Uninterrupted work brake system Does not rise due to braking in front of the traffic light, large gaps, road surfaces and national signs of managing the machine.

The brake system, which includes including front brake mechanismconstantly experiencing serious loads. This increases the likelihood of an accident, because parts and internal mechanisms, such as rear brake mechanismfocus faster. Therefore, it becomes necessary to conduct such a procedure as diagnosis.

Diagnostics of the brake system: before and now. How held.

Most recently, many experts recommended such a thing as diagnostics of the brake system,every five thousand kilometers of the car. Now the indicator has become much smaller. After all, the brake system is necessarily checked by experts when passing inspection. Twice a year - the minimum number of times, according to experts, when such a diagnosis should be carried out.

The diagnosis of the brake system includes verification:

1. Brake shoes
2. Disc and drums
3. Hub bear
4. Brake fluid
5. Brake hoses
6. Caliper
7. Workers cylinders
8. Brake amplifier and main cylinder

Brake System Diagnostics: Methods and Methods

There are two basic methods that are conducted by checking the brake system in any car. This is a test on the stand and a road test.

Road Test

The road test itself is speaking any transport on transport. Even newcomers can feel when, when braking without pressure on the steering wheel, the car deviates to the side. There should be no screenshots and extra noises, failure brake pedals to the floor, improving the brake path and vibration. This all testifies to those present. brake system malfunctions.

Bench test

In the field, it is almost impossible to conduct high-quality diagnostics. It turns out only the minimum information about existing problems in the car. There are many factors that may affect the result of inspections carried out in road conditions. But when carrying out bench tests, it is possible to obtain more accurate information. All data obtained must be recorded on any media.

Using special programs on the computer, the information received information is processed. Thus, it can be understood in which really states are the brakes.

Stands for testing may relate to several types. Stands for static tests, platform and inertial, roller and power are the main types. The ovality of brake drums, the time of operation of the system, the total specific braking force is just some of the characteristics whose indicators can be found on the stand.

Effort on brake pedal, pressure in the brake system - there is an excellent opportunity to measure these indicators by contacting modern service centers. Sensors and appliances in service specialists fully allow relevant research. The human factor practically does not affect the tests that are conducted on the stand. This is definitely a big advantage of such checks.

The brakes in the car system will be reliably function only if a person is ready to spend time on what to perform checks in time, consistent with the recommendations from specialists. Of course, poster checks are more expensive, but it is never worth saving on your own security. The stand for static tests allows drivers to independently check their machines. But in any case, we repeat once again that the safety of drivers and passengers is better not to save. Only professional check will allow you to completely be confident in your car.

To date, the design of the brake systems of most passenger cars Approximately the same. The brake system of the car consists of three types:

Basic (working) - serves to slow down vehicle And for his stop.

Auxiliary (Emergency) - a spare brake system required to stop the car at the failure of the main brake system.

Parking - The brake system that fixes the car during the parking lot and keeps it on the slopes, but may also be part of the emergency system.

Car brake system elements

If we talk about the components, the brake system can be divided into three groups of elements:

• brake drive (brake pedal; brake vacuum amplifier; main brake cylinder; wheel brake cylinders; pressure regulator, hoses and pipelines);

• brake mechanisms (brake drum or disc, as well as brake pads);

• components of auxiliary electronics (ABS, EBD, etc.).

Brake system

The process of operation of the brake system in most passenger cars is as follows: the driver presses the brake pedal, which, in turn, transmits an effort to the main brake cylinder through a vacuum brake amplifier.

Next, the main brake cylinder creates pressure brake fluidIntrunning it along the contour to the brake cylinders (a system of two independent contours is almost always used in modern cars: if one refuses, the second will allow the car to stop).

The wheel cylinders are then actuating the brake mechanisms: in each of them inside the caliper (if it comes to disc brakes) The brake pads are installed on both sides, which, pressing to rotating brake discs, slow down the rotation.

To enhance security In addition to the above-described scheme, automakers began to establish auxiliary electronic systems that can increase the efficiency and safety of braking. The most popular of them are an anti-lock system (Anti-Lock Braking System, ABS) and a brake force distribution system (ELECTRONIC BRAKEFORCE DISTRIBUTION, EBD). If ABS prevents wheel lock when emergency brakingThe EBD acts preventively: the control electronics uses ABS sensors, analyzes the rotation of each wheel (as well as an angle of rotation of the front wheels) when braking and individually dispensing the braking force on it.

All this allows the car to save course stabilityAnd also reduces the likelihood of its drift or demolition when braking in turn or on a mixed coating.

Diagnostics and malfunction of the brake system

The complication of the design of the brake systems led both to a more extensive list of possible breakdowns, and to more complex diagnostics. Despite this, many malfunctions can be diagnosed independently, which will allow you to eliminate problems at an early stage. Next we give signs of faults and most frequent reasons their occurrence.

1) Reducing the efficiency of the system as a whole:

Strong wear brake discs and / or brake shoes (late maintenance).

Reducing the friction properties of the brake pads (overheating of the brake mechanisms, the use of low-quality spare parts, etc.).

Wear wheel or main brake cylinders.

The failure of the vacuum brake amplifier.

Pressure in tires not provided for by the manufacturer of the car.

Installation of wheels, the size of which is not provided for by the manufacturer of the car.

2) Falling the brake pedal (or too "soft" brake pedal):

- "Recent" in the contours of the brake system.

The leakage of the brake fluid and as a result, serious problems with the car, up to the complete brake failure. It may be caused by the failure of one of the brake contours.

Boiling brake fluid (poor-quality liquid or non-compliance with the timing of its replacement).

Malfunction of the main brake cylinder.

Malfunction of workers (wheeled) brake cylinders.

3) Too "tight" brake pedal:

Vacuum amplifier breakdown or damage to its hoses.

Wearing elements of brake cylinders.

4) car care to the side when braking:

Uneven wear brake pads and / or brake discs ( incorrect installation elements; damage to the caliper; breakdown of the brake cylinder; Damage to the surface of the brake disc).

Malfunction or increased wear of one or more brake wheels (poor-quality brake fluid, poor-quality components or just natural wear of parts).

Failure of one of the brake contours (tightness damage brake pipes and hoses).

Uneven wear of tires. Most often it is caused by violation Installation angles of wheels (score-collapse) of the car.

Uneven pressure in the front and / or in the rear wheels.

5) Vibration when braking:

Damage to brake discs. Often caused by their overheating, for example, with emergency braking at high speed.

Damage wheel Disc or tires.

Incorrect wheel balancing.

6) Foreign noise when braking (can be expressed by a grinding or creak of brake mechanisms):

Wear pads before performing special indicator plates. Indicates the need to replace the pads.

Full wear of the friction pads of the brake pads. May be accompanied by the vibration of the steering wheel and the brake pedal.

Overheating brake pads or dirt and sand in them.

The use of low-quality or fake brake pads.

Offset caliper or insufficient lubrication of pins. Installing anti-graded plates or cleaning and lubrication of brake calipers is necessary.

7) Lamp "ABS" is burning:

Fault or clogging ABS sensors.

The failure of the block (modulator) ABS.

Open or bad contact in cable connection.

The fuse of the ABS system burned down.

8) BRAKE lamp is burning:

Tighten the hand brake.

Low level Brake fluid.

Malfunction of the brake fluid sensor.

Bad contact or lever connections manual brakes.

Worn brake pads.

The ABS system is faulty (see paragraph 7).

Periodicity of replacement of pads and brake discs

In all listed cases, it is necessary but best - not to allow critical wear of the details. For example, the difference in the thickness of the new and worn brake disc should not exceed 2-3 mm, and the residual thickness of the material of the pad must be at least 2 mm.

Guided car mileage when replacing brake elements It is not recommended: in the conditions of urban ride, for example, the front pads can be wary in 10 thousand km, while in country trips can withstand 50-60 thousand km (rear pads, as a rule, wears an average of 2- 3 times slower than the front).

It is possible to estimate the status of the brake elements, and without removing the wheels from the car: there should be no deep duct on the disk, and the metal part of the block should not be adjusted close to the brake disc.

Prevention of the brake system:

• Contact specialized service centers.

• On time change the brake fluid: manufacturers are recommended to conduct this procedure every 30-40 thousand mileage kilometers or every two years.

• New discs and pads need to run through: throughout the first kilometers after replacing parts, avoid intensive and long-term braking.

• Do not ignore test on-board computer Car: modern cars Can warn about the need to visit the service.

• Use high-quality components that meet the requirements of the car manufacturer.

• When replacing the pads, it is recommended to use lubricant for calipers and clean them from dirt.

• Watch out for the condition of the car's wheels and do not use tires and discs whose parameters differ from the manufacturer recommended by the manufacturer.

Probably, none of the car systems does not need such a health as brake, otherwise about the consequences, we think there is no point in talking.

Diagnosis of brake fluid diagnosis

The periodic diagnosis of the brake system is the proof that the brakes will not let you down in any, even in the most critical situation. Well, the most important thing is to diagnose yourself for each car owner independently, in addition, such a procedure does not require any special tools or certain skills. All you need is a clean cloth, a standard set of tools, a roulette or a ruler and a small brake fluid canister.

Bring out the diagnosis of the brake system follows from controlling the level of the brake fluid. It is worth noting that a similar procedure must be carried out periodically, at least once a month, it is also required after the hydropolor was removed, and naturally, when the system itself signals the disadvantage of the fluid. The brake fluid control is a fairly simple task that can be visuallyed, since there are two divisions on the tank with brake fluid - minimum and maximum, the norm is considered when the level of the protroscheuhi is between them.

If you have installed fluid failure, then it is necessary to add it immediately - by disconnecting the tip of the wire harness, unscrew the tank cover and pour the pre-prepared (necessarily new) brake fluid to the maximum mark. After that, tightly tighten the lid, connect all the harnesses in the reverse sequence. Make sure that you have done everything correctly, you can with the engine running on the control light on dashboardwhich should light up when pressed on the tank cover.

Diagnostics of the entire brake system

After the above operation, attention should be paid to the vacuum brake amplifier. It is worth noting that this procedure must be carried out when the ignition is turned off, so if the motor has worked before that, it must be drowning. Now you need to do - press the brake with the interval, it is necessary to continue to completely disappear the hiss in the amplifier. Then, by clicking on the pedal, you need to start the engine. About the health can be judged by pedals, a little left down.

Pay attention to the goal of the parking brake lever. The fact that he is in order will tell the course of about three clicks, besides, the handbrake must hold the car standing on the descent to about 23 degrees. If at least one of the tasks parking brake It does not cope, it is necessary to replace the details of the details, we recommend not to delay with this, because you guesses the consequences, we think you think.

Well, the final stage in the diagnosis of the brake system is, we have already written about a similar procedure, therefore we will not duplicate themes. If the need for the need was established, then it is required to be carried out immediately, because with brakes, as we have already spoken more than once, the jokes are very bad.

This is such a diagnosis of the brake system on its own. Agree, with a sufficient amount of free time, the presence of patience and desire to pretrately simply. And once again encourage you when troubleshooting is detected, it is impossible to correct them, because the consequences will be extremely sad.

Finally, whatever the system in the car does not need to be diagnosed or repairing should not postpone the satisfaction of this need for a long box. Remember: iron Horse It does not forgive the negligence relationship and indifference, because he, first of all, your combat comrade, with whom you and in the fire, and in water and through copper pipes, in his dedication and reliability you must be 100% sure at any time Otherwise, even the most insignificant problem will turn into a global scale problem.

The following faults may occur in the brake system: ineffective braking (weak brake action); Swimming the brake pads and the irregularity of them in initial position After the end of clicking on the brake pedal; uneven effect of the brakes of the right and left wheels of one axis; leakage of the brake fluid and air entering the hydraulic drive; Exactness of the pneumatic drive system. The tightness of the joint of the hydraulic and pneumatic drive of the brakes is checked with an external inspection of the car. In the hydraulic drive, the disorder of tightness is detected on the leaking of the brake fluid, in a pneumatic actuator - by hearing characteristic soundappearing during air leakage. To more accurately detect the location of the damage, the tested compound is coated with a soap emulsion and the appearance of soap bubbles determine the place of air leakage. The free move of the brake pedal in cars with hydraulic drive Regulated by changing the length of thrust connecting the brake pedal with the piston piston of the main brake cylinder. To this end, the GAZ-53-12 car establishes the pedal to the position at which it rests on the rubber buffer, release the lock nut and, rotating the coupling in one direction or the other, set the free move of the pedal 8 ... 14 mm. The gap between the primary piston and the pusher of the main brake cylinder should be in the limit of 1.5 ... 2.5 mm. If there is a pneumatic drive, this adjustment is reduced to a change in the length of the thrust connecting the brake pedal with the intermediate lever of the brake crane drive. The length of the thrust is changed by rotating the plug, screwed on the threaded end of the thrust. Brake chambers are checked for tightness when the compressed air is supplied. Soap emulsion Apply on the edges of the body flange near the tie bolts, the rod outlet holes from the camera body and the pipeline fastening fitting to the chamber. Filling with a compressed air chamber, follow the appearance of soap bubbles. As a rule, to eliminate air leakage, it is enough to pull out all the covering bolts to the camera body. If air leakage continues, then replaced the diaphragm. The pressure in the brake chambers is checked by a pressure gauge, which is connected to one of the chambers. Due to the compressor work on idling The engine pressure in the pneumatic drive system increases to 0.7 MPa. The gaps between the pads and the brake drums in vehicles with a pneumatic drive are adjusted with the help of an adjustment worm located on the lever connecting the brake chamber rod with the slot fist shaft. The wheel is postponed and, turning the adjusting worm, the pads are brought to contact with the drum (the wheel is injected). After that, turning the worm in the opposite direction, weigh the pads from the drum before the start of the free rotation of the wheel. The diploma check the gap, which should be 0.2 ... 1.2 mm. After adjusting the gap, the stroke of the brake chamber stems is determined, which should be 20 ... 30 mm. Next check the free stroke of the brake pedal. After completing the control of the brake mechanisms of all wheels, check the effect of brakes on the go. Braking wheels of one axis should begin at the same time and be uniform. After conducting several braking, check if the brake drums are heated. If the car is equipped with a pneumatic brake actuator, then the movement of the machine should be started when the pressure in the drive pneumatic system is below 0.5 MPa, and allow pressure reduction when moving below this value. At pressure below 0.5 MPa, the control lamp on the instrument panel lights up. With long-lasting descents, the engine cannot be turned off, so as not to spend the entire supply of air from the pneumatic cylinders. The handbrake must be adjusted in such a way as to eliminate the hide pads for the drum during the car movement. In the car ZIL-431410, the course of the manual brake lever is regulated by changing the length of the thrust connecting the brake drive lever with the adjusting lever. For this, the plug is exposed to which the thrust is connected to the lever. For proper adjustment The hand brake drive lever should be pulled out with an effort of one hand no more than four or five teeth of the rail fixing its position.

State Standard of the SSR Union

Technical diagnostics

Ministry road transport RSFSR

State Committee of the USSR for the production and technical support of agriculture

Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Engineering

Ministry of Construction, Road and Municipal Engineering

Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education

Performers

OD Climpos, Cand. tehn sciences; B.V. Levinson, Cand. tehn sciences; V.S. Guerner, Cand. tehn sciences; A.M. Harazov, Cand. tehn sciences; N.Ya. Govorushchenko, Dr. tech. sciences; A.B. Greaskul, Dr. tech. sciences; I.R. Rashidov Dr. tech. sciences; B.P. BAGIN, Cand. tehn sciences; E.P. Raven Cand. tehn sciences; A.V. Gogizel Cand. tehn sciences; L.V. Gurevich Cand. tehn sciences; A.A. Malyukov, Cand. tehn sciences; P.Sh. Petrosyan Cand. tehn Sciences (the heads of the topic); A.A. Avenarius, Cand. tehn sciences; A.I. Zelik Cand. tehn sciences; P.V. Antonov; V.P. Wedri; V.M. Vlasov Cand. tehn sciences; D.T. Gapoyan Cand. tehn sciences; EAT. Hetzovich; L.K. Grinin; PER. Zaretsky; E.P. Ivanov; S.E. Ivanov; A.A. Kosyanov; V.Yu. Honey; IN AND. Details; E.X. Rabinovich, Cand. tehn sciences; R.M. Mine; V.A. Topalidi, Cand. tehn sciences; P. Fastovsev, Cand. tehn Science

Deposited by the Ministry of Automobile Transport of the Ukrainian SSR

Member of the Collegium V.P. Mogila

Approved and put into effect by Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards of December 23, 1983 No. 6411

Resolution of the State Committee of the USSR on standards of December 23, 1983 No. 6411 The deadline for administration is established

from 01/01/85.

Failure to comply with the standard is prosecuted by law.

1. This standard applies to brake systems of cars, tractors and assembled on their construction and road machines, cars and tractor trains, trailers and semi-trailers (hereinafter - motor vehicles).

Standard does not apply to brake systems motor vehicles, maximum speed which does not exceed 25 km / h, as well as motor vehicles having less than 4 wheels if their full mass does not exceed 1 tons.

This standard establishes the range of parameters used in the diagnosis of brake systems in general and their components under operating conditions.

2. Diagnostic parameters for testing the performance of the brake systems are shown in the table. The parameters for troubleshooting individual systems and braking systems are given in the recommended application.

3. When developing new methods and diagnostic methods, it is allowed to use the parameters not provided for by this Standard.

4. The nomenclature of diagnostic parameters is set in operational documentation in accordance with GOST 25044-81 and GOST 25176-82 from the number given in this standard. At the same time PP. 1, 4, 6, 8, 13 and 15 are mandatory.

Diagnostic parameters that determine the performance of vehicle brake systems

ATTACHMENT

Additional list of parameters to find faults of individual systems and braking systems