What are the numbers in the car model. Marking of domestic cars

Each self-respecting motorist should deal with the labeling and classification of vehicles.

Marking

The marking adopted in the country involves alphabetic and digital designations. At the same time, each digit and even the abbreet in the designation of the car brand carries its information. That would seem to be an imperceptible difference in writing - "GAZ-24-10" and "GAZ-2410", but the last model of the car in nature does not exist, since it should be a truck for a digital designation, but such a technique is a Gorky automotive factory Not issued. At the same time, it is incorrect to write "UAZ-315-12", since this car is not a modification of the non-existent model of UAZ-315 (old models of the Ulyanovsky auto plant vehicles had a three-digit index in the range from 450 to 499), and the new lung model And rightly it is written "UAZ-31512" ...
Since the mid-70s, the USSR has moved to a single and mandatory marking of cars. Earlier in our country existed extremely simple scheme Digital designations of car models.
Gas equipment had a digital range of designations from 1 to 99 (let's remember the passenger cars of GAZ-14, GAZ-21, GAZ-24, cargo GAZ-53 and others). The zil models were given range from 100 to 199 (Limousines ZIS-101, ZIS-114, ZIL-157 trucks, ZIL-130).
The figures from 200 to 299 were designated by the model of the Yaroslavl auto plant (subsequently - a motor factory) and the Kremenchug auto plant (for example, Cars YAAZ-200, KRAZ-258).
Range 300-399 "occupied" Uralaz (for example, "Ural-375").
The Moscow plant of small cars (MZS, subsequently AZLK) assigned digital indexes from 400 to 449 with its models (for example, MSMA-407, MSMA-412 cars). Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant, as already mentioned - from 450 to 499 (UAZ-450, UAZ-452 and others).
Models of the Belarusians of Belarus (in Minsk and Zhodino) were designated with the use of numbers from 500 to 599 (MAZ-500 and others).
Kutaisky plant (Georgia) "exploited" six hundred "range of numbers (Kaz-600, Kaz-608 and others) together with bus plants The USSR, who was given the second half of this range (for example, Paz-672, LIAZ-677, LAZ-695 and others).
It was more difficult about the case with indexes from 700 to 999. It was found here as models of auto plants (for example, ZAZ-968, RAF-977) and models of automotive receptions and special vehicles (for example, IAPZ-754 auto-854 semi-trailers, GZSA semi-trailers and Others).
In accordance with modern system Digital indexing of motor vehicles of each model of the car (trailed compound) is assigned an index consisting of four digits. Modifications correspond to the fifth digit indicating its sequence number. Export option domestic cars Has the sixth digit. Before digital index Letters denoted by the manufacturer. Figures included in the complete designation of cars indicate the class, view, model number, modification mark, export sign.
The first digit gives information about the dimension of the car or the class of rolling stock. If it is a passenger car, the numbers indicate the variant of the working volume of the engines: 1 - to 1 l; 2 - from 1.2 to 1.8 liters; 3 - from 1.8 to 3.2 liters; 4 - more than 3.5 liters.

REFERENCE. The working volume of cylinders (engine litter) Vl is this value defined as the amount of working volumes of all cylinders, that is, the product of the working volume of one cylinder VH by the number of cylinders I, that is, Vl \u003d VH I. Measured VL in liters or cube. dm. It is the digital designation of litter that is applied to the body elements of a number of cars.
The working volume of the VH cylinder is the volume of space exempted by the piston when it moves from the top dead point (NMT) to the bottom of the dead point (NMT).

If it is a chassis of a truck, then the first figure indicates about full weight Car: 1 - up to 1.2 tons; 2 - from 1.2 to 2 tons; 3 - from 2 to 8 tons; 4 - from 8 to 14 tons; 5 - from 14 to 20 tons; 6 - from 20 to 40 tons; 7 - Over 40 tons.

REFERENCE. The total weight of the vehicle vehicle consists of a curb weight, weight of cargo (for carrying capacity) or passengers, driver, other service personnel. At the same time, the full mass of buses (urban and suburban) can actually be determined for nominal and utmost accommodation. Full mass of road trains: for a trailer train - the sum of the total mass of the tractor and the trailer; For the saddle - the sum of the exhaust mass of the tractor, the masses of staff in the cabin and the total mass of the semi-trailer.
The curb weight of the car, the trailer, the semi-trailer is defined as the mass of fully refueling (fuel, oil, coolant and other) and equipped (spare wheel, tool, and the like), but without cargo or passengers, driver, other service personnel and their baggage.

If this is a bus, then the following variants of the first digit and the corresponding overall length of the bus are possible: 2 - up to 5 m; 3 - from 6 to 7.5 m; 4 - from 8 to 9.5 m; 5 - from 10.5 to 12 m; 6 - more than 16 m. The figure of 8 in the first place in the car brand means that we are dealing with a trailer, 9 - with a semi-trailer.
The second digit characterizes the type of rolling stock or type of car: 1 - passenger cars; 2 - buses; 3 - freight (onboard) cars; 4 - truck tractors; 5 - dump trucks; 6 - tanks, 7 - vans; 8 - reserve; nine - special cars.
The third and fourth digits in this designation system are talking about the factory order number of the car model, and the fifth digit (if there is it) is about its modifications. For example, VAZ-2106 and VAZ-21061.
Each automotive power has its own marking of cars, and the consideration of all this manifold is the topic of individual publications.

Classification

In Russia, the new GOST R 51709-2001 "Motor vehicles. Safety requirements for technical state and the methods of verification ", where the classification of the PBX corresponds to the notation adopted in the international requirements of the UN Economic Commission (UNECE) (see Table).
PBX categories M2, M3 are additionally divided into:
- Class I (city buses) - vehicles equipped with seats and seats for transportation standing outside passenger passengers;
- Class II ( intercity buses) - Vehicles equipped with seats, but in which passengers standing in the passages are allowed;
- Class III (tourist buses) - vehicles intended for transporting only sitting passengers.
Trailers (semi-trailers) categories O2, O3, O4 are additionally classified by type:
- semi-trailers - towed PBXs, axis (s) located (s) behind the center of the masses of the fully loaded vehicleequipped with a saddle-coupling device transmitting horizontal and vertical loads on the tractor. One and more semi-trailer axes can be leading with a tractor-driven;
- Trailers - towed PBXs, equipped with at least two axes and a traction coupling device, which can move vertically relative to the trailer and controls the direction of the front (of them) axis (s), but transmits a minor static load on the tractor. One or more trailer axes can be leading with a tractor-driven;
- Central axis trailers - towed PBXs equipped with a traction coupling device that cannot move relative to the tractor in the vertical plane. The axis (and) is shifted (s) with respect to the center of mass with the full load of the trailer in such a way that only a slight static vertical load, not exceeding 10% of the mass of the trailer or 10kn (smaller from the specified values), transmitted tractor. One or more axes can be leading with a tractor-drive.
What kind of vehicles can be controlled, having a driver's certificate of a Russian sample in their hands with those or other open categories? Of the Russian category of category M1 and N1 according to the requirements of the UNECE; C - N2 and N3; D - m2 and m3; E - O2, O3 and O4. In addition, the Russian category A (motorcycles) corresponds to the category L according to the requirements of the UNECE. It is not clear what reasons the category L is not included in the above GOST. Most likely, it is left before revising the standard.
So the Russians are inevitably waiting for another epic on the exchange of driver's certificates or the acquisition of some special liners, first of all for those who want to manage the car abroad. Now our motorists are headaches for the police of foreign countries.
With our so-called international driver's license You can control the car on foreign autobahn, but ... all their police officers take place special courses on retraining on the subject of the ability to read our rights. And yet we fully "enter" into the global economic space.

PBX classification according to the UNECE requirements

M1 - for the transport of passengers (PBX, having no more than eight seats, except for the driver's seat)
M2 up to 5 tons ** Same (PBX, having more than eight seats, except for the driver's seat)
M3 sv. 5t. ** The same (PBX, having more than eight seats, except for the driver's seat)
N1 to 3.5t. *** for cargo transportation
N2 St. 3.5t. up to 12.0T. *** for cargo transportation
N3 St. 12.0T. *** for cargo transportation
O1 to 0.75 towed PBX - trailers
O2 sv. 0.75 to 3.5 towed PBX - trailers and semi-trailers
O3 from 3.5 to 10 **** towed PBX - trailers and semi-trailers ***
O4 more than 10 **** towed PBX - trailers and semi-trailers ***

* Special equipment installed on special PBXs are considered as an equivalent of cargo.
** The articulated bus consists of two or more inseparable bonded sections in which passenger salons are placed interconnected by the passage for the free movement of passengers; The inseparal sections are constantly bonded with each other and can only be divided by special equipment available in special workshops.
The articulated bus, consisting of two or more inseparable, but articulated sections, is considered as one vehicle.
*** For saddle tractors, intended for towing semi-trailers, as a permitted maximum mass Consider the sum of the mass of the tractor in the curb and the mass corresponding to the maximum statistical vertical load transmitted by the semi-trailer through the saddle-lining device, as well as, if necessary, the maximum weight of the tractor's cargo.
**** For semi-trailers linked with a tractor, or trailers with a central axis as a resolved maximum mass, we consider the mass corresponding to the maximum static vertical load on the support surface from the axis (to it) when the semi-trailer or the trailer with the central axis is attached to the tractor and the maximum Uploaded.
Nikolay Kuzmin
professor NSTU.

For notation trucks The following indexation is applied (Normal it is 025270-66). Each model of the truck is assigned a 4-digit index, for a modified model - 5-digit. The first 2 digits indicate the car class for the full mass, the second 2 digits indicate the model, the 5th digit indicates the modification of the model. Table 3 shows the system of designations (indexation) of trucks.

Table 3.

The total weight of the car consists of its own mass, the weight of the cargo for the complete carrying capacity and the mass of the crew (driver and passenger (s) at the rate of 75 kg per person. Capacity of the car's cab is determined by the manufacturer.

In front of the digital index is the letter designation of the manufacturer.

KAMAZ-5410 truck tractor. 54 - numbers to designate the saddle tractor with a full mass of 14.9 tons; 10- car model (assigned by the manufacturer)

7 .Possible alternative fuels for autotractor engines.Widespread use of alternative fuels - gas, biogas, methanol, rapeseed and other interests natural gas (its octane number is 104). According to preliminary data, when using gas, the costs of fuel are reduced twice. Bogas from plant residues, for example, from the manure. In general, about 15% of all energy carriers fall on biomass. Looks like methanol fuel (CH 3) - methyl alcohol (Unlike the usual ethyl alcohol 2 H 5, it is very poisonous) having a high octane number. On the warmth of the combustion, he is twice as the gasoline. Therefore, when it is used fuel tank It is necessary to double it. His coal® methane scheme (CH 2) and its oxidizing®methanol. Methanal is the perfect fuel for engines with spark ignition (DSIZ). It allows you to increase the degree of compression of these engines and bring them closer to the economy to diesel engines. Methanol can be used in a mixture with gasoline. When it is added to gasoline 10 ... 20% methanol can be done without anti-knock additives. There is also rapeseed oil, because according to the specific heat of the combustion, it is not significantly inferior diesel fuel. Its an advantageous difference is that the oxygen content is much higher in it than in diesel fuel - about 11%. Products of combustion of rapeseed oil are not toxic and easily biodiversity. When combining rapeseed oil into the atmosphere, exactly so many carbon dioxide is thrown into the atmosphere, how many RAPS took from it for its growth. During modern prices, as shown by the simplest calculations, rapeseed oil can be cheaper than diesel fuel by 25%. The first engines running on rapeseed oil were created abroad in 1975 and installed on passenger cars. The fuel consumption was the same as in fuel of oil origin - was 5-6 liters per 100 kilometers (with a capacity of 70 hp). Vegetable oils, to which rapeseed, are lipids (ether fatty acids) or glycerin. Possessing high calorific value, they contain direct hydrocarbon chains, which causes them relatively high cetane numbers. Rapeseed oil has energetic opportunities close to diesel fuel, but its viscosity in 11 s understand above. This creates certain difficulties in organizing the working process of diesel, because Increases fuel resistance, reduces performance fuel pump, worsens spraying and mixing. All this leads (if you do not take the necessary measures) to an increase in the specific fuel consumption and intensive intensive intensity on the walls of the engine cylinder-piston group.

At the same time, rapeseed oil acquires properties that bring it closer to diesel fuel through the use of rapeseed oil as a motor fuel. fuel system Motor Special heaters (heat exchangers) providing its local heating and, as a result, reduced viscosity. Rapeseed oil requirement can be reduced and the replacement of trivalent glycerol molecules with monovalent alcohol molecules by adding a small amount of methanol or ethanol (transtectional). 110 kg of methyl or ethyl alcohol are usually added to 1000 kg of vegetable oil and 1000 kg of methyl or ethyl ether and 110 kg of glycerin is obtained. Hydrogen can be used as the fuel in the engine, one of the lightest gases is 14 times easier. and liquid hydrogen is 13 times easier for aviation fuels. At the same time, the warmth of its combustion is three times the heat of the combustion of gasoline. The plant has a nearby and other serious advantages compared to other fuels - quickly and well forms a mixture with air, does not create a problem of reconedsation and evaporation, allowing the mixture to be rapidly starting in DVSand during the acceleration of the car, does not highlight precipitation, which guarantees the absence of oxidations in the combustion chamber, has wider ignition boundaries compared to gasoline - allows normal ignition with an excess air coefficients from 0.13 to 10.2 (this allows quality regulation working mixture even without use throttle valve and significantly increase kp. DVS) and is characterized higher maximum speed combustion. Toxicity exhaust gases It is much lower.

1. Renewable raw materials,

2. Emissions of CO 2 into the atmosphere below 50-80% compared with traditional fuels,

3. In the process of obtaining such biofuels, several more useful by-products are produced,

4. The states where there are no own oil reserves, they can make themselves fuel independence due to this.

1. So far, the high cost of production,

2. Ligger motor power on such a fuel, greater flow,

3. The need for large areas for the cultivation of the necessary cultures.

To designate the brand of the domestic car, the abbreviated name of the manufacturer (GAZ, ZIL, KAMAZ) is used and through a hyphen - digit, indicating class, view and model number. The adopted classification of cars is given in Table. one.

Classification of cars

Parameter	view	Class
Engine operating volume (liter), l		cars
	up to 1.2.	1,3...1,8	1,9...3,5	Over 3.5.	-	-	-
				-	-	-
		buses
Length, m index		up to 5.	6...7,5	8...9,5	10,5...12	Over 16.5	-	-
					-	-
		Trucks (with onboard platform)
Full weight, T index		up to 1.2.	1,3...2	2,1...8	9...14	15...20	21...40	Over 40.

Digital designation for basic models consists of four digits.

1. The first digit indicates the class,

2. Second - type of car

3. The next two digits are the model number.

4. The modification number of the base model is indicated by the fifth digit.

5. The sixth digit indicates the number of the export option.

For example, a gas-3307 car brand means that this is a 3rd class cargo car (has a total weight of 7.7 tons) with the onboard platform and the series of the serial release model 07.

The exception is the first digit in the brand of cars "bull" and "Gazelle".

The class of specialized trucks is denoted depending on the total mass, as in general-purpose trucks (with the onboard platform). Each specialized cargo car in the designation of the species has its own specific figure: for example, a truck tractor - 4, dump truck - 5, tank - 6, van - 7.

Everyone automotive factory Releases the main (basic) model of the car and its modifications, which differ from the basic by some indicators and design. Until 1966, the designation of the models consisted of letters showing the manufacturer, and numbers assigned to each model. For example, ZIL-130 is decrypted: the Likhachev plant, 130 is the model development number.

All factories have highlighted groups of figures for the designation of models, so the Gorky automotive plant (gas) had a range of numbers to 99, zil from 100 to 199, etc. But with an increase in the number of plants and the number of models manufactured, this system has ceased to meet the requirements of time. As a result, a new designation system (indexation) of rolling stock was introduced.

The new designation system, as well as the former, includes letters reflecting the name of the manufacturer, and four or five digits.

1. The first figure indicates the class, the second is the type of car, the third and fourth is the model number, the fifth (if any) is the sequence number of the modification.

2. The second digit allows you to distinguish cars for their intended purpose or specialization:
1 - passenger cars,

2 - buses,

3 - trucks,

4 - truck tractors,

5 - dump trucks

6 - tanks,

7 - vans,

8 - reserve,

9 - special.

Car indexing system for the first two digits (index) has the following general view:

Trucks

Cars

Buses

Consider examples of car designations for new system Indexing:
- The onboard car of the Kama Automobile Plant with a complete mass of 15 184 kg, the twentieth model - KAMAZ-5320;

A passenger car of the Gorky Automobile Plant with an engine with a working volume of 2.445 liters, the second model - GAZ-3102;

Bus Pavlovsky Automobile Plant, length 7.15 m, first model - PAZ-3201.

Each new car model is assigned an index consisting of four digits, where the first two digits indicate the class of the car:

· for passenger cars - by engine

· for buses - on the length of the cabin

· for freight - in full mass

The second two figures indicate the model.

Model modifications have an additional fifth digit; Indicator the sequence number of the modification. An alphabet value of the manufacturer is put in front of the digital index.

Eight digits in the name of the car GAZ-31105-551 - is it a phone number or price? Previously, some visitors to the automotive exhibitions were so joked ... In fact, the indices of domestic machines were created in strict rules, although it was not without exception.

For the first time unified system The designations of cars manufactured by Soviet plants were introduced in 1945. It was pretty simple: the name of the car consisted of the abbreviation of the name of the enterprise (GAZ, ZIL, MMS / AZLK, UAZ, LIAZ, and so on) and the ordinal number of the model selected from the number of numbers allocated for each brand.

For example, the Gorky Automobile Plant allocated numbers 1-99 (,), the Moscow plant of minor cars - gave indices 400-449 (), Zazu and Loise - 965-974 (,). In other words, to understand the model name, something other than the place of production was impossible.

In 1966, the standard of 025270-66 "Classification and a system of designation of automotive rolling stock" began to operate in the Soviet Union. From now on, indices contained much more information.

In the general case, they are four-digit, and to begin to decipher them more logical with the second digit, which is responsible for the type of vehicle: for example, the unit means a passenger car, and a twice is a bus. The first figure denotes the vehicle class. For passenger cars It is determined by the engine's working volume, for trucks - for the full mass of the machine, and for buses - the length of the body.

Deciphering the first sign in automotive indexes

Deciphering the second sign in automotive indexes

For example, the first class of "cars" treated "Oka" and "Tavria", to the second - most vases and "Muscovites". In the third grade fell "Volga", and in the fourth - representative sedans and limousines ZIL.

The third and fourth digits in the index indicated the sequence number of the model of this manufacturer. The following characters were optional and used to indicate a modification, version of execution or configuration.

And here it was not without a variety of deviations. It happened, the designations of new models were given on the old system (this was done gas with his "Volga" GAZ-24). Sometimes the index was assigned on a new system, but with a violation of the standard. Take, for example, "bull". Of course, there were heavy models in the arsenal of the plant, but a compact truck with its maximum permissible mass of 6950 kg to the fifth grade, but did not pull anything. What is interesting, the "bull" prototype of 1992 flashed faithful designation ZIL-3301M. Well, where did this fide come from, we now, probably, do not know. Apparently, they made a habit of past models.

Similar history also happened at AvtoVAZ with "". There is no dispute, the car came out quite compact outwardly, especially in the option with the body of the hatchback. Yes, only in production at the end of 2004, she went with a well-known, reliable and unpretentious, but rather large 1.6-liter engine, which was carried out indexes 1117, 1118 and 1119 insolvent. Two asked to the beginning, which was fixed with the release of the second generation of "Kalina", which received indexes 2192 and 2194.

Now we can observe the sunset of the epoch of the industry's normal normal: new models of gas, AvtoVAZ and other factories lose their usual designation ("This happened right in the development process, because it began under the VAZ-2180 index). Continue to use old system Names of UAZ, as well as manufacturers of trucks and buses.

"Assortment" of freight road transport Today it is quite diverse: in its time the body, trailers and semi-trailers were created under a certain type of cargo and, in accordance with those conditions that transported its transportation. For bulk - one vehicle vehicle, for bulk - more, for sensitive to temperatures - the third ...

Therefore, it is obvious that the choice of vehicle for each cargo transportation does not occur (on the principle that it is better or what is cheaper in operation), and with a clear understanding: which cargo he has to take, and how much this cargo weighs and how Better to download and unload.

Several signs of classification of truck transport:

• by the number of axes: two-, three-, four-, five- and more-possible;
• according to the composition: Single vehicle and road train (saddle consisting of tractor and semi-trailer, or trailed - from the van and trailer);
• for carrying capacity: small (0.5-2 tons), medium (from 2 to 5 tons), large (5-16 tons), special large (from 16 tons);
• in full (i.e. consisting of vehicle mass, cargo mass and crew weight) maximum permissible mass: 7 gradations - up to 1.2 tons, from 1.2 to 2 tons, from 2 to 8 tons, from 8 to 14 tons, from 14 to 20 tons, from 20 to 40 tons and more than 40 tons.

However, the largest interest is the classification of trucks by body type:

• open: onboard, low and platform;
• closed: tent, all-metal, industrial, isothermal, refrigerator;
• special: Tank, construction and special equipment (garbage truck, forestry, auto transport, etc.).

What is noteworthy, this classification, in principle, determines the function of the motor vehicle: what exactly is the cargo and what conditions of transportation it is intended.

Side Body

This is essentially a platform, limited from three sides by sides that are easily folded or removed. Despite the visible drawback (and this is the main distinctive feature) The fact that cargo transported in the open body is not protected from wind, rain, sun, dust, dirt, etc., in fact such a truck is quite commonly used in domestic freight transportation.

Naturally, it is not suitable for pending goods, which require special conditions for transportation, however building materials (Brick, fittings, pipes, etc.) are irreplaceable. Due to its openness and folding sides, such a car is extremely convenient for carrying out loading and unloading work: it provides free access to the load from four sides (on the sides, back and above) and allows you to use a special crane.

The only one for safe transportation The cargo should not rise above the sides, otherwise it requires a special attachment.

Yes, there is another minus of the on-board body: it even minimally does not protect the cargo from theft, and therefore it is impossible to transport cargoes to long distances.

Tilt body

This onboard body modified by adding special spacers to which the awning is stretched. A truck with a tilt body, probably, the most popular vehicle both under domestic and international transport. It is suitable for a sufficiently large "range" of cargoes - those substances and products that are the only thing that needs is in protection from weather conditions, strangers and hands.

The more attractive such a body is attractive, so this is the fact that the removable awning allows loading and unloading from any side (on the sides, from the back, on top), and also provides for the possibility of its full removal (complete rod). Plus, thanks to a lightweight material, a car with a tilt body has a greater useful carrying capacity, rather than a car, for example, with a all-metal body.

However, there is a significant disadvantage: the tilt body is not able to ensure reliable protection against thieves.

All-metal body

This is a body with metal walls. It can carry all the same universal, which do not require special conditions for transportation and storage of goods as in the awesome. However, unlike the awesome, it provides better protection against climatic conditions and theft (locking doors), and its durable walls that have heavy loads withstand, are more reliable to protect the goods from shocking, scattering, etc. Accidents on the way.

True, the body material somewhat limits the permissible lifting capacity of the car, and its design is the ways of loading and unloading.

Isothermal body

It will be covered with a special thermal insulation material, due to which it is capable of maintaining the temperature of a certain level. Such a body is not afraid of heat, cold, atmospheric precipitation, sharp temperature drops and is intended for those cargo that require special temperature mode Storage and transportation (usually it is food).

However, when choosing to transport a car with an isothermal body, the type and arrogance of the goods, as well as the distance of its transportation, should be considered. After all, the isotherm only saves, but does not create a certain level of temperature. So, the longer the load will go, the higher the likelihood of its cooling or heating.

By the way, the ability to maintain the desired climate depends on the thickness of the wall walls, and therefore the amount of thermal insulation material.

Refrigerator

This is an improved isothermal van equipped with a built-in refrigeration unit. It is also designed for cargo sensitive (perishable products, flowers, seedlings, plants, biological and medical preparations), however, in contrast to isotherm, due to its technical solution, not only maintaining, but also to create a certain temperature regime. So, able to carry the most arrogant cargoes and for quite long distances.

Moreover, the selection of refrigerators goes beyond the limits of one or two options: depending on the temperature mode, it is highlighted 6 body classes. And each of these classes meets the conditions for the transportation and storage of some particular circle of cargo.

Class A. Supports temperature from + 12 ° C to 0 ° C.
Class B. - from + 12 ° to -10 ° C.
Class C. - from + 12 ° C to -20 ° C.
Class D. Does not heats the inner air above + 2 ° C.
Class E. Does not raise the temperature above -10 ° C.
Class F. Supports microclimate from -20 ° C and colder.

However, the substantial minus of the use of the refrigerator is its value. The working refrigeration unit invariably increases fuel consumption, which means the cost of cargo transportation.

Platforms and low grays

Both the first and second are the types of open bodies that are not equipped with sides and walls. The only thing in the design of low-hand trawls is usually included: either the "ramp", or the so-called. Runs - descending and rising with hydraulic drive Two "peel". These devices are designed specifically for the field of technology on the platform and the congress from it.

However, it is for the transportation of special equipment and cars and developed low-handed trawl. That is why he, in addition, has a reinforced hydraulic or pneumatic suspension, Loading height of no more than 950 mm (due to the low location of the center of gravity, it provides better stability and allows the car to pass under bridges, power lines, etc.), and may also include up to eight axes, helping to distribute the load over the entire body surface. (By the way, trawles can withstand goods weighing up to 200 tons.)

Platforms are also intended for transportation of large and (or) heavy cargoes, but it will already be equipment, machines, etc. From what has no own wheels and what you need to immerse, for example, with the help of a crane. For what, in fact, on the design and removed onboard and walls.

Tanks

Created specifically for the transport of liquid and gaseous goods. They are usually a cylindrical shape (however, there are tanks that, according to the shape of the section, resemble a suitcase, are such, by the way, more resistant to tipping) and special devices for pouring and draining. In addition, the material from which tanks are made are fairly stringent requirements: it should be durable, resistant to corrosion, aggressive effects of acids and alkali, high temperatures etc.

In general, the word "tank" combines quite different designs of the body: with several separate sections from each other (for the simultaneous transportation of various substances), with a rotating mechanism (for constant cargo stamping), with a "steam shirt" (camera surrounding body body and body and heating it), with an outdoor "casing", which reduces the inflow of heat to the substance and prevents its evaporation, etc. etc.

The design of the tank is entirely dependent on the type of cargo being transported, and therefore it is specially selected under a certain substance.

Tank, by the way, belongs to sPECIAL AREA BODY. In addition to her, the number of specials includes forest carriers, container carriers, dump trucks, grain trucks, garbage trucks, snowmates, etc. Some of them are designed to transport even a group of substances, materials, products, and some particular goods and cannot be used For transportation of something else.

What is important: the body (regardless of their species) can be of different capacity and loading capacity. In addition, the same separation for its intended purpose and semi-trap and containers. And therefore to pick up motor vehicleThat would satisfy all the necessary requirements, supported certain conditions and was intended for a specific type of cargo of a particular mass and volume, there is nothing complicated today.

Characteristics of vehicles that are more often used during cargo transportation

Speaking of vehicles, you need to say about those that most often used in cargo transportation. These are cars with closed tilt or all-metal semi-trailers and trailers as universal destination and intended for the transport of goods requiring a special temperature regime.

• Standard Eurofura (tractor + semi-trailer) with a capacity of 82 m 3, with a carrying capacity of 20 tons (33 eurorals becomes) and sizes of 13.6 × 2.45 × 2.45 meters. It is considered the most popular version of the truck with the variants of semi-trailers - tilt, all-metal and isothermal. It is also used for the transport of dangerous goods (naturally, in the presence of ADR tolerance).
• YUMBA or Jumbo (Jumbo) (tractor + semi-trailer) with a capacity of 96 m 3, with a carrying capacity of up to 22 tons and dimensions of 13.8 × 2.45 × 2.45 (3.0) meters. It differs from the standard euro fleece M-shaped floor: has a special step, which increases the useful height (up to 3 meters) and the useful amount of semi-trailer. Such a design allows you to transport higher cargoes, however, for transportation, for example, long whole goods, it is unlikely to fit: because of the "clamping", they will be hard and fasten, using the maximum of the cargo space.
• Mega (Mega) (tractor + semi-trailer) with a capacity of 100 m 3, with a carrying capacity of 22 tons and sizes of 13.6 × 2.45 × 3.0 meters. Its main difference is the wheels of a smaller radius, which, due to its size, allow the use of a semi-trailer with a height of 2.45, and 3 meters. Such a car makes it possible to transport higher cargo.
• Road train (van + trailer). It may be a capacity of 110 m 3 and 120 m 3 - it all depends on the size of the trailer used (at the same time the maximum allowed road train length for Russia is 20 meters). This option of the automobile vehicle is indispensable in that it has increased capacity. Very often used with cargo transportation on active, popular areas, as it allows for one trip to transport more parties of goods. The most common awesome road train is found - all-metal, but no isothermal.