Founder of Ford. Biography of Henry Ford: My life, my achievements
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 - April 7, 1947) - American Engineer, Industrialist, Inventor. One of the founders of the United States automotive industry, the founder of the Ford Motor Company (Ford Motor Company), the organizer of the conveyor production.
Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in the family of the Michigan Farmer, an emigrant from Ireland. The father was dissatisfied with them, considering the lazy and gently, - the son behaved like a prince, accidentally found out on the farm. Everything that he was ordered, Henry did with reluctance. He hated chickens and cows, could not tolerate milk. "Already in early youth, I thought that much could be done otherwise - in some other way." For example, he, Henry, should be climbing the steep staircase every morning, carrying buckets with water. Why do it do it every day, if you can take two meters of water pipes under the ground?
When the son turned twelve, his father gave him pocket watch. He did not lose - fetned with a screwdriver, and something wonderful to his eyes opened. The parts of the mechanism were interacted among themselves, one wheel moved another, each cog was important here. Disubbing and collecting the clock, the boy reflected for a long time. What is the world, how not one big mechanism? One movement is generated by another, everything has its own levers. To succeed, you just need to know which levers to press. Henry quickly learned to repair the clock and even worked for some time, circling the surrounding farms and taking into the repair of the chronometers. The second shock was a meeting with locomobile. Henry with his father returned to the cart from the city, when they met a huge, slept self-propelled machine. Heating the cart and scaring horses, the smoke and hissing monster was rushed by. At this moment, Henry would have given half every time to be there in the chauffery cabin.
In 15 years, Ford left classes at school and at night on foot, without saying anything to anyone, went to Detroit: he would never become a farmer, as his father wants.
At the factory, where he got a job, made wagons for the kink. Here he did not last long. Ford was enough to just touch the broken mechanism to understand what is a malfunction. Other workers began to enjoy the gifted novice. They did everything to survive an eye off the plant, and succeeded in this - Ford was fired. Later Henry settled on the shipbuilding plant of the Flower brothers. And at night he worked as a repairing hours to make it worth paying for the room.
And William Ford, meanwhile, decided to make the last attempt to return the sown to the farm: offered 40 acres of land with the condition that he never utters the word "car" in his life. Suddenly Henry answered consent. Father was satisfied, son too. Lightweight William did not suspect that her son simply fools him. For Henry, this case served as a lesson: you want to become a king - be ready to lie.
Soon Henry Ford conceived to marry. Clara Bryant was younger for three years. They met on rural dances. Ford was a brilliant dancer and struck the girl by showing her his pocket watch and stated that he made them himself. They tied up a lot - as well as Henry, Clara was born in the farmer's family, no work was bent. Parents of the girl - people pious and strict, of course, would not give her for a young man without a penny for the soul, without land and at home. Buing a cozy house, Henry settled in him with a young wife. Many years later, the automobile monarch will say: "My wife believed in my success even stronger than me. Such she was always. " Clara could listen to the argument of her husband about the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a self-moving crew. For a long family life, she always knew how to maintain an elegant balance - I was interested in the business of a husband, but never intervened in them.
As time went. And one day, Ford Sr. found a cozy house of newlyweds abandoned - Henry with Clara unexpectedly moved to Detroit, where Ford came to work in the Derdroit electrical company engineer.
In November 1893, Clara presented the Ford Son. The boy was called Edsel.
In the same year in the brick barn behind a two-quartered house, where he lived with his wife Clara, Ford finished the construction of his first experimental car. The inventor worked for two days without resting and sleeping and at two o'clock at night June 2 came to inform his wife that the car is ready and he is now going to experience it. Named "quadricycle" and a total of five hundred pounds, the car moved on four cycling tires.
And in the same 1893, Ford becomes the chief engineer of the Edison company, specializing in the coverage of Detroit, and then in 1899 - the chief engineer of the Detroit automotive company. But after a while there began to notice that Ford all his mental and physical powers spend on a gasoline trolley, and not at all to work in the office. Henry offered to take a leadership position with the condition that he would throw his invention. Ford hesitated. The arguments of the mind were as follows: the family must contain, no savings - everything went to the construction of the cart. Clara, seeing his oscillations, said that, as if Henry did, she would approve of his decision. Owning, Ford began to "sell herself". He was looking for wealthy companions, because Henry himself didn't have any money, as such, and in his new enterprise he assigned the role of a supplier of ideas. But nobody wanted to buy ideas. In the end, after Henry rolled one businessman-Detroit on his trolley with a mad speed, he agreed to work with the inventor. "Detroit Automobile Company" existed for a short time. "There were no demand for cars, as it does not happen on any new product. I left my post, having decided never to borrow a dependent position, "Ford recalled. And again began "trade in ideas", the search for companions. The refusals were poured on him as an abundance from the horns, it almost took him from one office. Finally, in 1903, Ford Motor Company was registered. Henry became the main manager. Being self-taught mechanic, Ford willingly hired the same nuggets to the plant: "The specialists are so smart and experienced that they know why it is impossible to do that and then, they see the limits and obstacles everywhere. If I wanted to destroy competitors, I would give them the hordes of specialists. "
The car king never learned to read the drawings in his entire lives: the engineers simply did a wooden layout for the boss and gave him to court.
In 1905, Ford's financial partners did not agree with his intention to produce cheap cars, because The demand was used by expensive models, the holder of the main package of shares, Alexander Malolmson sold his share of Ford, after which Henry Ford became the owner of the controlling stake and the president of the company (was the company's president in 1905 - 1919 and in 1943 - 1945).
The real triumph of Ford was the introduction of the model "T", which meant the change of all guidelines in the concept of the automotive industry. He created it as a sculptor, cutting off everything too much, created a not a luxurious toy for the elected, but affordable goods for thousands of thousands of "middle Americans". Success exceeded all expectations. Over the years of production, the model "T" was sold over 15 million pieces of cars, easily conquered the consumer market.
Mass production required the standardization and unification of all technological processes. "Terror Machine" - so Ford characterized the control system implemented by it. A clear system of control and planning, conveyor production, continuous technological chains - all this contributed to the fact that the Ford Empire worked in the automaton mode.
Ford first installed at its enterprises the minimum wage and 8-hour working day. However, going to improve the social status of workers, Ford preferred to do this solely on his own initiative. For this later, he stubbornly ignored the pressure of trade unions, which in the end led to a protracted conflict with them in 1937-1941. At its factories, a sociological service with a state of 60 people was created, which at the time was a large innovation.
Ford was literally preserved on a diet and a healthy lifestyle, fond of the history of American culture, was not alien philanthropy. However, its social activity is active anti-European entry, the cruise of the world during the First World War, an attempt to become a senator - was predominantly scandalous.
Having believed in our own genius, Ford began to lose flexibility and a little innovator. In the 1930s, there were serious changes in consumer demand, and Ford, devoted to their former concept, did not take them. As a result, leading positions in the automotive industry had to give up another large company - "General Motors".
In September 1945, Ford handed over the leadership of the company (before that, formally belonged to his only son Edcel) to his grandson and aunt Henry Ford 2 and departed from affairs. 2 years later - April 7, 1947 - at the age of 83, Ford died.
1) Henry Ford can be considered the first motorist in our world, it was he who performed the first trips on his "gasoline truck" in 1895. It is worth noting that at that time in America there were already self-propelled strollers movable by steam engines, and in Europe were gasoline analogs Ford Trolleys, but Henry Ford was the first person who used this "Praprababushka" of the car for everyday trips.
2) moreover, Henry Ford is the first resident of our planet who received real driver's license. "... I have repeatedly arose problems with the police. Why, now I find it difficult to say, as far as I know, there were no laws regarding speed limitations. In any case, I was forced to ask for a special permission from the mayor. For some time I was the only person in America, having a driver's license, "Henry Ford," My life, my achievements. "
3) Henry Ford The first person who applied to the conveyor assembly at its plants, which allowed 5-10 (!) Times to speed up the car production process. Also, this great mechanic was first thought to raise the workspace at the level of the human waist, as well as using suspended transport systems (in the form of chains and hooks over the conveyor) to move heavy parts.
4) Now the "Ford Motor Kampani" today is the second company, at the basis of which Henry Ford participated. The first firm, which was engaged in the production of cars for the developments of Ford was the "Detroit Automobile Company", which Henry Ford left due to disagreements with co-accountants. And by the way, now this campaign is called "Cadillac".
5) maybe you did not know but soviet cars Gas at the dawn of his era - a copy of Ford's developments. Henry Ford has concluded a contract with the leadership of the USSR, in accordance with which: a) in the USSR, a car plant was built using the achievements of Henry Ford, in the further designed to produce cars in its drawings, and the Soviet workers were sent to Detroit plants in the United States to pass internships; b) the USSR signed a multi-million dollar contract for the supply of cars and tractors of the Ford brand.
This fact OT. ordinary people hid, like many others at the time.
6) By the way, do not confuse: the proper English-speaking Writing named-Henry Ford. Not Genry Ford.
7) Henry Ford paid its employees to the "overestimated" salary. More than paid in other places. But if Ford recognized that his money spends his money on drinking or pulls them away from the family, the moment was deprived of work.
8) Henry Ford did a special rate for the reliability of its cars, as well as the availability of spare parts and repair, if the need arose. And at this time, competing companies proceeded from the fact that the car is a toy for the rich, and to contempt from them Schitrioga for spare parts and repair - the Holy Case.
What is the success of Henry Ford
"If you are pricking firewood yourself, they will warm you twice" - Henry Ford
The founder of the plant - still young Henry Ford raised his brainchild not only hard work and unlimited faith in success, but also truly innovative decisions in the field of production and enterprise management. Henry's wife played an important role, which, as Ford himself later recalled, "believed in my success even more than me." Henry Ford, with the exception of his childhood and adolescence, worked all his life in technical region: First, the mechanic, then in the position of the engineer, until the basis of its production. In addition to the effective innovations that Ford accepted on its production, he also engaged in inventive activities, in the account of Henry Ford 161 patent. During his life, Ford wrote several books, almost immediately translated into other languages, including Russian. All his books concerned the production and management of the enterprise, there were also biographical books. By the way, Henry Ford's books were not simply published in the USSR, they were positioned as a tutorial when mastering technical specialties, his books were recommended to read by Soviet engineers. (Which is quite unusual for the policy of those years).
Biography of Henry Ford.
Henry Ford - Ethnic Irendan, his parents were Irish immigrants. Ford's family lived on his farm near Detroit, and earned themselves with agriculture. Henry, being still quite a boy, helped his father on the housework, helping this to feed his family. And the family was not small, Ford had several brothers and sisters. By the way, there is an erroneous opinion that Ford's family was poor and barely reduced the ends with the ends. That's what Henry himself spoke on this topic: "My family was never poor, as was not too rich. We always have enough money for life, and among local farmers we could be considered a rather wealthy family. " But still Ford was engaged in a family case only because there was no need for this that he did not experience thrust to agriculture. Since childhood, the future car magnate felt an insurmountable force of attraction to the technique, but his father did not approve the tendency of his son. From the memories of Henry Ford: "Another 12 years, when I had to carry a bucket of a bucket every day, overcoming a cool staircase with a 20 kilogram cargo, I thought that everything could be easier - only adding 2 meters of water pipes" . The desire to "make it easy" and "make otherwise" with age ever visited it. One day, my father gave his son a new pocket watch. Without standing before the temptation, Henry disassembled them, and the abundance of gear gears, levers and shafts once again They proved the owner of his destination, hitting the young engineer with its complexity and at the same time expediency. "Looking at the mechanism, I thought that the whole world was also a complex design, and the impact on the levers and elements of the mechanism causes its work correctly or not, depending on the nature of the impact. And only you need to influence the right levers - then success is inevitable. " Henry so interested the clockwork that he figured out quite well in the design of the clock, making the clock repair one of his ways to make money in young years.
Once Henry was driving with his father to the city of Detroit on affairs, and their cart overturned the smoking self-propelled wagon. She struck and interested him even more than a watch than everything that he saw before. This is probably an event and has become prerelevant in the fate of Henry Ford. After that, at the age of 16, Henry left the house, towards Detroit to destroy.
Henry Ford-first motorist, first owner of a personal car with a motor internal combustion And the first person who received driver's license.
Henry Ford Success Story
Success came far from immediately. Henry Ford worked, collecting engines for steam locomotives, then entered the service to. Surprisingly, that era gathered three at her wing at once, without exaggeration, geniuses. Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and the famous scientist will prove to contemporaries. Moreover, they lived and worked in the same country - the United States. But this is not all Henry Ford and Nikola Tesla worked for some time on Thomas Edison! Amazing confluence of events! But continue. Henry Ford worked at the Corporation "Illuminating Edison Company" ("Eng. Edison Illuminating Company"), occupying there is a mechanical engineer, and then the chief engineer. This company, by the way, almost from scratch provided electric light All Detroit. In that period of life, in his spare time, Ford was engaged in the invention of his first car right in his garage.
Inventor on his first car collected in the garage at home
It is rumored that Ford has been so fascinated by the design that made the car is too big for the garage gate, and he had to break them. In spite of everything, the "wagon" turned out to be fame. She could gain speed up to 20 miles per hour (about 32 kilometers per hour), overcome 60 miles (96 km) without refueling and was pretty easy, which made it possible to make fuel consumption of only 12 liters per 100 kilometers. Despite the age-old prescription, these indicators are not very different from modern! It was a success in pure form! True, success was necessary to wrap in a beautiful "label" from the management and solid financial investments, which to open own company It was necessary very much. In the light of these events, worked out by Edison for more than 10 years, Ford became one of the co-founders of the Detroit Automobile Company. Ford's financier acquired in the person of one influential businessman, a wallet and the location of which he won, trading on his self-propelled stroller. It would seem here, this milestone, starting with which the name Ford became world famous. But no, soon Henry left the company due to disagreements with the rest of the founders. The fact is that Ford offered to produce cheaper cars for the middle class, against the background of the general trend of the popularity of cars from the rich, who perceived transport as an expensive toy and luxury. But not the trouble, in less than a year later he founded his own company, which for 100 years already for the Consumers with high-quality cars, "Ford Motors Company". It was then that Ford and began to release more affordable, but high-quality cars, literally configured to the car market with the Ford brand and popular growing in geometric progression.
Innovative solutions Henry Ford
It was Henry Ford that first tried all the delights of the conveyor assembly, applying it at his enterprise. Conveyor mode of operation existed before that, but in the technical industry first applied it for the Ford. In connection with the availability of Ford cars, the brand was gaining popularity with an unprecedented speed, and therefore the conveyor assembly was required, which allowed to increase the speed of creating a new car several times. Some numbers: the Ford T car cost $ 800 against $ 1,200 - competitors' prices, and $ 1,200 is the minimum cost, at some price reached $ 2500. At that time, the average salary of the worker was $ 100, and the difference in price of several hundred dollars was very sensible. Thanks for the price and quality, Ford T took a solid niche of the market at 50 (!) Percent!
Popular Ford T, who conquered 50% of the car market
After the successful implementation of the conveyor assembly (separation of operations between workers), Henry created another "chip" - raised the conveyor to the level of the belt, which was very facilitated by the work. Also at the Ford Motors Company enterprise, for the first time, a variety of lifts and hooks on chains above the line of the conveyor, to facilitate the movements of heavy engines and chassis elements are applied. For the first time in the world, Henry Ford has established a minimum wage at its enterprise - $ 5 a day, which at that time was rather not bad. The only condition was the correct allocation of money to the employee, he bought the necessary things and contained a family. As soon as Ford recognizes that the worker cuts his salary - he dismissed the drunkard. Henry also reduced the working week to 40 hours, and launched his plant to work in 3 shifts for 8 hours each, instead of the usual two shift at 9 o'clock. Henry Ford supported business relations with many countries, and it is no secret that the plant gas in the USSR was built under a contract for the purchase of cars from Ford Motors Company in the amount of $ 4 million (an article pro). Instead, the USSR could send to the plant in Detroit workers for internships, as well as use the methods of organizing plants Henry Ford.
Henry Ford - Social Life
Henry Ford was an adherent of a healthy lifestyle and proper nutrition. Posted several books translated into many languages \u200b\u200bof the world, including Russian.
Henry Ford books:
"My life, my achievements" (My Life and Work), 1922
Good book, especially interesting to the entrepreneur
"Today and tomorrow" (Today and Tomorrow), 1926
"Moving Forward" (Moving Forward), 1931
Great innovator, a talented mechanic, a man with an incontestible will, a successful businessman, an excellent manager ... The first motorist and the first person with Henry Ford.
PS Do not make mistakes, correctly write Henry Ford. Not Genry Ford.
Most Americans believe that Henry Ford has invented a car. All are confident that Henry Ford invented the conveyor, although for 6 years to Ford, a moving trolley, and tape transporters have already used on grain elevators, and meat processing plants in Chicago. The merit of Ford is that he created a stream production. He came up with a car business. When enterprises have become economically organized, demand appeared in the manager. XX century became a century of control. But to come to this, the creators should appear at the beginning of the century. So the creator was Henry Ford. And for this he is recognized by Fortune magazine with the best businessman of the XX century.
Henry Ford built the largest industrial production of the beginning of the 20th century and earned $ 1 billion on it ($ 36 billion in today's dollars), his principles had a huge impact on the US public life. He sold 15 and a half million Ford-T cars, the conveyor became the usual and necessary. Ford began to pay the workers twice as much and created by this class of "blue collar". His workers copied money to buy "their" car - "Ford-T". Ford did not create demand for cars, he created the conditions for demand. American management was born in the fight with the principles of Ford. The founders of the management theory formulated their principles in absentee dispute with Ford, and one of the first American practitioners - Alfred Sloan from General Motors - broke Henry Ford and in full-time fighting.
The incredible success of Ford-Entrepreneurs ended in 1927 by the collapse of Ford Manager. By this time, Ford could no longer change. He really believed in his success and his right thing that did not notice the change of time when the process of organizing a successful production was transferred to the control stage. Ford somehow said: "The gymnastics is full of nonsense. It is not needed healthy, but patients are contraindicated." The same was his attitude to the management. Only the product is important. If he is good - he will bring profit, if the bad, then no financial injections, no rationaic leadership will do it successful. The art of the management of Ford despised. In the office he spent less than in the workshop. Financial papers annoyed it. He hated bankers and recognized only cash. He called the financiers, thieves, pests and even robbers, shareholders - TUneev.
"How many people are confident that the most important device of the factory, sales, financial resources, business leadership, was surprised by Ford. - The most important thing is the most product, and all forcing products before the product is improved, means spending forces." The mass production of Ford launched when he achieved a universal, that is, the perfect, from his point of view, the product. Further, the established production cycle creates a car, managers take into account only the overall developing, Ford itself monitors that the departments work is consistently, and the profit flows by itself. In his company, Ford solely accepted all important decisions. The market strategy was to use the "penetration prices". Annual increase in production, permanent reduction in costs, a regular decline in car prices created stable demand and profit growth. Profit returned to production. Shareholders Ford did not pay anything. Becoming a successful individualist entrepreneur, Ford considered commercial success with the best confirmation of his theory. He was not tired of repeating: "Only work is able to build values."
American dream in pure form
Henry Ford was born in a poor family, rich and famous. Americans can forget the name of their president, but they will always remember the name of their car. Henry Ford's life was subordinate to one idea. He suffered defeat, demolished ridicule, fought with intrigues. But he achieved everything that dreamed of. Henry Ford created universal car And became a billionaire. He lived all his life with his wife Clara, who believed in him and always supported. When he was asked, he would like to live life again, Ford replied: "Only if you can marry Clar". By his biography, you can shoot a Hollywood film.
He was born on July 30, 1863 in the family of an American farmer near Dirborn in Michigan. The family was not good, the father worked for whole days in the field. Somehow, twelve-year-old Henry with his parents went to Detroit and first saw the carriage with a motor - locomobile. The cart without a horse produced a strong impression on a cleaned boy. The boiler was treated with coal, the locomotive barely dragged along the rural road and stopped to skip the carts of Fords. While the father rule the father tried to drive, Henry spoke with the driver. He was terribly proud of his unit, so he began to show how the chain was removed from the moving wheel and how the drive belt was put on.
From this day, Henry tried to construct a moving mechanism for all day. His tools were tools, his pockets were naked with nuts, and after parents gave Henry watches, he disassembled them and collected again. When you scold your children for decided to see what inside the tape recorder, remember about Henry Ford. At the age of 15, Henry revenge the broken clock to the neighbors and from all the rubble collected the simplest mechanisms. He did not finish school. "From the books you can not learn anything practical - the machine for the technique is the same as books for the writer, and this technician would have to, actually know how everything is manufactured. From here it will turn the idea, and since he has his head on his shoulders, he will try to apply them ", he will later write Henry Ford.
Henry Ford's father wanted the Son to work with him on the farm - continued the case. But the future founder of the automotive empire broke away from the roots and entered the student into a mechanical workshop. At night, he worked at the jeweler - repairing the clock. Holidays at work he did not know, gaining at times 300 hours for repair. Soon, however, the clock stopped interested in Ford. He decided that the clock was not the subject of necessity, and that not all people would strive to buy them. He was drawn to self-deviating crews. At the age of 16, he learned to manage Lokomobile and settled in the company "Westinguz" as an expert on assembling and repairing locomotics. These cars drove at a speed of 12 miles per hour and were used as a force. The weight of the locomotive was in a few tons, they were so expensive that only a rich farmer could acquire them. Ford decided to build a light steam trolley that could replace the horse in the stuff. It was necessary to invent and build a steam machine, easy enough to drag an ordinary telega or plow. "To shift the hard, harsh work of a farmer from human shoulders to steel and iron - has always been the main subject of my ambition," thought Ford.
But it was not a mass product. People showed more interest in the car, on which they could ride on the roads than to the field of field work. And Henry collected a cart with a steam engine. But not very nice to sit on the boiler under high pressure. For two years, Ford continued experiences with various boilers and was convinced that a light slaughtered crew with a steam engine could not be built. And then he first heard about gas engines. Like any new idea, she was perceived with curiosity, but without enthusiasm. Ford recalled that there was not a single person who would have believed that the internal combustion engine could have further distribution: "All smart people irrefutably proved that such a motor cannot compete with steam machine. They did not have the slightest idea that someday he would win a field of action. "From now on, he disseminally belonged to the advice of" smart people. "
In 1887, Henry Ford constructed the model of the engine. To do this, he had (as in childhood) to disassemble the real engine to him into his workshop and figure out what's there. To continue its experiments, Ford returned to the farm - but do not plow, but to arrange a workshop in a barn. Father offered Henry 40 acres of the forest, if he quit picking in the cars. Henry Schitril: He agreed, arranged the sawmill, married. But he spent all his free time in the workshop. He read a bunch of books on the mechanics, designed engines, tried to adapt the motor to the bike. But one on the farm further was impossible to advance, and then Ford was offered the place of engineer and mechanics in a Detroit electrical company with a salary of $ 45 per month.
New colleagues laughed at him and tried to push the future for electricity. At that time, Ford met the first time with Thomas Edison, told him about his work and shared doubts. Edison became interested: "Any lightweight engine that is capable of developing more horse power And it does not need any special source of force, has the future. We do not know what you can achieve with the help of electricity, but I suppose it is not omnipotently. Continue work on your machine. If you reach the goal that myself was set, then I predict you a big future. "Now no one could convince him. It is necessary to continue to work. After all, besides the devotee, Thomas Edison himself believed in him.
In 1893, Ford collected his first car - "Quadricycle". To leave the barn, I had to break the wall. When Henry Ford rode for Detroit on his "quadrician", the horses were shake from him, and passersby surrendered an unusual cart, which not only herself, but also caraightels on the entire district. As soon as Ford left the Quadricycle for a minute without supervision, some curious cheeky lord, who tried to ride, immediately climbed into it. It accounted for during each parking to rush with a circuit with a lamppost. Although then no rules have existed yet. roadHenry received permission to the police and became the first officially approved driver of America. In 1896, he sold a car for $ 200. It was his first sale. The money was immediately put on the creation of a new car, lighter. He believed that heavy cars were for units. The locomotive, tank or tractor cannot use massive demand. However, if now Henry Ford saw Ford Expedition, he may have revised his views. But Ford believed that the mass product should be light and affordable: "Overweight is just as meaningless in any subject, as an icon on a Kucher hat, is perhaps even meaningless. The icon can, in the end, serve for identification, while Overweight means only excessive waste. "
Although by this time it was already raised to the first engineer with a monthly salary of $ 125, experiments with the car met from the director no more sympathy than before his attraction to the mechanics from the Father. "I still have his words in my ears:" Electricity - yes, he owns the future. But gas?! Not! ", - I will remember the Ford. The company suggested Ford high post, provided that he will quit the nonsense and dedicates himself to finally. Ford chose a car. On August 15, 1899 he refused the service to devote himself to the automotive cause.
Himself. Only Sam
Immediately there were rapid companions, who offered Ford to create a Detroit Automobile Company (Detroit Automobile Company) for production racing machines - They did not see another application for cars. Ford tried to defend the ideas of mass production, but remained alone. "All had one thought: to dial orders and sell as expensive as possible. The main thing was - to make money. Since I didn't have any influence in my post engineer, I would soon realize that the new company was not a suitable means for the implementation of my ideas, but Exceptionally only a cash enterprise that brought, besides, little money. " In March 1902, he left his post and firmly decided never to occupy a dependent position.
Ford never considered the speed of the main advantage of the car, but since the attention could be attracted, only to win the race ("a more unreliable sample is hard to imagine," he smiled) He had to build two cars calculated exclusively at the speed in 1903. "The descent from the Niagara Falls in comparison with this should seem a pleasant walk," he recalled about the first trip. For the races, Ford recommended the Cyclist Oldfield, who never went to the car and searched for new sensations. He learned to manage for a week, and, sitting before the race in the car, having fun said: "I know that in this cart me, maybe a death is waiting for, but at least everyone will say that I rushed like the devil." Oldfrid never turned back, did not slow down on turns. He fell out of place and did not reduce the speed to the finish. His victory attracted the interest of investors to Ford - it's easy to get money when you have the fastest car. After a week, Ford Motor was issued.
Ford organized his company already as he wanted. He chose the slogan: "If someone refuses my car, I know that I am to blame for him." Priority - product, simple, reliable, light, cheap, mass. From the very beginning, Ford created not a car for the rich, and the car for everyone. He avoided a luxurious finish, little cared for the prestige of the brand. Financial principles were three. Ford did not attract other people's capital to the company, bought only cash, put all the profits again into production. Ford believed that only those who participated in the creation of the product were eligible for dividends in the work. All the efforts of this work were aimed at developing a universal car model.
Each of his first cars has its own story. Model-A, built in 1904 at number 420, was purchased by Colonel Kollee from California. Having traveled for several years, he sold it and bought a new Ford. Model-A №420 passed from hand to hand until she became the property of a resident of Mountains Edmund Jacobs. He used the car for several years for the hardest work, bought a new Ford, and the old sold. In 1915, the car fell to the possession of some Kantello, who took out the engine and adapted it to the water pump, and fell to the chassis, so the engine began to pump water in good faith, and the chassis in which the mule was imputed, replaced the peasant cart. Moral history is clear: the Ford car can be disassembled into parts, but it is impossible to destroy.
The beautiful names of Ford did not come up with their cars. He used a consecutive letter of the English alphabet. Previous models, although well sold well, remained experimental. Universal became the model-t. Her characteristic feature He was simplicity. Advertising read: "Each child can control the" Ford ".
Creating an ideal
And in one beautiful morning of 1909, Ford announced that in the future only one model will produce - "T", and that all the cars will have the same chassis. Ford said: "Each buyer can get" Ford-T "of any color, provided that this color will be black." In his statement, Ford tried to change the idea of \u200b\u200bthe car as an entertainment crew. "The car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation," the Ostap Bender was subsequently sprocked the principle of Henry Ford. But the main thing, Ford believed in the possibility of a massive sale of cars at the time when the purchase of the car was treated as they now belong to the purchase of the aircraft. "I intend to build a car for widespread. It will be great enough to fit the whole family, but also enough for one person to manage them. It will be made of the best material, built by first-class workers and is designed by the simplest methods, Which only possible in modern technique. Despite this, the price will be so low that every person who receives decent content will be able to acquire a car to enjoy with his family with rest on the free, clean air, "said Ford's statement.
Ideal is easily believed until it is unavailable. The ideal tangible causes suspicion. Everyone believed that it was impossible to do something well, but to sell cheap that a good car could not be made for low price - Yes, and in general, is it advisable to build cheap cars when they bought only rich? They said: "If Ford will do as she said, after six months he has a cover." Over Ford laughed, called his enterprise "the greatest factory of canned cans", the model-t in the people of Laskovo dubbed the "tin lizzy". Spare parts for "Lizzy" cost so cheap, which was more profitable to buy new, than to repair the old ones. To sell a lot, it was necessary not only to reduce the prices of the car, but also convince the buyer as a car. At the dawn of the automotive industry for the sale of the car looked at the favorable operation. Received money from the buyer, the commissioner earned his interest and immediately forgot about the eccentric who bought his dear toy. Each car owner was considered a rich man who was worth up. "We could not afford that our sales shy with stupid thugs," Ford announced. His infilt when "on a dissatisfied buyer was not looking at a person who was confidenced by which they were abused, but as a very annoying person, or on the object of operation, from which the money can be squeezed again, leading to the work of the work that it would be possible from the very beginning It should be done as it should. So, for example, it was quite a little interested in the fate of the car after the sale: how much gasoline he spent, what was his real power. If he was not suitable and it was necessary to replace individual parts, the worse it was for the owner. Rested themselves to sell Separate parts as expensive as possible, based on the theory that this person, having bought a whole car, should have parts by anything, and therefore it is ready to pay well for them. "
Ford's policy focused on mass sales was the other: "Who acquired our car, had the right to constantly use them in my eyes. Therefore, if there was a breakdown, our duty was to take care of how soon the crew was again suitable for use ". This principle of service was decisive for the success of Ford.
His struggle
Competitors wanted. In 1908, the Detroit Association of Automobile Producers, frightened by the noisy statements of Ford on the creation of a cheap car, tried to drag Ford to him to control prices and production sizes. They proceeded from the assumption that the market for the sale of cars is limited, so it is necessary to monopolize the case. On September 15, 1909, Ford loses the court on the formal basis: a kind of Zelden in 1879 patented a "moving cart", which did not have anything in common with Ford cars. However, the syndicate of automakers, leaning on that patent, tried to use the production of all american cars. After the trial, Ford's opponents spread rumors that the purchase of Ford cars is a criminal offense, and each buyer is at risk being arrested.
Ford's response has demonstrated confidence in the victory. He printed in all influential newspapers Announcement: "We bring to the attention of those buyers who under the influence of the agitation undertaken by our opponents arise any doubts that we are ready to issue a bond to each individual buyer guaranteed by a special foundation at $ 12 million, so every buyer Provided from any accidents prepared by those who seek to take possession of our production and monopolize it. The specified bond you can get on the first requirement. Therefore, we do not agree to buy lower quality products at insanely high prices on the basis of those rumors that extends to our employee company enemies. " The best advertising was impossible to come up with. Nothing contributed to the greatest fame of Ford than the process. During the year, Ford sold more than eighteen thousand cars, and only 50 buyers demanded bonds. The court was played against the Association of automakers, but won the trust of buyers. In 1911, the new court revised the decision in favor of Ford. "The time that is spent on combating competitors is crumbling in vain; it would be better to use him to work," said Ford. He reduced the cost of "tin" every year and in 1927 he solemnly left the Ford-T fifteen millionth million car, which changed little in 19 years. How did not change the principles of Henry Ford.
Personnel policy
With the set of new Ford employees, it was categorically against the reception of "competent persons." For that of it, he was accused of uneducation all the time. Somehow Henry Ford was offended by the Chicago newspaper for the word "ignorant" and sued. The lawyer of the newspaper decided to demonstrate the court of ignorance Ford and asked him the question: "How many soldiers were sent to Britain to America to suppress the uprising of 1776?" Ford was not confused: "I don't know how much the soldier was sent, but I am sure that home returned significantly less." Then he showed his finger on a lawyer and said: "If I really needed to answer your stupid questions, then I only have to click on the desired button in my office, as at my disposal will be specialists who can answer any question. Why should I score your head with nonsense to prove that I can answer any question? "
Although he declared himself, he would never take a specialist to work. "If I wanted to kill competitors with dishonest means, I would give them the hordes of experts. Having received a lot of good advice, my competitors could not start work," the Ford stated that I strangically stated and fired all who could have imagined himself with an "expert." Only something made with her own hands could be worthy of respect for Ford. He believed that everyone should start from the bottom stage of the working ladder. Old experience and past new employees were not taken into account. "We never ask about the past of a person looking for our work - we accept because not the past, and a person. If he was sitting in prison, then there is no reason to assume that he will fall into her again. I think, on the contrary, that if Only him to give the opportunity, he will especially try not to get into it again. Our bureau of employees is therefore does not refuse to be on the basis of his former lifestyle - whether he leaves Harvard or from Sing Sing's prison, we don't care; we don't even ask about This. He should have only one thing: the desire to work. If this is not, then, in all likelihood, he will not seek the place with us, for it is generally quite well known that Ford is doing business. "
Ford believed that in his factory every eventually falls there, where he deserves. That the wave will make a capable person in place belonging to him rightly. "The fact that there is no" free "posts for him is not an obstacle, since we, in fact, there are no" posts "," wrote Ford. "Our best workers themselves create a place. Appointment is not related to any formalities. ; This person immediately turns out to be with a new business and receives a new remuneration. " The head of the factory began with the driver. The director of a large enterprise in River Ruget was adopted by the manufacturer of samples. The head of one of the important departments began the garbage cleaner.
His achievements
In search of a decrease in the cost of manufacturing Ford, drew attention to the fact that the working time spent more time to search and deliver material and tools than to work. Walking workers on the workshop did not want to pay. "If twelve thousand employees save each daily ten steps, it will be saving space and strength at fifty miles," Ford calculated and realized that it was necessary to deliver work to the workers, and not vice versa. He formulated two principles: to force the worker did not do more than one step and never allow him to be touched forward when working. From April 1, 1913, Ford launched a conveyor. A worker who robbed a bolt without screwed the nut simultaneously; Who put the nut, did not screw her fix it. None of the workers raised anything and did not drag.
On January 12, 1914, Ford establishes the size of the minimum wage $ 5 per day (twice as much as the average in the industry!) And reduces the working day to eight hours. "The ambition of each employer would have to be to pay higher bets than all its competitors, and the desire of workers, in order to practically facilitate the implementation of this ambition," the Ford substantiated his decision. At the same time, he pursues a policy of working with disabled people, which pays as much as healthy workers. The benefit was included in the other: to the monotony of conveyor work disabled were better prepared, because there was no qualifications to be qualified. So, the blind was attached to the warehouse to count the screws and nuts designed to be sent to branches. Two healthy people were busy with the same work. Two days later, the head of the workshop asked to be appointed both healthy other work, since the blind was able to fulfill the duties and two others with his work.
"The employer will never win anything if he produces a review with his employees and will give himself a question:" As far as I can lower their fee? "It's much useful working when he threatens to the entrepreneur with a fist and asks:" How much can I squeeze you? "In The last account, both sides should hold the enterprise and ask yourself a question: "How can you help this industry to achieve fruitful and secured existence so that it gives us all the secured and comfortable existence?" - Ford insisted that industrialized industrialists are not shares, but creators. Product. Since January 1914, he oversaw workers about the terms of their participation in profits.
Ford believed that the profit belongs to three groups: first - the enterprise to maintain it in a state of sustainability, development and health; secondly - workers, with which the profit is created; Third, to a certain extent, the same and society. The flowering company delivers the profit to all three participants - the organizer, manufacturers and the buyer. According to Ford, the responsibility of the manager is to care that the personnel subordinate to him had the opportunity to create a decent existence. In other words, be able to buy Ford cars. It was the first step towards the formation of the class of blue collar.
"Beware of worsening the product, take care of lowering wages and relieve the public. More brain in your working method - brain and brain again! Work better than before, only in this way you can assist and service for all countries. This can always be achieved." - called Ford. His statements were incredulous, but they were not just an advertising trick. In one year, the profit has so exceeded the expectations that Ford voluntarily returned to every $ 50 bought a car: "We felt that they involuntarily took from our buyer more expensive for this amount."
Finance
The consequence of this Ford policy was a conflict with shareholders. "If I were forced to choose between a salary reduction and the destruction of dividends, I, without hesitation, would destroy the dividends" - such a centance could not find a response from companions. All Ford earned invested in production. Enterprise richly, and shareholders led by Dodge brothers hoped for dividends. They did not imagine that production can be limited to one-sole model. Ford contemptively compared them with the "creators of the ladies": "Amazingly, the conviction that a wonderful thing was deeply intended, the permanent sales of goods depend not on the forever to conquer the buyer's confidence, and on the first to make it spend money on buying Item, and then convince that he should buy a new one instead of this. "
The principle of Ford was different: each part of the car should be replaceable to, if necessary, it could be replaced more modern. A benign machine must also be durable as good hours. Let the Ford car had a single one, but reliable. Shareholders rebelled. Henry Ford to sleep their vigilance, resigned and transferred to his son Edselu. Meanwhile, he himself began to buy stocks and very soon to the remaining 49% added at his disposal. Shareholders as such remained. Dividends had no one. Finance to the Ford put the Finance, and he himself continued to alone to lead the production. Politics remained unchanged: it is better to sell a large number of cars with a small profit than a small amount with a big one.
How did Ford succeed to buy shares in the amount of almost $ 60 million? He opened a new way to spend less money in the enterprise - by accelerating the turnover. On January 1, he had $ 20 million in cash at his disposal (remember that Ford recognized only cash?!), And April 1 - already $ 87 million, by 27 million more than it was necessary to pay off debt for stocks. He sold all the property that did not have a relationship to production, "received $ 24,700,000, another 3 million rescued for foreign production. Bought railwayIn order to lose less on the transport, the winnings amounted to 28 million. Sale of military loans and by-products brought 11,600,000. As a result - 87,300,000.
"If we were accepted by the loan," Ford wrote, "our desire to reduce the cost of production methods would not be realized. If we received money under 6%, but, including commission money, and so on, I would have to pay more, then some percentages at the annual The production of 500,000 cars would accountess $ 4 to the car. In a word, we would have acquired only heavy debt instead of better production. Our cars would cost about $ 100 more expensive than now, our production at the same time would decrease, because After all, the buyers would decrease too. "
Management - by Ford
In 1920, all that was not related to the automotive industry, Ford conducted a reconstruction in the factory. "Lucky" from the management building transferred to the workshop. "A large building for control, maybe sometimes necessary, but at the sight of him a suspicion is wakeful that there is an excess of administration," he said. All employees who do not agree to return to the machine were dismissed. Internal phones between departments are disabled. Ford came up with the motto: "Smallest administrative spirit in business life and more business spirit in the administration." This meant that the work of the lower managers was reduced to the accounting, at the enterprise there were no organizational schemes and horizontal bonds between the departments, production meetings were eliminated, no "unnecessary documentation" was carried out, outfit magazines were canceled. Gondo stating that the statistics will not build a car, Ford has abolished statistics.
Pure utilitarian approach to the management was called "Fordism". In order not to be unfounded, we quote the very founder: "The greatest difficulty and evil, with which you have to deal with the joint work of a large number of people, is to excessively organize and coming out from here. In my opinion, there is no more dangerous vocation than the so-called organizational genius. He likes to create monstrous schemes, which, like a genealogical tree, represent the branching of power to its latest elements. The entire trunk of Tree is spinning with beautiful round berries that carry individuals or posts. Everyone has its title and well-known functions, strictly limited by the scope of their activities. Berries. If the head of the workers team wishes to turn to his director, then his path goes through the younger head of the workshop, senior head of the workshop, head of the department and through all the director's assistants. While he will give anyone what he wanted to say, it is likely to say , has already deployed in history. Pass six weeks, While the paper serving from the lower left berry in the corner of the Great Administrative Tree comes to the Chairman or President of the Supervisory Board. When she happily pushed back to this all-powerful face, her volume increased like avalanche, to the whole mountain of critical reviews, offers and comments. It rarely happens that it comes to approval before the time has already expired for its implementation. The papers are in hand in hand, and everyone tries to blame responsibility to another, guided by the convenient principle that "the mind is good, and two better," the Ford wrote in his book "My life, my achievements."
He saw an enterprise as "working communication of people whose task is to work, and not exchange letters." One department is at all no need to know what is happening in the other. In his company, he left only low-level managers who reported to products produced by their departments. No meetings and meetings were conducted: the Horde considered them completely unnecessary. The too difficult organizational structure, according to Ford, led to what was incomprehensible who responsible for what. Everyone had to be responsible for entrusted to him a small section of work - that is, in the Office, he used the organizational conveyor. He hung small leaders, carefully watched them to blame the blame on each other. Not encouraged both friendly relations at work, fearing the fact that people will start covering the Comrade mistakes.
"When we work, we must deal with the case seriously; when you are having fun, it's might and main. It should make a goal - well to work well and get a good reward for it. When the work is completed, you can have fun. Ford factory and enterprises do not know any organization, no posts with special duties, no developed administrative system, very few titles and no conferences. We have exactly so many employees as much as it is necessary, any documents are not at all, but Consequently, there are no red tires. We impose entirely responsibility for everyone. Any worker has its own job. The head of the brigade is responsible for the workers subordinates, the head of the workshop - for his workshop, the head of the department - for his office, director for his factory. Everyone is obliged To know what is happening around him. The factory has been subordinate for many years to one and the only leader. Since The speakers are neither titles, no official authority, then there is no red tape and no exceeds. Each employee has access to everyone; This system has become a habit that the head of the workshop does not even feel offended if any of his workers drawn through his head directly to the head of the factory. True, the working rarely has a reason for complaints, as the heads of workshops know perfectly, as their own name, that any injustice will be very soon revealed, and then they will cease to be heads of workshops. If a person has twisted a head from a high post, it is detected, and then it is retained, or returned to the machine. Work, exclusively one work is our teacher and the manager. Titles have an amazing effect. Too often they serve as a sign for liberation from work. Often, the title is equal to the sign of the difference with the motto: "This owner is not obliged to engage in anything other than the assessment of its high meaning and the insignificance of the rest of the people."
Always wish more
Ford was chopped by aphorism ("Failure - only the opportunity to start more reasonably", "more people surrendered than the losers"), was a tough owner, but truly loved his workers and cared for them. He opened school, hospital, started the tradition of collective picnics and dinners. He was a strict, but a fair father, knocking old-fashioned truths in his heads of his chalopais. If it were in his power, "Hord-T" would always be released. When I had to replace it in 1927, he closed production for six months. But it was too late: General Motors became the leader of the American automotive industry, realized to reorient for the release of different brands, offering the buyer a range of cars "for any purpose and any wallet."
The wreck of its principles of Ford was extremely difficult. Hate to financiers splashed by the anti-Semitic bile (however, Ford was repent), the company rolled down: not only GM, but Chrysler Corp. We studied demand, sold on credit (and not only for cash), successfully developed, and Ford all rested into their own, once surprisingly successful, principles. If he were general, he would refer his headquarters to the forefront, put the heroic senios on them. The Ford's soldiers would have dressed, shods, well fed, the thickness of armor tanks would be checked personally, the officer ranks would be canceled. Before the fight, he would go to the "Ford-T" before the army and led her to the attack.
What remains: conveyor, blue collar, dealer system and buyers' guarantees? Not only: any mass product from Big Poppy to one-time handle has a common parent - Ford-T car. His grandson Henry Ford II after the death of the grandfather took a rescue team of educated managers led by the future US defense minister Robert McNamara. The principles of Henry Ford were corrected. The model "Ford-T" is named car century. New Ford Focus" was recognized best car 1999. Slogan advertising campaign "Ford Focus": "Always desire more." True, the company's founder himself was meant something else. But was it simple was this Henry Ford, whom was called a grumpy cough and a crazy dictator? And did he laid the foundations of today's prosperity of Ford's empire?
Henry Ford is often called the "father" of the automotive industry, because he created a whole network of automotive plants. Ford received 161 patent, so the greatest inventor is deserved. The industrialist dedicated the life to the production of cheap cars and sought to provide the machine of each wishing. Henry Ford first applied a conveyor for streaming machines. The brainchild of the businessman, the company "Ford Motor", functions today under the guidance of his descendants.
Childhood and youth
The future industrialist was born on July 30, 1863 at the father's farm near the town of Dirborn (Michigan). William Ford Parents and Marie Litogat emigrated to America from Ireland. The boy brought up with three brothers and two sisters.
Father and mother worked hard on the farm and were considered wealthy people. But Henry was confident that in the conduct of the economy of work, much more than the fruit of labor, so she did not seek to continue the case of parents.
The boy was educated only in church school and did not learn even write without mistakes. When Ford became the head of the company, he could not competently draw up a contract. Once in the newspaper, the industrialist was called "ignorant", because of what Ford filed to the publication. But the inventor was sure that the most important thing for a person was not literacy, but the ability to think.
In 12, Henry lost his mother, and this event shook the boy. At the same age, the future entrepreneur first saw a locomobile. Ford was delighted with the crew, moving under the action of a motor, and decided in the future to assemble a moving mechanism in the future. But the father wanted Henry to become a farmer, so the child's interest in mechanics critically perceived the interest of the child.
At the 16th age, Ford went to Detroit and became a student in a mechanical workshop. Four years later, Henry returned to the farm, where she worked at the farm, and at night she was engaged in inventions. To facilitate the father of everyday work, Ford created the throat, which operated on gasoline. Given the relevance of such equipment, the buyer soon found. Henry sold a patent for the invention, and then got a job in the company of this famous entrepreneur.
Business
In 1891, Ford went to Detroit again to become a mechanical engineer at Thomas Edison. Henry held this position until 1899, but in his free time, it continued to work on creating a car. Ford did not just engaged in his favorite thing, but lived the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating available car. In 1893, Henry managed to achieve the result - designed his first car.
Edison's management did not support employee hobbies and recommended to abandon incredible clauses. Instead, in 1899, the future industrialist went from work and became one of the owners of the Detroit Automotive Company. But here the guy did not stay for a long time and three years later left the firm due to discrepancies in views with other co-owners.
At this time, the invention of a young entrepreneur was not in great demand. To attract the attention of customers, Ford drove around the city on his car. At the same time, Henry often ridiculed and called "obsessed" from the street. But the guy was not afraid of failures and despised the fear of losses. In 1902, Ford participated in the car racing and managed to get ahead of the existing US champion. The task of the inventor was a car advertising and a demonstration of his dignity, and the guy reached the desired result.
In 1903, a novice businessman created the company "Ford Motor" and began the production of cars "Ford A". The inventor wanted to provide buyers a versatile sample machine that would be distinguished by reliability and economy. Gradually, Ford made the design of the machine much easier, standardized various mechanisms and details. The inventor first used the conveyor for the production of cars, which was a real innovation. A talented businessman has achieved a breakthrough in the automotive industry and took the leading position in this industry.
Henry Ford was not afraid of difficulties and fought even with the strongest opponent. When Ford Motor faced a syndicate of automakers, a young entrepreneur had resistance. Back in 1879, George Selden received a patent for the car project, but did not realize it. When other companies engaged in the production of cars, the inventor began to go to court. After the first won business, a number of firms have bought licenses from him and created the Association of Car Manufacturers.
Judicial proceedings against Ford began in 1903 and lasted until 1911. The industrialist refused to buy a license and promised to protect his customers. In 1909, Ford lost the case, but after his revision, the court ruled that all the automakers acted under the law and did not violate the patent rights of the Selden, as the engine was used. As a result, the association of the automotive industry broke out, and Ford won the fighter fossa for the interests of buyers.
Success came to a talented inventor in 1908 with the beginning of the release of Ford-T. Ford's brainchild was distinguished by simple finish, democratic price and practicality. Even chose this car, converted under the sanitary machine.
Car Henry Ford Model "Ford-T" Sales of Ford Motor increased quickly, because Ford cars were high-quality, but inexpensive. At the same time, the cost of "Ford-T" over the years fell: if in 1909 the price of a car was $ 850, then in 1913 fell to 550.
For 1910, Henry Ford of the Highland Park plant has been building. Three years later, the assembly conveyor was used here. At first, the generator was collected, and then the engine. Several dozen workers were engaged in assembling each engine, which performed separate operations and reduced the production time. A moving platform was also used, with the result that the chassis was twice as fast. Such experiments affected many parties to the production process, increasing its productivity and efficiency.
Gradually, the industrialist purchased mines, coal mines and opened new plants. So Ford achieved a complete production cycle: from the extraction of ore to the release of finished cars. As a result, the businessman created a whole empire that did not depend on other companies and foreign trade. For 1914, Ford released 10 million cars or 10% of all cars in the world.
Henry Ford sought to improve working conditions at the factories. Since 1914, the salary workers have increased to $ 5 per day. But to receive such money, the staff necessarily spend their reasonably. If the earnings were spent on drinking, then the employee was dismissed.
At the enterprises, the mode of operation in three shifts of 8 hours was installed, instead of two to 9 hours. Also, the entrepreneur introduced one day off and paid vacation. Although the workers needed to comply with tough discipline, thousands of people attracted good conditions, and Ford did not lack the personnel. Nevertheless, until 1941, the plants of the American Industrialist acted a ban on trade unions.
In the early 20s, Ford sold more cars, rather than all competitors in the aggregate. Of the ten cars implemented in the US, seven manufactured by Ford. During this period, the industrialist began to call the "car king."
Since 1917, the United States participated in the war as part of the Entente. Then the plants of Henry Ford took up the fulfillment of military orders and produced helmets, gas masks, submarines and tanks. But the entrepreneur emphasized that he did not want to make money on bloodshed and promised to return the result of the profit. The patriotic gust of Ford was welcomed by compatriots, which raised the authority of the industrialist.
After the war, the talented inventor faced with new problem - Ford-T sales drop. The assortment "Ford Motor" was limited, and the buyer wanted a variety. Ford's statement that he can offer a car of any color, if such a color is black, corresponded to reality, but no longer answered the needs of the market. The entrepreneur did a bid on accessibility, implementing a car on credit, but the company-competitor "General Motors" suggested a variety of models and escaped forward.
Sales fell rapidly, and for 1927, Ford threatened bankruptcy. Then the inventor stopped the production process and engaged in creating a new car. Ford also helped the Son who participated in the design of the car design. In the same year, the industrialist presented the Ford-A model, which was characterized by spectacular appearance and improved technical characteristics. These innovations returned Ford leadership positions in the automotive market.
Car Henry Ford Models "Ford-A" 1927 Back in 1925, the entrepreneur decided to create an airline, which was called "Ford Airways". The Ford then purchased William Stound and began to produce airliners. Subsequently, Ford Trimmimor was particularly popular. This passenger plane was in serial production during 1927-1933. 199 copies were produced, which were operated until 1989.
In the 20s, Henry Ford supported economic relations from the USSR. The first Soviet mass production tractor "Fordson-Putilovets", presented in 1923, was created on the basis of the Tractor "Fordon". During the 1929-1932, Ford Motor employees contributed to the construction and reconstruction of factories in Moscow and Gorky.
Henry Ford "Ford Trimmimor" In the early years of the Great Depression, Ford confidently kept afloat, but in 1931 the crisis touched "Ford Motor". A drop in sales and increasing competition forced Ford again to close part of the factories and reduce the salary to the remaining employees. A perturbed crowd began to break through to the plant "Rouge", the police dispersed people only with the help of weapons.
Once again, Ford has found a way out of a difficult situation due to the new invention. The industrialist presented "Ford V 8" - a sports sample car, the speed of which reached 130 km / h. The new product made it possible to resume the full work of the company and increase sales volumes.
Political views and anti-Semitism
In the biography of Henry Ford there are several pages that caused condemnation from contemporaries. So, in 1918, the inventor bought the Edition "The Dearborn Independent" and two years later began to distribute anti-Semitic ideas. In 1920, a number of publications of this subject were combined in one book - "International Jewry". Subsequently, the ideas and publications of Ford were actively used by the Nazis to influence the younger generation.
In 1921, 119 outstanding US citizens were made with the condemnation of the inventors' views, including three presidents. In 1927, Ford recognized the mistakes admitted and published an emotion letter in the media.
The entrepreneur supported the connection with the NSDAP and even provided the Nazis financial support. Admired Ford and kept the portrait of the inventor in the Munich Residence. In the book "My struggle", only one American is mentioned - Henry Ford. In the occupied Nazi city of Poussi (France) since 1940, Henry Ford, who produced cars and aircraft engines acted.
Personal life
In 1887, Henry Ford married Clara Bryant - a simple farmer's daughter. The "car king" lived with Clara together and happily. The wife became reliable support for a talented inventor. Bryant believed in her husband when the townspeople laughed at him and criticized colleagues. One day, in an interview, Ford said that he would like to live another life only if he could marry Clara again.
Only one son of Edsel (1893-1943) was born from the spouses (1893-1943), who later became the main assistant of the Father. There was often disputes between Henry Ford and Edceel, but it did not interfere with their friendly relations and joint work. The father was a sober, loved rustic dancing and watching the flight of birds, and her son preferred modern art, jazz, noisy parties and cocktails.
Death
The "Car King" was ruled by "Ford Motor" until the 30s, after which he handed over to the management of Edselu. The reason for the care of a businessman from the leadership of the company was conflicts with partners and trade union organizations. Ford's son since 1919 performed the presidential duties, so completely coped with new powers. After the death of the son in 1943, the old industrialist headed the automotive empire again from the stomach cancer.
But the old years did not allow Ford to manage the company at the proper level, and therefore two years later he gave way to the Brazda's grandchildren - Henry Ford II. The outstanding inventor died on April 7, 1947 from hemorrhage to the brain. At that time, Ford was 83 years old.
The "car king" managed to realize a children's dream, leaving after himself one of the largest automotive companies in the world. At the same time, the main task of the industrialist was not earnings, but an improvement in the lives of people with the help of beloved classes - inventions and production of cars.
After himself, Henry Ford left the autobiography "My life, my achievements", which described the methods of organizing labor in the enterprise. The ideas presented in this book adopted many companies, and the quotes from the statements of the inventor remain relevant today.
Back in 1928, a businessman received the Elliot Creson medal for achievements in the automotive industry. Many books and films are dedicated to the history of life and achievements of Ford. So, in 1987, the film was released by the film Allan Eastmans "Ford: a man-machine", telling about the inventor as one of the symbols of America.
Quotes
- "If you have enthusiasm, you can do whatever. Enthusiasm is the basis of any progress "
- "When it seems that the whole world is configured against you, remember that the plane takes off against the wind!"
- "My secret is successful in the ability to understand the point of view of another person and look at things and with him and from his point of view."
- "Quality is to do something right, even when no one looks at
- "If you demand from someone to give my time and energy for business, then take care so that he does not experience financial difficulties"
- "Only two incentives forcing people to work: thirst for wages and fear of habit."
Statement:
Henry Ford invented the conveyor.
The last name Henry Ford has been fixed in the history of mankind forever. First of all, thanks to the eponymous brand: Ford was famous for his desire to make a cheap, car accessible to the masses, which he really achieved. His surname also entered the story in the form of an economic term "Fordism". The essence of Fordism is in a new flow of production, which has become possible with the help of the assembly conveyor. So the story counted to the inventions of Ford and the conveyor itself.
Why it is not:
Ford did not inlets the conveyor, and for the first time organized the stream production.
Before that Ford had already collected his first car, but did it manual way, like all the automakers of that time. That is why the car was a commodity piece and extremely expensive, and the repair of transport turned into a technical puzzle. The automotive needed to be tested under unified standards.
The first step towards the conveyor production was the assembly line, which appeared in 1901 in the company OLDSMobile, founded by Ransom Orynds, which can be called the conveyor inventor in a modern understanding. Details and nodes of the future car moved on special trolleys from one working point to another. The conventions of the conveyor increased the production of cars from 400 to 5,000 units per year. Henry Ford understood the potential of the invention of Olds and connected all the resources to bypass it, adapting and improving the developed system.
In 1903, Ford, studying streaming technology, visited the company, where he watched the carcasses of animals moving under the action of gravity, fell under the knives of the separators. By adding belts to the belt conveyor, Ford introduced an improved technology at its factories. Thus, Ford, obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking their cars available, successfully used the experience gained before him. As a result, Ford Model T accounted for about $ 400 and was manufactured in less than 2 hours. This made Henry Ford by a millionaire and recognized by the genius of the engineering thought of the 20th century, "but the conveyor himself did not invent.
