive mechanism.

The traction relay provides power to the starter windings, and also allows the drive mechanism to operate. The specified traction relay includes a winding, armature, contact plate. Electric current is supplied to the traction relay through special contact bolts.

The drive mechanism is needed to transmit torque from the starter to the crankshaft. The main structural elements are the drive lever or fork, which has a drive clutch, a damper spring, as well as an overrunning clutch and a drive gear. The specified gear engages with the flywheel ring gear, which is mounted on the crankshaft. The ignition lock after turning the key to the “start” position is responsible for supplying direct current from the battery to the starter traction relay.

The principle of operation of the electric start system of the internal combustion engine

The electric start system is installed on various types of engines (two-stroke and four-stroke, gasoline, diesel, rotary piston, gas, etc.)

The general principle of operation is as follows:

After the driver turns the key in the ignition, electric current from the battery is supplied to the contacts of the traction relay (to the retractor starter). At the time when the current begins to pass through the windings of the traction relay, the armature is pulled in. The specified anchor moves the lever of the drive mechanism, as a result, the drive gear and the ring gear of the flywheel are engaged.

In parallel, the armature closes the relay contacts, due to which the stator and armature windings are supplied with electric current. This allows the starter to rotate, transferring torque to the crankshaft.

After starting the engine, the crankshaft speed increases. At this moment, the overrunning clutch is activated, disconnecting the starter from the engine, while the starter still continues its rotation. Then, with the help of the return spring of the traction relay, the armature moves back. This allows you to return the drive mechanism to the reverse position.

By the way, if we talk about various standard starter locks when starting the engine, such solutions are found, but not on all car models. The main objective is to improve operating comfort and safety. Simply put, until the driver depresses the clutch or shifts into neutral before starting the engine.

The presence of such a lock allows you to avoid jerks and accidental movement of the vehicle, which often happens when the driver starts the engine from the starter with the gear engaged.

Engine air start system

The air start system is another solution that allows you to scroll the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine. Compressed air is used to start the motor. At the same time, such pneumatic equipment, as a rule, is not used on cars and other equipment, however, starting systems of this type can be found on stationary internal combustion engines.

If we talk about the design, the device of the engine air start system assumes the presence of the following elements:

Air balloon;

electrovalves;

Oil sump;

check valve;

Air distributor;

Start valves;

pipelines;

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine air start system is based on the fact that air compressed in an air cylinder under pressure is supplied to the distribution box, then passes through the filters into the gearbox and enters the electropneumatic valve.

Next, you need to press the "start" button, after which the valve opens, then the air from the air distributor passes through the starting valves and enters the engine cylinders, creating pressure and spinning the crankshaft. When the revolutions reach the desired frequency, the engine starts.

Let us add that such power plants additionally equipped with an electric starter system, which allows you to start the unit if there are any problems or a breakdown with the air start, which is the main method.

It should be borne in mind that the electrical system for starting engines usually assumes that the power of the battery and the starter will be almost the same. This means that the voltage of the battery varies to a large extent, taking into account the current that the starter consumes.

In simple words, the overall condition of the battery, battery temperature, charge level, as well as the health of the starter and starter circuit, greatly affect the efficiency and ease of starting the internal combustion engine. To diagnose some problems at an early stage, signs such as a clear attenuation of the dimensions and illumination of the instrument panel at the time of starting the engine allow.

As you know, the brightness of the lamps depends on the voltage in the on-board network. At the same time, a normally operating start-up system should not “sink” the voltage much. Note that the normal brightness is allowed to decrease dashboard and, in some cases, restarting the radio, but the brightness should not drop much.

If the brightness of the lighting does not change, while the crankshaft also does not spin, it is often appropriate to talk about an open circuit. If the starter turns slowly and the lighting practically goes out, then there can be problems both with the starter itself (for example, wedging), and with electrical circuits or batteries.

We also note that in case of starting problems that are associated with the starter, some drivers are used to knocking on this device. The fact is that such tapping on old models of starters (for example, on the “classic” VAZ) in some cases made it possible to displace the brushes of the starter, rotor, etc. As a result, it was possible to restore the working capacity of the device for a short time.

It is important to understand that modern starters in their device have permanent magnets. The specified magnets are very fragile, that is, after hitting the starter, they split.

Ultimately, the whole magnet is destroyed. Moreover, such magnets on some models of starters can simply be glued to the body. Accordingly, if you hit the body hard, the broken off parts of the magnet fall on the rotor or in the bearing installation area, completely disabling the starter.