A group of researchers from IBM, using information about moving 500 thousand mobile users, developed a model to improve routes public transport.

The model was successfully tested in the city of Abidjan (the population of 3.8 million people, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire). The illustration shows the existing routes of buses (Malinov) and the improvements offered by the algorithm (blue). He proposed 65 possible improvements, including three new routes, with a total time savings of 10% in passenger-minutes for all passengers, given the trip time and waiting time.

The new algorithm is useful not only for optimization, but also for laying new routes in the just built microdistricts. Here he clearly shows what ways, what time and in which human mass is moving in. You can make optimal routes and transport schedules. The very fact of the appearance of a new tool, which can use urban authorities to optimize the metropolis infrastructure.



85 Sotra public transport routes in Abidjan

Each cell phone owner acts as an individual sensor on the network. Information from the sensors is collected by the cellular operator and analyzed. In this case, information about calls to ABIDZHAN cellular networks from December 2011 to April 2012 provided an Orange operator. The base includes 2.5 billion records and to date is the largest base of this kind available for scientific research. Naturally, the base is cleared of any personal information: all the statistics of anonymous.

Density of users, at the place of residence (left) and place of work (right)

In Abidjan, the transport link consists of 539 buses in the Sotra network, 5000 minibuses and 11,000 public taxis. The authors of scientific work used information about calls and SMS from 500 thousand. mobile phones. During each call, the operator saves information on the base station, which serves the subscriber, which allows to determine its coordinates with sufficient accuracy. Moving the phone is registered if it starts to serve another cell.

Time comparison before and after optimizing Sotra routes, in hundreds of thousands of passenger-minutes for the entire passenger traffic

In general, such a "surveillance" in real time can be very useful. For example, even created. If this IBM algorithm apply not to historical data, but on information in real time, then theoretically, you can even quickly edit the schedule of public transport, instantly responding to an increase in human traffic on certain routes.

The algorithm for data processing called ALLABOARD was specialists from the Dublin Laboratory IBM Research participating in the Data for Development program. The final report "ALLABOARD: A System for Exploring Urban Mobility and Optimizing Public Transport Using CellPhone Data" is presented at the NetMob 2013 conference, which is devoted to the processing of databases from cellular networks.

Average waiting time of transport at stops (at the top) and the density of passenger traffic on different routes (below)

Our company performs the design and optimization of the public transport route, including the development complex schemes for the organization of transport service to public transport (QCOT), What allows you to improve the quality of passenger service (passenger traffic):

• Proposals for the passage of new routes, to meet demand passenger traffic;
• Optimization of tariff policy and much more

Passenger traffic

City passenger transport plays a significant role in the economy of any country, region or city, since it is the route transport that is the main way of moving passengers, where there is a high demand for passenger traffic.

Passenger traffic - an ordered transport network movement of passengers, quantitatively expressed in the amount of passengers transported on any kind of public (ground, underground, air, etc.) or individual transport per unit of time (hour, day, month or year).

In connection with the increase in the level of motorization and an increase in population mobility against the background of the insufficient pace of development of the street-road network of cities, it is very acute the problem of optimizing passenger traffic aimed at reducing the temporary or cash costs for traveling, for example, from a house to work, to the university, In the store, etc. In other words, it is necessary to maximally satisfy the demand of passenger traffic for any types of movement.

Optimization of work (routes, schedule) of public transport

In large megalopolis, public transport should serve as a "worthy" alternative individual transport - to reduce the level of loading urban roads, enhanced ecology in the city, etc. It is for these purposes that programs are being developed to optimize the work of urban public transport.

The main task of optimizing public transport is to increase its attractiveness for citizens. This result is mainly achieved different ways, for example, a decrease in time in the path of passengers, a decrease in the number of transfers, an increase in pedestrian accessibility to stopping points, compliance with the schedule, timely informing passengers on the arrival of transport, allocation of public transport bands and much more.

Our company offers the following list of solutions to optimize public transport, aimed at improving the quality of passenger service (passenger traffic):

1. Conduct passenger traffic surveys on public transport routes;

2. Analysis of the existing city passenger transport:

• Functional characteristics of existing route network
• Evaluation of the duplication of routes
• Characteristics of the quality of the population by the population by routes of passenger transport, etc.

3. Creating a tool to maintain decision-making in the field of transport complex management based on the model of public transport movement routes ("Management" by passenger traffic)

4. Development of proposals for optimizing the work of public transport (both on the current position and for the promising year):

• Proposals for the improvement of transport and pedestrian service of the territory - Improving accessibility (transport and transplant node, city district, region, etc.)
• Proposals for the passage of new routes to meet the demand of passenger traffic;
• Proposals for the arrangement of additional stopping points, or their exceptions;
• Proposals for changing the schedule of public transport movement for every day of the week (calendar use);
• The rationale for the expediency of the arrangement of the highlighted bands for public transport;
• Calculation of revolutions of public transport routes;
• Optimization of tariff policy and much more.

Governor of Stavropol Kravyaserenkov Valery Georgievichichuadressress: 355032, Stavropol, Lenin Square, 1 Dear Valery Georgievich! With satisfaction, noting your energetic steps to restore order in many branches of our region and understanding your workload, we nevertheless considered it necessary to address you about improving public transport in Stavropol. It is no secret that things in this area are not quite right. Subject to all branches of urban economy, the destructive influence of democratic reforms, the public transport of the city has not yet recovered in its pre-reform, not to mention the development in accordance with the needs of today. The poor work of public transport leads to the fact that the passengers have no alternative left, except for using personal vehicles. And this leads to a logical increase in the number of traffic jams, a shortage of parking spaces and as a whole difficult situation on the streets of our city and serious consequences for ecology. We see the reason for this provision in the wrong approach to the definition of the goals and objectives of public transport when the task of extracting profits is put at the head of the corner. In our understanding, public transport is intended to meet the needs of citizens in high-quality, comfortable and safe transportation within the city. The experience of Europe, and many cities of our Motherland have already been proven that only the established work of public transport can be an effective way to combat traffic jams. At the same time, not small transport (Gazelles and Pazikov), the clogging streets of the city, working spontaneously and emergency, and the transport of great capacity - buses, trolley buses, trams next maximum on schedule and having priority to other transport. We ask you to take a situation with transport in the city personally under your control and introduce the following proposals for improving the transport situation in the city: - Restore previously closed trolleybus routes. At the moment, the city is required trolleybus route №6, the next through the C / T salute and working in two shifts. - Regularly the traffic police officers to clean stop pockets from illegally parked cars. The situation is absurd when the bus or trolleybus cannot even drive up to the stopping point, and is forced to plant / disembarking not on the 2nd, but even on the 3rd strip, exposing the danger people. It stops pl. 200th anniversary, ul. Pushkin, lower market. - Restore the highlighted prospide band. Charles Marx for public transport. It is necessary to look for other reserves to create additional parking spaces, without restricting the movement of public transport. Especially when parking is uncontrolled and with numerous violations. - Start a reduction in the number of commercial carriers on a duplicate bus and trolley bus routes. First of all, to reduce the number of minibuses in the peak hours. But in early (until 7:00) and later (after 22:00) time, on the contrary, increase. - Create in the city infrastructure for the velio of transport and increase the number of pedestrian zones in the city center. - In the future, allow the entrance to the historical center of the city only by public transport of great capacity and motor vehicles. Public security committee and a number of other public organizations are ready to assist in the work to optimize the functioning of public transport. With respect, Chairman of the Committee of Public Security Fedoseev Dmitry Valerievich Committee of Public Safety Department of the Stavropol Territory.355035, Stavropol, A / I 3573, tel. 486 956 www.kob26.ru. [Email Protected]

Transcript.

1 novaInfo.ru - 48, 2016 Technical sciences 1 Optimization of the city route network Borisov Vladimir Viktorovich Velikanova Marina Vladimirovna Route Network The set of bus that make up the route network of the city. Under the route system is understood by the aggregate of all and certain types of urban passenger transport serving urban passenger transport within the specified transport network. At the same time, under the territorial linetooth of the route system, it is determined by the placement on the city or one or one or different species urban passenger transport, their end stations, stopping points and other linear structures; And under the thread in time, the coordination of modes of operation in time and traffic schedules vehicleserving different routes. The route system seems to be the following model (Fig. 1): topological scheme (cards for zones or districts); List (registry); Matrix passenger traffic.

2 novaInfo.ru - 48, 2016 Technical sciences 2 Fig. 1. Model of optimization of the city route system. The route system of urban passenger transport must meet the following basic requirements: 1. Comply with the passenger traffic in the directions and ensure such a forced distribution of it over the network, in which the rectilinence of passenger travels, the minimum time and complete compliance of the intensity of the throughput movement of all participants in the transport network would be the best way; 2. The possibility of adjustment as soon as possible and the work associated with it would have a minimal interfering effect on the life activity of the city;

3 Novainfo.Ru - 48, 2016 Technical sciences to ensure the implementation of the maximum calculated technical and operational velocities of the rolling stock, the possibility of its increase due to the reorganization of movement, flexible regulation using means of modern computing equipment and conducting other measures to improve the system of the organization's organization. The main condition for ensuring maximum speed is the design of the route system, which would ensure the maximum exclusion of participants in limiting the speed of movement and their effect on the speed of the message; Ensure the smallest transplantation of messages, the smallest indirectinity coefficient of trips, the minimum interval between vehicles, maximum speed messages; The possibility of using automated movement management tools, the minimum staff of employees, ensuring minimal zero runs, the maximum use of rolling stock in terms of capacity in the limits that ensure the comfort of passenger transport service. The algorithm for developing an urban transport plan assumes (Fig. 1) Separation of the urban area into zones, conducting a comprehensive examination of each zone: Determination of indicators of the route network of density coefficients and co-combination (duplication), duplication coefficient; security safe work; determination of the total volumes of transport demand for each zone and determining the pedestrian accessibility of the population to stopping clauses; Saturation of streets by public transport; Construction of route circuits, modeling of transport flows, etc. Table 1- Procedure for modeling a city route network of the event that the parameters of P / P 1 Drawing up the registry of the route network 2 Drawing up a topological scheme passing through the streets of the city 1 Register of urban route, Mark and 2 Suburban Registry 3 Register Intercity 1 Applies to the city map in terms of numbers Urban, suburban, long-distance the number of buses, the year of opening the route, the length of the route, the name of the room on the streets of the city

4 novaInfo.ru - 48, 2016 Technical sciences 4 3 Drawing up a topological scheme of the streets of streets, which pass routes 4 Calculation of indicators of the route network 5 Drawing up traffic flows. Loading UDS 6 Drawing up registry 7 Pedestrian availability of passengers to stopping points 1 Street lengths for which routes in the 1st zone 2 Streets of streets under which routes are held in the 2nd zone 3 Street lengths for which routes in the 3rd Zone 4 The length of the streets in which the routes in the 4th zone are held 1. Street lengths in each zone. 2. Length of the streets of the streets in each zone 1 The density coefficient to n \u003d 1.5-2.5 km / sq. M. 2 The coefficient of the route alum (duplication) to m \u003d 1.2 1.4 km / km, and with a sufficiently thick Networking Quality Evaluation Number of accidents on the UDS site 1 Research of transport flow of all vehicles 2 Investigation of the transport flow of passenger and cargo transport 3 Study of the transport flow of buses 1 Matching the length of the incoming stream of buses 2 Compliance between the distillations by regulatory requirements 3 Drawing up a map 1 Defining the number of residents living in homes 2 Determination of the pedestrian availability of passengers to stopping points 3 Definition of transport discrimination 4 Defining a population indicator in the pedestrian availability zones The entire flow is separated by cars on passenger and cargo separation of buses on large capacity and highly low length of length, the magnitude of the incoming buses of the distance between stopping points (distillation). Application on the map with the lengths of the city in quarters and microdistrics with households and the number of residents of residents Maps of the city in zones with application at stopping points of the pedestrian accessibility of 500 m compilation of tables to determine the pedestrian availability of residents to stopping points. Drawing up tables to determine the population indicator over zones and microdistrics.

5 Novainfo.ru - 48, 2016 Technical sciences 5 8 Drawing up passenger traffic for each route 9 Drawing up passenger traffic on each stoppoint of 10 Number of buses on the route 11 Number of flights on routes 12 Drawing up 13 Determination of the number and capacity of buses for passenger traffic for combined and individuals 1 Survey of passenger traffic The size of passenger traffic for each route by time of day and on stopping points. 1 Drawing up the magnitude of the passenger sharing on the passenger sharing of the stopping hour of the day at the stop. Points of Passenger Count Results 2 Determination of the number of passenger amounts for each passenger passenger bus on the day and route route. 1 Number of buses on city routes 2 Number of buses on suburban routes 3 Number of buses on intercity routes 1 Conducting a timing of technical velocity 1 Compilation that coincide on the initial and final stopping clauses 2 Defining sections of a power network with duplicate routes. 3 Overlay to determine necessary to eliminate ineffective 1 determination of passenger traffic on routes. 2 Definition of category and number of buses for capacity. Calculation of the traffic interval. 3 Development of a bus schedule Calculation of the number of buses on the routes. Determining the number of flights. Determination of parallel and duplicate. Determining the number of parallel. Redistribution from other sections of the route network Search and definition of optimal. Passenger traffic was conducted. Calculation of the number of buses for each route References 1. Gudkov V.A., Mirotin B.L. Technology, organization and management of passenger car transportation: Textbook for universities / ed. LB Mirotina. - M.: Transport, p. 2. Chernova G.A., Moiseev Yu.I., Vlasova M.V. Analysis of the organization of the route network of public transport in the city of Volzhsky and the path of its improvement. // Motor transportation enterprise with Chernova G.A., Vlasova M.V. Features of the formation of the route network of public transport in Volzhsky. I International H-PR. Conference "Technical Sciences

6 Novainfo.Ru - 48, 2016 Technical sciences 6 The basis of the modern innovation system. " Sat Materials. Part of April 2012 Scientific Publishing Center "Colloquium". Yoshkar-Ola. - with the Federal Security Law road 196 F3 from the city as amended. of April 26, 2013

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1

This article discusses the optimization of the administrative model of the management of urban passenger transport on the route network of the city, as well as the task of optimizing the intervals of traffic of transport, taking into account the costs of passengers time. It is consisted that most passenger traffic can be transported by vehicles of competing routes. With an increase in the vehicle's movement interval, the costs of passengers increase on this route, but the damage from transport of the urban environment is reduced and, on the contrary, with a decrease in the interval of movement, passenger time is reduced, but the damage to the urban environment is increasing. The proposed model without unnecessary restrictions and coefficients with the help of economic estimation of the population time allows you to calculate the optimal number of flights with any passenger traffic. The criteria will solve the tasks of the large dimension corresponding to the size of any city.

vehicle

passenger traffic

traffic intensity

optimization

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In many cities, public transport consists of only one species. As a rule, it is the cities of small sizes. The number of transport operators is insignificant, transportation is unprofitable, so public transport is managed by the administration of the municipality, whose task is to ensure the balance between the losses of the passengers time and the damage from the work of transport in the urban environment.

Optimization of public transport intensity on one route

For drawing up the model, the following source data is needed: passenger traffic, i.e. The intensity of the receipt of passengers, which is able to transport this route, as well as the total intensity of traffic of other routes competing for these passenger traffic. It is also necessary to have information about the cost of one flight and the cost of passenger-hour, based on which the "City" system is set to find the optimal vehicle movement interval of this route, which ensures maximum transport efficiency on the route to the specified period of time.

For the convenience of calculations, we regrure passenger traffic on competing routes, i.e. We define the total passenger traffic, transported by coalitions of competing routes:

R is the number of passenger traffic transported by vehicles of this route together with coalitions of other routes;

λi is the intensity of the i-th flow of passengers transported including the vehicles of this route;

λ is the intensity of the flow of passengers transported by vehicles only this route;

μi is the total intensity of Poisson flows of competing vehicles for the I-th flow of passengers;

μ is the intensity of the Poisson flow of vehicles in this route;

Δ - Damage to the urban environment from one flight on this route.

Based on the fact that Poisson vehicle streams that do not depend on each other and from passenger fluxes, the share of passenger traffic transmitted by each route is proportional to its intensity of movement, i.e. The share of the i-th flow of passengers transported by vehicles of this route is equal to

The average number of passengers transported per unit of time by vehicles of this route is calculated by the formula

The total losses of passengers associated with the expectation of vehicles make up

and the damage to the urban environment from the work of transport -

The purpose of the municipality is to find the optimal interval of vehicle movement on this route, providing minimal total passenger time loss (1) and transport damage (2):

(3)

As an increase in the intensity of movement, the target function increases indefinitely:

Therefore, it is possible to limit the intensity of the Motion of the GPT on the route M from above quite a large constant.

The second derivative of the target function (3) is greater than zero:

Therefore, according to the necessary and sufficient extremum condition at μ\u003e 0, the target function has a global minimum, subject to the equality of zero of the first derivative (hereinafter: as an asterisk denotes the optimal parameter value):

(4)

In this section, the task of optimizing the transport movement interval over one route taking into account the cost of transport and the socio-economic effect associated with passenger downtime. However, work is mainly theoretical interest, since in practice it is necessary to optimize the intervals of the movement of urban passenger transport in several interacting routes at the same time.

Numerical example

Pay attention to an important feature of the model on a small example, consider the route, which is 1000 people. per hour, damage from 1 urban area - 500 rubles, the average cost of passenger-hour - 50 rubles. Then we will calculate the optimal number of flights:

This formula follows from (4) in the absence of competitors. The average waiting time will be 6 minutes, and the total time lost by passengers, 100 hours (1).

Passenger traffic on routes is different, besides on the same route at the rush hour passenger traffic can be more than more than in an early morning or later evening. Suppose passenger traffic will fall 4 times up to 250 passengers. Then, obviously, from the point of view of the transport operator, it is necessary to proportionally reduce the number of flights (in order to maintain profitability). Then 2.5 flights will be completed in an hour, the average waiting time will be 24 minutes, the total passenger losses - 100 hours. Such a solution is unfair to passengers.

The model proposed in this article leads to the fact that the number of flights should be

In this case, the average waiting time will increase only to 12 minutes, and the passenger traffic losses will be 50 h, while the number of passengers transported for 1 flight will fall from 100 to 50. This approach justifies the fact that in small passenger traffic, flights of urban passenger Transport, despite the low filling coefficient of rolling stock.

In practice, in order to achieve this effect, a restriction is introduced to the maximum movement interval of the city passenger transport and the maximum filling coefficient of rolling stock in the peak hours and the interposal time. This leads to about the same results as the model offered in this work. However, the model without unnecessary restrictions and coefficients through the economic assessment of the population time allows you to calculate the optimal number of flights at any passenger traffic.

Optimization of intervals of motion of one type of public transport

Build mathematical model optimization of passenger transport in the urban environment. In the constructed task, there are two criteria: loss of passenger time and damage from transport activities. To resolve contradictions between these characteristics, it is necessary to come to the overall dimension of the time estimation of passengers and damage to transport. In this model, the cost estimate is used for these characteristics, so the general criterion for the efficiency of the city transport is the total value assessment of the social significance of transportation and damage to the urban environment from the exploitation of passenger transport.

In order to meet the needs of each passenger in transportation, there must be routes capable of transporting the passenger between its initial and end stops, i.e. if a

Ij\u003e 0 then

The obvious restriction is that the intensity of the flow of vehicles moving along each route is not negative:

Summary damage to the urban environment from the work of the city passenger transport will be

Then the average costs of passengers waiting for transport at the I-M stopping point to move to the j-th, per time calculated as follows:

(7)

The target function in this problem is the total cost of transport to move vehicles along the routes per unit of time (6) and loss of passenger time waiting (7):

(8)

Approval 1. The target function (8) is convexing down on the intensities of traffic in the entire field of existence (5).

Left part (8) is a simplified form of the average waiting time function.

domed to permanent γ, and convex down. The right side of the linear and when adding does not affect the bulge. ◄.

Approval 2. In the problem (5, 8) exists, and moreover, the only one, the final decision.

Target function strictly convex, and for each route L

In other words, transportation costs are indefinitely increasing with increasing traffic intensity. If you fix some solution, then it is in the area

therefore, the following limitation should be performed:

The set given by this limitation is convex and limited, therefore, based on these provisions, the solution exists (approval 1), it is of course (9) and the only one (approval 1). ◄.

Approval 3. If (5, 8), the damage from the work of the city's medium and the loss of passengers coincide at this point.

By such a prerequisite Extremum derivatives from the target function for each direction are zero:

(10)

Expressing α k from (10), we will substitute this expression in (8) and we obtain the necessary result:

◄

Approval 4. If the cost of the passenger-hour in problem (8) will increase in a year, the intensity of traffic movement on the routes should increase at times.

Let Γ1 \u003d Cγ - new value passenger-hour, a - optimal traffic intensity on l-M route at the cost of passenger-hour γ1. Then at the point of optimum, equality is performed

(11)

in (11) we get (10), i.e. The traffic intensity increases. In a similar proportion, the waiting time for transport by passengers is reduced. ◄.

Approval 5. If the damage from the work of the city's medium in problem (8) will increase in a year, the intensity of traffic should be reduced at times.

Let - the new cost of one flight on the L-M route, and is the optimal intensity of transport traffic on the L-M route in this case. Then at the point of optimum, equality is performed

(12)

Obviously, in this case, when substituting the expression

in (12) we get (10), i.e. The traffic intensity is reduced. In a similar proportion, passenger waiting time increases. ◄.

Approval 6. If the intensity of passenger traffic in problem (8) will increase in a century, the intensity of traffic flow should increase at times.

Let - the new intensities of passenger traffic, and the optimal traffic intensity on the L-M route in this case. Then at the point of optimum, equality is performed

(13)

Obviously, in this case, when substituting

in (13) we get (10), i.e. The traffic intensity is reduced. In a similar proportion, passenger waiting time increases. ◄.

To search for solutions of this task, a variety of algorithms have been developed: a method of coordinate descent, Newton method, etc. The criterion convexity and its differentiability on the entire permissible region will solve the tasks of a large dimension corresponding to the size of any city.

Reviewers:

Agakhanov E.K., D.T., Professor, Head. Department " Car roads, foundations and foundations ", FGBOU VPO" Dagestan State Technical University ", Makhachkala;

Fataliev N.G., D.T., Professor of the Department " Automobile transport", FGBOU VPO" Dagestan State Agrarian University. MM Jambulatova, "Makhachkala.

The work went on the edit 10.10.2014.

Bibliographic reference

Balamirzoev A.G., Balamirzoeva E.R., Kurbanov K.O., Gadzhieva A.M. Optimization of one type of public transport in the urban environment // Fundamental studies. - 2014. - № 11-3. - P. 499-503;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d35549 (date of handling: 12/30/2019). We bring to your attention the magazines publishing in the publishing house "Academy of Natural Science"