Ekobus - urban transport of the future. New requirements of the environmental class for buses and trucks What transport is considered not eco-friendly

The Government of the Russian Federation persistently pursues the owners of the old vehicle. This time the owners of buses and trucks of the reverence can face another increase. transport tax It is on this type of vehicle.

Thus, the production of new equipment will be additionally stimulated by faster removal from the passenger and freight truck transportation of low transport environmental class.

The amendments to the Tax Code are already being developed. According to experts, they will enter into force no earlier than 2019. It is too early to talk about specific tax rates. The document is in the Ministry of Finance in the development process, so the final information is not yet present. However, the regions have already received the right to change rates on the basis of their own decision, provided that it does not contradict the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Since 2013, the Ministry of Finance since 2013 is persistently trying to realize the idea of \u200b\u200bbinding the transport tax to engine characteristics: its volume, environmental class. The decisive indicator should be the age of the car. If we consider trucks that move on russian roads, the engine of the overwhelming majority does not even match the Euro-2 class. The age of the bulk of the operated commercial transport is on average 15 years.

According to representatives of the domestic car industry, such a number of trucks certainly causes huge environmental harm. However, the interest of such "experts" is quite substantiated. Sell \u200b\u200bnew domestic freight car The ordinary Russian buyer is not so easy.

Therefore, it is better to deprive his right to driving an existing old truck or bus. And then the domestic consumer will still contact the car dealership - in a voluntarily compulsory manner. But the plan for auto sales will certainly be exceeded.

However, such a development of the scenario is not at all necessary. Until 2019, there is still time. In the meantime, trucks with the Euro-2 engine are already deprived of the right to move along the Moscow streets. And at the same time, the owners of electric vehicles are completely freed from the payment tax.

Video: Rent of special equipment and cargo transportation services without intermediaries!

The problem of global warming caused by increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere constantly sounds in the speeches of prominent figures and organizations involved in the environment. Despite the fact that this idea is questioned, often quite reasoned, the presence of large-scale pollution ambient Various vehicles are very acute.

Yes, the facts say that carbon dioxide generated by the entire industry and cars can be evaluated just a few percent of the harm level, which is applied by an eruption of the average volcano. But the problem of other emissions, humanity cannot ignore. To reduce harm to nature, environmental transport, convenient for people and safe for the ecosphere, is being developed.

Modern engines can be referred to as a top of ecology, if comparing with their predecessors of half a century ago. Use of biodiesel, constant level decrease harmful substances In the exhaust asked for safety standards, positively affects the atmosphere of cities.

However, the continuous increase in the number of cars on the roads does not lead to a decrease in harm to the environment. To the most noticeable dangerous features modern transport relate:

• the presence in the exhaust of carbon monoxide, deadly for humans and other living organisms;
• the presence of heavy metals salts deposited in the soil;
• the presence of active substances of acidic, alkaline groups, which, when dissolved in atmospheric precipitation, affect the soil, structures of buildings, pollute the groundwater.

Environmental problems of transport are not limited to emissions and hazards associated with the operation of the engines. The area of \u200b\u200bharmful effects includes leaks of oils, fuel, soot emissions, inevitable diesel engines. Damage to nature causes the extraction of raw materials for the production of gasoline and diesel engine, as well as its processing.

What is characterized by environmental transport

Eco-friendly cars minimize to the limit all emissions into the environment. Modern engineering ideas implemented in Metal and those used on the roads, familiar to many, for example, in the form of public transport. Other environmentally friendly cars operate either on a hybrid principle using a smaller amount of fuel, or built without engines. internal combustion.

Public transport

Acquaintances to all environmentally friendly transports - public trolley buses, trams, metro. This part of the infrastructure of cities, if evaluating a specific means of movement, seems perfect. No harmful substances are thrown into the air, there are no soot, there are no large-scale atmospheric slins. The ecology of transport of this type is attractive, but somewhat controversial.

1. Public transport is used during the daytime.
2. The necessary power of the energy network is very high.
3. There are big energy leaks due to damage to networks, short circuits, various emergencies.

As a result, there is an increase in the load on electricity producers. The thermal stations burn more fuel, increasing emissions into the atmosphere. Adjust the load on the time of day with public electric transport Very difficult. Therefore, humanity is needed another output.

Hybrid cars

Popular and acquaintances of all hybrids are a car that has an internal combustion engine in a stable controlled mode. Part of the load takes on the secondary electrical system Drive. Environmental transport of this kind is valid according to the following scheme:

• during the movement along the highway with cruising speed or with a small range, the internal combustion engine works;
• in urban mode, when the speed is not needed, and constant accelerations and braking are required, the car is driven by the electric motor;
• while staying in the city, the internal combustion engine provides only the operation of the air conditioner, as well as the electric generator, recharge the car batteries.

Eco-friendly hybrid type transport significantly reduces the emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The total fuel consumption drops to 50% (for cars that are mostly moving in the city cycle). But during long journeys, on the highway, the advantages of hybrids are not going on.

Rechargeable electric cars

Electric vehicles that feed only from the battery are recognized by sets of experts as the most convenient and rational solution. Today, there is a wide range of models - from pickups, such as the Chevrolet brand, capable of passing from one charge under load up to 240 km, to small cars for individual or family use. Such environmental types of transport solve several problems at once:

• electric cars have no emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere;
• tactical and technical characteristics of engineering solutions are very attractive: models
• "Nissan" capable of charging even from the usual electrical outlet of the apartment, can pass from one charge to 400 km;
• the restoration of batteries tanks occurs at night, which makes it possible to balance the load on the infrastructure of electricity production.

It becomes clear why more and more companies offer their electric vehicles on the market. The spread of this type of transport is limited - in some countries, the systems of standards and laws governing taxation, the rules for the use and maintenance of such individual means of movement are not adopted.

But in a number of states electric car It became familiar transport, it is even an infrastructure for quick charging of batteries from powerful energy sources.

Transportation on solar panels and induction propulsions

The car on solar panels has long been present in the works of science and various films about the future. This type of transport exists. Its development is still inhibited by the undoubted disadvantage:

• car traffic can only occur during the day;
• batteries capable of ensuring cravings in the evening and at night, weight engineering decision, the car is rise in price, reduce the overall dynamics.

Individual means of transportation on solar panels are not offered on the market. But public transport is already functioning. Serial, existing and used solutions include solar-powered buses moving along routes in the cities of Australia.

Another example is a mini-trains for tourists launched in Hungary. Implementing public transport projects, the movable energy of the Sun, China and other countries with high industrial potential.

Another interesting type of environmentally friendly vehicle is powered as well as smartphones with wireless charging. The source of energy serves as a cable laid under the road. Using induction, electricity is transmitted to engines. Such buses run through the streets of Paris (Jeweline project), in America parks, Japan.

Swedish engineers found another induction scheme. Shuttle Buses Scania Citiwide is built as electric cars. They are equipped with batteries and move freely. Recharge stations on the induction principle are located right in the stop areas public network. This gave transport mobility and at the same time the ability to move as much as possible, without tosing to the power supply line laid under the road.

Induction buses, not equipped with batteries, offer another advantage. They do not need a driver. The route is clearly turned out, passes where the power cable is laid under the road. At the same time, the vehicle speed is easy to control, it is possible to track the position of a particular machine on the way, organizing a safe mode.

But on the scale of a large city where many participants are present. roadThe tracking system is difficult to implement. Therefore, buses with cable food are moving so far only in zones tourist routes In parks or well-localized areas of cities.

We for an environmentally friendly lifestyle - and travels including. This time we understand what type of transport to choose and why.

What means " eco-friendly transport»?

You can meet expressions of eco-friendly transport, green transport, steady transport (or stable transport system), Sustainable Transport. They mean all the same - transport that has a minimal environmental impact and climate change. Ideally, such transport contributes to social justice and social connections (this is, for example, the advantage of convenient public transport in front of personal cars) and uses energy from renewable sources (and not oil, which sooner or later end). Read more about sustainable transport read.

Why is it important?

Another criterion is a source of transport energy. Almost always should be preferred to the electric transport. Ideally, this is energy from renewable sources. Another important point is new models of transport. The difference between the old model aircraft and the aircraft with a new engine can be huge: reduction of CO2 emissions up to 20%. Compare emissions different species Vehicles depending on fuel and loads you can on this tablet.

To find out the number of CO2 emissions, there are several calculators (for example, or), which you can calculate the impact of your environmental trip, indicating the type of transport, distance and number of travel. The program will give you the amount of CO2 produced and can give compensation options (Carbon Offset), which you can transfer money: most often it is a planting program, forest restoration, wind turbine or solar panels.

We often fly by airplanes and drive by buses, I feel your guilt in front of nature. What can be done?

Pay attention to whether companies are provided by CO2 emission data and is it possible to make a compensation fee: often enough to put another check mark when buying a ticket and pay for a couple of euros more. This money will go to environmental projects around the world. This can be done, for example, by positioning itself as an eco-friendly company (they also use modern buses and call on not to print tickets). Emission compensation programs have airlines. Even if there is no fee possibility, you can always compensate for emissions yourself through various funds (see the link in the previous paragraph).

It is important to remember that the process of transporting you and your suitcase from one point to another is only part of the costs. There is also the cost of transport itself, its service life and the disposal method - indirect costs that are difficult to calculate for one trip. And do not forget that manufacturers love to use such words as "green" and "environmentally friendly" without special rights, just to attract attention. So always check which specific actions and indicators are hidden behind it.

The value of transport for humanity is difficult to overestimate. From time immemorial, he played an important role, constantly developing and improving. The scientific and technical revolution, the growth of the population, urbanization and many other factors that occurred in the 20th century has brought its development to a completely new level.

However, at the same time, a problem appeared: a huge amount of vehicles caused the deterioration of the environmental situation across the entire planet. That is why increasing attention is drawn today to the development of environmental modes of transport.

Any transportation, energy obtaining for which is not associated with the processes of burning hydrocarbons, can be called environmentally friendly. The exception is atomic reactions that land transport not used. Biodiesel, an internal combustion engine on alcohol also burn carbon, so they cannot be attributed to environmentally friendly modes of transport. It is most correct to classify ecotransport by type of engines.

Electric drive

At the moment, this is the fastest growing type of environmentally friendly transport. He prescribed a great future and this has already noticed all major automotive concerns. Several thousand electric vehicles are already driving on the roads of the world. Moreover, the future electric vehicle will not have such large dimensions and cost as the famous TESLA electric car. It will rather, rather, some kind of rickshaw with a cabin or with a conventional automotive body of plastic. On average, so that the electric vehicle can compete with gasoline, he needs to weigh four times less. There are similar examples in the automotive industry.

The main problem of electric vehicles - batteries. They are already the only limitation to the mass production of electric vehicles. All other technical limitations were overcome by another 50 and 100 years ago. The electric motor has an efficiency more gasoline. Its resource is much higher, and the complexity of the manufacture is small. In addition, it is not required by the checkpoint. Now most serial electric vehicles are made with lithium batteries. They have very high cost. As an alternative, sulfur-sodium batteries are offered. At the moment, in Japan, stationary sodium-sodium battery stations are used, with a capacity of more than 1 MW. Perhaps in the future they will appear on electric vehicles.

Hydrogen engines

Hydrogen is the most energy-intensive fuel in the world. The caloric content of one weight of the pure gaseous hydrogen exceeds gasoline 2.5 times. This means that the weight supply of hydrogen in the cylinder may be at the same time less. The combustion of hydrogen can occur in the usual piston Engine. At the same time there are technological difficulties. because of high temperatures The combustion needs to be enhanced by a block of cylinders with ceramics, which is very difficult and expensive.

For this reason, catalysts are particular interest - the installation of flameless burning of hydrogen. However, they need balloon oxygen, and their cost is also high. When hydrogen oxidation in the catalyst, an electric current is produced. It works such installation silently and with high efficiency. Unfortunately, the high price does not promote hydrogen cars of mass distribution. Currently, they are also driving on the roads.

There are other ecotition solutions: pneumatic motors, chemical batteries (Heat or current is released during metal oxidation), mechanical energy storage drives, spring drive. While all of them are at the development stage, giving way to electric vehicles.

Avioobil

Currently, aircomers are available (pneumomommobil), so called cars with a pneumatic engine, which use compressed air to work. Energy accumulation occurs by injection it into cylinders. Then, passing through the distribution system, the compressed air falls into the pneumatic motor, which leads the car in motion. Thus, when driving at low speed or for a short distance, a similar car uses only air, without harming the environment.

Segwei

In a number of countries, employees of mail, golfing, police and many other categories of citizens move with such a type of transport as segway. This is a self-balancing scooter having two wheels located on both sides of the driver. Balancing segregation occurs automatically and depends on the position of the rider housing: when it is deviated back, the scooter slows down, stops or rides reverse, And when tilting forward, starts movement or accelerates. On each of the wheels segwing there is a private electric motor that responds to the slightest changes in the vehicle equilibrium. Engine runs from lithium-ion rechargeable batteriesTheir recharging occurs automatically when the mountain is descended. On the full charge for 8 hours. You can use the usual outlet - 15 minutes of charging is enough about 1.6 kilometers of the path.

Monocoleso (segil)

Monocoleso (segilvan) - an electric self-balancing scooter, which has only one wheel and the steps, located on both sides of him, first appeared in 2012 in the United States. It is equipped with a powerful electric motor (250-2000 W) and gyroscopes necessary for automatic balancing. When the power is turned on, the gyros align the wheel relative to the axis, supporting this balance. Also in the scooter are accelerometers and a variety of sensors.

The vehicle management occurs by changing the tilt of the body: when rejecting back it slows down, slows down or changes the direction, when transferring the center of gravity forward - accelerates. When the scooter stops, the driver must rely on the leg. The highest distribution received this type of transport in China.

City Ecotransport

Probably everyone knows such types of ecological transport as trolleybus and tram. They both work from electricity and are intended for the transport of passengers.

The tram is one of the first types of urban public transport, appeared at the beginning of the XIX century, then it was driven by an equestrian harness. The first electric tram appeared in 1881 in Germany.

The trolleybus appeared in the form of the first ecperimental trolleybus line in 1882, as well as in Germany. And first, trolleybuses were operated only as additional transport to the tram. The first fully trolleybus line opened in 1933 in Moscow.

Bicycle and scooter

No, probably, a person would never have tried to ride on a scooter or bike. These wheels vehicles Move through the muscular force of the subject. Bike for this purpose, foot pedals are used for this purpose, and in the scooter, the movement is ensured by repeating the leg from the Earth. On a bike, a person takes a sedentary position, he stands on the scooter, holding the steering wheel. Scooters are now used not only to entertain children, but also along with bicycles are used by adults: employees of mail, police and even ambulance.

Many people in Europe and America prefer to work on a cycling, in Tokyo on scooter, because, on the one hand, there is no need to stand in traffic jams, and on the other - thanks to physical exertion, the body becomes more healthy.

Every year the need to use environmental transport is growing, since the functioning of the current transport system with the release of pollutants into the air increasingly worsens our planet's ecosystem.

Three-quarters of urban transportation of passengers by 2030 will perform the subway, electricians, gas and other environmental buses. About the plans "Izvestia" told in the Ministry of Transport. While in Russia is harmless to the environment only half passenger traffic. The Ministry of Environment records that emissions from vehicles grow and the current level of pollution is fraught with more than 80 diseases of citizens.

By 2030, in the largest cities and urban agglomerations, no less than 70-75% of passenger traffic should perform eco-friendly transport, consider in the Ministry of Transport. About this "Izvestia" told in the department.

We are talking about buses working on natural Gas, and transport with electric motors - trams, trolley buses, metro, electric trains, cars and hybrids, cable rooms, cable cars, electrical workers, and so on. According to Rosstat for 2017, on average, the country for eco-friendly transport accounted for a little more than half of urban passenger traffic. About 47% of urban transport of passengers made buses and route taxi. They are mostly non-non-scientific: 95% of buses work on diesel fuelThe data of the interregional trade union of public transport workers is evidenced.

The Ministry of Transport suggests that the transition to eco-friendly transport will reduce the negative impact on the environment.

Motor transport is one of the main sources of air pollution in large cities, is indicated in the latest final report of the Ministry of Industry, presented on the site of the department. The volume of emissions from vehicles maintains a tendency to increase and in 2017 amounted to 14.5 million tons, indicated in the document.

The impact of hazardous environmental factors on health is associated with more than 80 diseases and injury types. Thanks to the provision of a healthier environment, it would be possible to prevent 13 million deaths in the world annually, - noted in the report of the Ministry of Environment.

Almost all buses in Russia operate on diesel fuel, their re-equipment will require capital investments, the chairman of the interregional trade union of public transport workers Yuri Dashkov said. Now there are about 30 "gas" passenger fleets in the country (two of them in Moscow). The re-equipment of the diesel bus on gas costs 60-80 thousand rubles, the expert told. At the same time, the blue fuel itself is cheaper almost a half times, he noted. Also in fleets will have to install gas stations To refuel buses - they will cost approximately 1 million rubles each, Yuri Dashkov told.

In many European countries, for example, in the Netherlands and France, urban electric transport and Russia have already been actively using this experience in armament, the expert of the National Expert Council for Training and Testing Drivers Alexander Lykin believes. However, the full transition to the electric transport is inexpedient because of the high price of electricity, he said.

The gas is considered the most environmentally friendly fuel in the world, as it burns without the formation of smoke, the director of operations FM Logistic Alexander Pavlov said. When using it motor oil You can change twice as much as it added. Gas transport thanks to the cheapness of fuel popular in India, Colombia, Pakistan, said expert.

It has previously known that sales of electric vehicles in Russia increased by 72% in eight months compared with the period from January to August 2017. However, in Russia, Russia is still about 2.5 thousand electrocars.