Question No. 1. Transport. Appointment and constituent.

Transportation is a set of means of message, ways and structures, maintenance devices. Often, the term "transport" means the entire set of infrastructure, management, vehicles and transport enterprises that make up the transport system or the economy industry.

Transport is divided into three categories:

1) common transport,

2) Transportation of special use and personal or individual transport. Special use transport - intraproductive and intra-industrial transport. Finally, personal transport - these are cars, bicycles, yachts, private aircraft.

3) Personal automatic transport forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles.

All transport can be divided into a number of groups according to certain features.

By number of wheels : Monocycle, bicycle, tricycle, quad bike

By type of wheels: Railway transport, legal transport, tracked transport

By type of engine: Self-propelled transport, motor vehicle given by muscular power, trailers

By displacement environment: Water transport, air transport, ground and underground

By type of ownership and the number of passengers: individual transport, public transport

For carrying capacity: Cargo, passenger

Question number 2. Transport system. External, urban, suburban and local (exotic) transport.

Transport system - transport infrastructure, transport enterprises, vehicles and management in aggregate. The unified transport system ensures the coordinated development and operation of all types of transport in order to maximize transport needs with minimal costs.

Vehicles typically protrude cars, bikes, buses, trains, airplane.

Under control refers to the control over the system, such as traffic lights, arrows on railways, flight management, etc., as well as rules (among other things, the rules for financing the system: paid roads, fuel tax, etc.). Transportation system management is a set of measures aimed at the effective functioning of this system by coordination, organizing, streamlining the elements of this system, both among themselves and with an external environment. In a broad sense, the development of networks is the task of civil engineering and urban planning, the development of vehicles - mechanical engineering and specialized sections of applied science, and management is usually specialized under a network, or refers to the study of management or system engineering.

Quantitative indicators of the transport system are:

1) the length of the communication paths,

2) the number of employed

3) cargo and passenger turn.

Transport system levels:

1) external: w / d. Avia. Car, aquatic (sea and river)

The settlement cannot without transport. Components of external transport depend on the size and geographer of the position of the city.

2) urban: necessary with raising pedestrian availability (15 min). The components of external transport depend on the size and population of the item. It happens: passenger (mass, local), cargo, special.

3) Suburban: buses. In / d, water, car. Increased intensity day and evening (\u003d pendulum)

4) Local (exotic)

Transport corridors - This is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary arrangements that ensure the transport of passengers and goods between various countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit main pipelines.

Transport nodesthe complex of transport devices is called at the point of the joint of several types of transport that jointly perform operations for servicing transit, local and urban transport of goods and passengers. The transport unit as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation in places of docking two or several trunk modes. In the transport system, the nodes have the function of regulating valves. A malfunction in the work of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Question number 3. Urban transport. Purpose and main characteristics.

Transport- Total means of messages, communication, facilities and maintenance devices

Views: Passenger, Gruburg, Special (Police, Ambulance, Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.) Time:

1. Cargo transportation (more predicting)

2. Purchase of people

Cargo transport is divided into

1. Industrial (depending on the size and profile of wanting)

2. Construction (depends on the city's size)

3. Consumer (from the size and development trend)

4. Cleaning

Passenger

1. Citywide (massive: metro, trolley buses, buses, trams; individual)

2. Local (movement in limited space - factory, TRK)

Proster ability - This is the number of passengers that can be transported over one thread in one direction, per unit of time. 80-90 thousand passengers per hour - Metropolitan 15 - 30-35 thousand passengers per hour - Tram 10-23 thousand passengers per hour - Trolleybus

Depends on the capacity, stopping points

The largest metro, railway, tram, trolley buses, bus

Capacity is the number of passengers to its permission to be transported on the standards to 1M 2. At rush hour 8 people per 1 sq. Meter.

Speedmessages- This is the speed of movement on mass transport, taking into account planned and non-planning stops.

			Trolleybus		Individual
Capacity

4 Passenger Transport General

Buses- The most common type of transport. The network of bus lines is usually characterized by the greatest length. Depending on the destination bus lines are divided into two types:

basic providing direct transport links between individual areas and passage in transformations;

delivery providing passenger delivery tostopping points of more powerful modes of transport (tram, metropolitan, railway lines).

The main bus lines in terms of the city are divided into:

internal, both of the end items of which are within the city;

in the city, connecting the city with a suburban zone and having one end item beyond.

The main inner lines have a length corresponding to the linear dimensions of the city; Calee lines reach greater length (50 km n more). Divorcing lines are usually a small length.

To create the best operating conditions, the routes of bus lines are paved along the streets with advanced coatings (cementoetoma, asphalt concrete, bridges from blocks and mosaic), which provide high speed of movement with the lowest consumption of fuel and minimum wear running parts and rubber. However, buses may be temporarily operated on the tracks with transition types of coating (cobblestone pavement, rubbed highway N Ave.).

Compared to other types of mass transport, buses possess the greatest maneuverability, but they are inferior to tram. The disadvantage of buses, like the entire automotive transport, is pollution of the air basin of cities of spent gases.

The bus movement plays a significant role in servicing the developing areas of the city, for which the device of more powerful vehicles in the first stages can be economically inappropriate. In addition, the bus is successfully used by the PA city routes in the central regions, especially in old cities with winding and insufficiently wide streets.

Bus transportation can be divided into: urban, suburban, local (with a route length up to 100 km), long-distance neighboring (100-300 km), long-distance long (over 300 km), service, etc. The suspension capacity of the bus lipny is at a good organization It is 4500-5000 PAC / h in one direction. The trend of increasing the agrees of bus lines is expressed in increasing the capacity of buses through the use of articulated bodies and two-storey buses.

Buses local communication Used for intraranion and interdistrict passenger traffic. Them distinctive features - Reliability and high permeability, allowing the use of buses on unfavorated roads, as well as the possibility of a prison of necromoditian manual luggage.

Intercity buses Serve for transportation of passengers on highways for considerable distances. Their enhanced comfort and design features allow you to safely move with high speeds.

Excursion buses are distinguished by the layout of the cabin, the design of the seats, have a good visibility. They apply to the city and suburban lines.

Service buses are intended for service trips of employees of enterprises and institutions, sanatorium-resort service, as well as for urban, local transport and transportation of tourists. In terms of capacity and dimensions distinguish buses: especially low capacity up to 5.5 m long (10-12 places);

low capacity up to 7.5 m long (45-48 places); medium capacity up to 9.5 m (60-65 places); large capacity up to 11 m long (70-80 places); Particularly large capacity up to 12 m long (100-120 seats).

Trolley busesaccording to the main operational performance, a little different from buses, however, for their movement, the device of traction substations and equipment of the lines of the two-wire contact network are required. Trolleybuses are used on intracity (sometimes on flying) lines having passenger traffic of medium power.

When designing a trolleybus network, it seeks to a minimum to reduce the number of intersections of lines among themselves and with the tram lines, since the intersections and air arrows reduce the speed of movement of the trolleybus, and sometimes they cause it to stop it due to the scope of the current collector. The capacity of the rolling stock of trolleybus 74-139 passengers. Under the terms of the reliability of the current collector, the trolleybus lines run only on the streets with advanced overhaul. The longitudinal slope of the trolleybus line should not exceed 0.07.

On maneuverability, trolleybuses are inferior to buses, which is especially noticeable in the conditions of old cities with insufficient width streets. The main advantage of trolleybus compared to the tram is that the landing and disembarkation of passengers is carried out directly from the sidewalk. In addition, trolleybus when driving can be deviated in both directions from the axis of the contact wire up to 4.2 m, which allows you to exploit it to the streets with intensive movement.

Tram lines have a higher cost of equipment than bus and trolleybus. Therefore, the network of tram lines is characterized by a relatively lower density.

The most co-compared to other types of street vehicles The tram ability determines the placement of tram lines along the tracks with large sustainable passenger traffic. The tram tram lines are designed if the bus does not provide transportation in this direction and the need for transportation cannot be satisfied with the existing line of the electric railway, as well as if it is necessary to provide the city's pursuit of the city with a suburb.

The tram lines are currently designing predominantly two-chaoles with the central (in relation to the street axis) or with the lateral location of the paths. On the peripheral lines with small passenger traffic, one-row lines are sometimes built with the roads every 0.5-2 km.

The focus of passengers at the tram stops located in the middle of the road part of the streets, causes fireless transportation to stop or reduce speed. In addition, the presence of a tram line reduces the possibility of overtaking. Thus, the overall efficiency of automotive operation is reduced. Because of this, there is a peculiar process of moving the tram movement from the central regions of the old cities in the peripheral, where the intensity of the motion is significantly lower.

The removal of trams tram from the main streets improves the conditions of traffic in general and improves traffic safety. However, the removal of tram lines must be accompanied by either the transfer of them to parallel duplicate directions, or the construction of the metro line of the IA directions with powerful passenger traffic. Sometimes the elimination of the tram line can be compensated by the strengthening of the work of trolleybus and bus transport.

Transport (from Latin "I transfer", "I move", "Transferred") - the blood system of the world economy. None of the sectors of the economy can exist without transport, since it is he who unites them into a single complex and carries out the transportation of goods and passengers.

We are so accustomed to transport that we do not notice it. But even minor interruptions in his work violate our comfort, and sometimes paralyzed all the links of the economy.

It is not by chance that transport in general or its individual species are developed in each country of the world. It connects countries and continents, removed from each other for thousands of kilometers. All vehicles, enterprises and messages are formed by the world transport system.

Terrestrial transport includes primarily automobile and rail, as well as pipeline transport.

Automobile transport is rightly called the XX century transport. Maneuverability, the ability to deliver passengers and cargo "from door to the door", a minor dependence on weather conditions led to its rapid development.

In the early 1990s, the global car park had almost 500 million cars. About 80% of this number of cars accounted for developed countries. According to the total length of highways, the first place in the world is occupied by the United States (about 5 million kilometers), Western European countries and Japan stand out on the density of the automotive network.

Automobile transport is a leader in intracity and suburban transportation. The modernization of the means of movement in recent years has put forward vehicles on leading positions and in long-distance transportation. So, B. two-storey buses Tourists feel comfortable even on long transcontinental routes. More and more appears on international highways of heavy freight tractors.

In the "Automotive Capital" of the world - Los Angeles 2/3 of streets and squares are busy under parking cars. On average, each resident here comes two cars. In Germany, the fleet density is 100 units per 1 km2.

In the world of approximately 4/5 passengers is transported by road. Unfortunately, more than 200 thousand people die on the roads of the world.

Car - chief polluter ambient. It accounts for most of the pollutants that are thrown into the atmosphere daily.

Railway differs from other terrestrial modes of transport to a significant amount and a variety of transportation, absolute independence from weather and relative cheap. Therefore, it was a long time he was the leader among other types of transport.

The total length of railways in the world is about 1.2 million kilometers. Half of them accounted for six huge in terms of states: USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australian Union. By the number of goods transported, Russia (almost half of world traffic) occupies the first place in the world.

In many developed countries, the railway network is currently declining. The main reason for this is rigid competition from the road transport. In some developing countries, the railway network is not available at all.

The current trend in the development of this type of transport is the electrification of railways, the introduction of ultra-speed lines, as well as superheavy compounds.

Pipeline transport transfers to long distances of liquid, gaseous and solid (mainly bulk) cargo. Pipelines are transported mainly oil and gas. This type of transport is allocated among other relative cheap transport, and in terms of performance is inferior only to the sea. The most long pipelines of the world are laid in the USA and Russia.

Recently, product pipelines have appeared in the world, with the help of which gasoline, ammonia, coal crumb, cement are transmitted.

Conclusions:

Transportation is the third important branch of the world economy.

All vehicles, enterprises and messages are formed by the world transport system.

Ground transport includes: automobile, rail, pipeline, as well as manpiece and pack.

Automotive transport leads to the transport of passengers and cargo. At the same time, it is the main environmental pollutant.

Read in the section

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types of Transportation, Types of Transport Substances Through Membranes
Transportation is a combination of all types of communication, vehicles, technical devices And structures on the ways of communication providing the process of moving people and cargo for various purposes from one place to another.

All transport can be divided into a number of groups ( Modes of transport) By certain features.

• 1 by moving medium
  • 1.1 Water
  • 1.2 Air transport
    • 1.2.1 Aviation
    • 1.2.2 Airplane
  • 1.3 Space transport
  • 1.4 Ground transport
    • 1.4.1 by the number of wheels
    • 1.4.2 Railway
    • 1.4.3 Automotive
      • 1.4.3.1 by appointment
    • 1.4.4 Cycling
    • 1.4.5 Vehicles driven by animals
      • 1.4.5.1 Gouuva
      • 1.4.5.2 View
      • 1.4.5.3 Berchic
    • 1.4.6 Pipeline
      • 1.4.6.1 Pneumatic
    • 1.4.7 Other species terrestrial transport
      • 1.4.7.1 Lift
      • 1.4.7.2 escalator
      • 1.4.7.3 Elevator
      • 1.4.7.4 Funicular
      • 1.4.7.5 Cable road
• 2 by appointment
  • 2.1 General Vehicles
    • 2.1.1 Public transport
  • 2.2 Special use transport
  • 2.3 Individual transport
• 3 for used energy
  • 3.1 Transport with own engine
  • 3.2 Caused by the power of the wind
  • 3.3 Muscular Power
    • 3.3.1 Vehicles driven by man
    • 3.3.2 Transport driven animals
• 4 Perspective Types of Transport
• 5 cm also
• 6 Notes
• 7 Links

By displacement environment

Depending on the medium in which transport performs its functions, it can be: water, including underwater, ground, including underground, air and space. It is possible to combine media amphibians, flying boats, eco-plane, ships on an air cushion, etc.

Water

Main article: Water transport Truck river ship ship lift

Water transport is the most ancient type of transport. At least before the appearance of transcontinental railways (the second half of the XIX century) remained the most important type of transport. Even the most primitive sailing ship over the day overcoming four to five times the distance than the caravan. Transferred cargo was large, operating costs - less.

Water transport still retains an important role. Due to its advantages (water transport - the cheapest after pipeline), water transport now covers 60-67% of the total world cargo turnover. In the inner waterway, there are mainly mass loads - building materials, coal, ore - the transportation of which does not require high speed (competition is affected with faster road and rail transport). On transportation through the sea and oceans in water transport no competitors (air transportation is very expensive, and their total share in freight transportation is low), so sea vessels transport the most different types Goods, but most of the goods are oil and petroleum products, liquefied gas, coal, ore.

Cruise ship

The role of water transport in passenger transportation has significantly decreased, which is associated with its low speeds. Exceptions - high-speed vessels on underwater wings (sometimes the function of long-distance express buses originating) and the court on the air cushion. The role of ferries and cruise liners is also great.

• Vehicles: Court
• Message paths: Over / under the surface of the seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, canals, gateways
• Alarm and management: Lighthouses, Bui
• Transport nodes: Sea and river ports and train stations

Air Transport

Main article: Air Transport

Aviation

Main article: Aviation Boeing 737-8K5 (WL) G-FDZT (8542035433)

Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive type of transport. The main sphere of applying air transport is passenger transportation at distances over a thousand kilometers. Trucks are also carried out, but their share is very low. The main air transport is transporting perishable products and especially valuable goods, as well as mail. In many hard-to-reach areas (in the mountains, areas of the Far North), there are no alternatives to air transport. There are no airfields in the landing site at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas) is used not by airplanes, and helicopters that do not need landing strip. The big problem of modern aircraft is the noise produced by them during the take-off, which significantly worsens the quality of life of the inhabitants located near the airports of districts.

• Vehicles: Airplanes and helicopters
• Message paths: Air corridors
• Alarm and management: aircraft, dispatch service
• Transport nodes: Airports

Aeronautics

Main article: Aeronautics Airship B-6 "Osoaviahim" 30s, the USSR Contemporary Polish-Grayscale "Zeppelin NT", Germany. The airships of this type are made since the 1990s of the German company Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH (ZLT) in Friedrichshafen. This was airships with a volume of 8225 m³ and 75 m in length. They are significantly smaller than old chapels that reached the maximum amount of 200,000 m³. In addition, they are filled with exclusively non-flammable helium.

Currently, the concepts of aviation and air transport actually became synonymous, as air carriers are carried out exclusively by air courts heavier than air. However, the first aircraft were easier than air. 1709 The first air balloon was launched. However, balloons were uncontrollable.

Airship - managed aircraft lighter than air. November 13, 1899 French airproofer A. Santos-Dramont made the first successful flight of airship, having flipped around the Eiffel Tower in Paris at a speed of 22-25 km / h. The period between world warriors were widely used in military, civil, scientific, and sports purposes. Passenger airships even made regular flights between Europe and America.

At the end of the 20th century, interest in the airship resumed: now instead of explosive hydrogen or expensive inert helium, there is a mixture. Airsholes, though a lot more aircraft, but much more economical. Nevertheless, still the scope of their application remains marginal: promotional and entertainment flights, monitoring of traffic. The airships are also offered as a climatively acceptable alternative to aircraft.

• Vehicles: Aerostats and airships

Space transport

Main article: Cosmonautics

Ground transport

Maybe underground. It is divided into different types of transport for a number of signs. According to the types of pathways, it is divided into a rail (rail) and a straightforward. By the type of propulsion on the wheels, tracked, using animals and others. Here are the main types of land transport without strict classification.

By number of kens

Monocycle Cargo Tricycle

In terms of the number of wheels, wheels, wheels are divided into:

• Monocycles (from Lat. Mono One, Single and Dr. Greek. Kýklos Circle, Wheel) - 1-wheel vehicles (due to high ability to keep equilibrium at the moment the main sphere of the use of monocycles - Circus art),
• Bicycles (from Lat. Bi Two and Dr. Greek. Kýklos Circle, Wheel) - 2-wheeled vehicles - bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles, etc.,

Quad bike

• Tricycles (from three and dr. Greek. Kýklos Circle, Wheel) - 3-wheel vehicles - some bikes, motorcycles (trains), cars, etc.,
• Quadrocycles (from Ital. Quattro Four and Dr. Greek. Kýklos Circle, Wheel) - 4-wheeled vehicles. Under the quadrocycles in the post-Soviet space, most often understand the motovisters, and in the USA - 4-wheeled bikes. But they, by definition, include any 4-wheeled, including most passenger cars.

Railway

Main article: Railway transport Cargo train in Russia

Railway transport - the type of ground transport, the transportation of goods and passengers on which is carried out by wheeled vehicles on railways. Railway tracks usually consist of iron rails mounted on sleepers and ballasts, which moves a rolling stock, usually equipped with metal wheels. The rolling stock of railway transport usually has a smaller friction resistance compared to cars, and passenger and cargo cars can be linked to longer trains. Trains are driven by locomotives. Railway transport is a relatively safe view of transport.

Arriving at the beginning of the XIX century (the first steam locomotive was built in 1804), by the middle of the same century, he became the most important transport of industrial countries of that time. By the end of the XIX century, the total length of the railways exceeded a million kilometers. Railways tied internal industrial areas with marine ports. Along the railways grown new industrial cities. However, after World War II, the railways began to lose their value. Railways have many advantages - high lifting capacity, reliability, relatively high speed. Now by railways Motively cargo transport, but mostly mass, such as raw materials, agricultural products. Introduction of containers facilitating overload also increased the competitiveness of railways.

High-speed train ICE3, Germany

First in Japan, and now in Europe, a system of high-speed railways, allowing movement with speeds up to three hundred kilometers per hour. Such railways have become a serious competitor of airline at short distances. The role of suburban railways and metro is still high. Electrified railways (and by now most railways with intensive movement are electrified) much more environmentally friendly road transport. The most electrified railways in Switzerland (up to 95%), in Russia, this indicator comes to 47%.

Due to the use of rails, which have a small grip, railway trains are extremely susceptible to collision hazards, because it usually follows at a speed that does not allow the opportunity to stop a fast or braking path with a longer visible for the driver's survey. Most of the forms of trains control consist of instructions of the movement transmitted from the train brigade responsible for the site.

• Vehicles: locomotives and cars
• Message paths: Railway track, bridges, tunnels, overpass
• Alarm and management: Railway alarm
• Transport nodes: Railway stations and train stations
• Energy provision: Contact Network and Traction Substations (on electrified railway), locomotive refueling and equipment

Tram

Tram - view of street and partially street rail public transport For the carriage of passengers according to the specified routes (usually on electrodynam), used mainly in the cities.

Metropolitan.

Metropolitan (from Fr. métropolitain, Sokr. From Chemin De Fer Métropolitain - "Metropolitan Railway"), Metro (Métro), English. Underground, Amer. English Subway- In the traditional understanding of the city railway with the route trains for transportation of passengers, engineeringly separated from any other transport and pedestrian movement (non-shear). The general case is the metropolitan - any extra-supersian city passenger transport system with route trains running on it. That is, the metro in a traditional understanding or, for example, urban monoraments are examples of metro varieties. Train movement in the metro regular, according to the schedule of movement. The metro is characteristic of a high route speed (up to 80 km / h) and a superal ability (up to 60 thousand passengers per hour in one direction). The metro lines can be laid under the ground (in tunnels), on the surface and on the overpass (especially this is characteristic of urban monorails).

Monorail

Monorail road - A transport system in which cars with passengers or trolleys are moved to the vehicle installed on the overpass or individual supports - monorail. The monorail roads are distinguished - the wagons are based on the running trolley located above the way beam, and suspended - wagons are suspended with the chassis trolley and move under monorail.

Log trail

Local transport (also "light rail transport", LRT, from English. Light Rail) - city railway public transport, which is characterized by smaller than that of the metro and railway, and large than the usual street tram of the message speed and bandwidth.

A variety of legal tram is a high-speed tram including an underground tram and an urban railway). At the same time, the differences between such legal systems from the metro, the urban railway (S-Bahn), are oddels, which often becomes the cause of terminological errors. In general, this term, as a rule, is used to designate high-speed electrified railway systems (for example, tram), isolated from other transport streams to most of the network, but allowing the system and single-level intersection, and even a street movement (including tram-pedestrian tram-pedestrian zones). The difference from a slight metro, closer to the usual metro, the lobescale transport is closer to the tram.

Outacador transport

Outacada transport, headband (eng. Elevated Railways, in the US abbreviated: EL) - City rail speed extra-sufficient separate system or part of the system of urban railways (S-Bahn), metropolitan, legal transport (depending on the execution, quantity of cars and mass The overall parameters of rolling stock), laid over the ground on the overpass.

Automotive

The car (from the car ... and lat. Mobilis - moving) - a means of firewall with its own engine. Automobile transport is now the most common type of transport. Automobile transport younger railway and water, the first cars appeared at the very end of the XIX century. The advantages of road transport are maneuverability, flexibility, speed.

disadvantages. At all stages of production, operation and disposal of cars, fuel, oils, tires, construction of roads and other automotive infrastructure facilities, significant environmental damage is applied. particular, nitrogen and sulfur oxides emitted into the atmosphere when burning gasoline cause acid rains.

Cars - The most wasteful transport compared to other types of transport in terms of the costs necessary for moving one passenger.

Car transport requires good roads. Now in developed countries there is a network of motorways - multibone roads without intersections, allowing the speed of movement over a hundred kilometers per hour.

• Vehicles: Different types of cars - passenger, buses, trolley buses, cargo;
• Message paths: road, bridges, tunnels, overpass, overpass;
• Alarm and management: Road rules, traffic lights, road signs, automotive inspections;
• Transport nodes: bus station, bus station, parking lots, intersection;
• Energy provision: Car refueling stations, contact network;
• Technical support: Car maintenance station (STA), parks (bus, trolleybus), road service

By destination

For the purpose of the Automobile are divided into transport, special and racing. Transport serve for the transport of goods and passengers. Special buildings have constantly mounted equipment or installations and are used for various purposes (firefighters and utilities, autochannels, truck cranes, etc.). Racing are intended for sports competitions, including to establish the speed records (record-racing incomplete). Automobile transport in turn are divided into passenger, freight and buses. Trolleybus - Bus with electrical drive. Cars have capacity from 2 to 8 people.

Trucks Almost all types of goods transport, but even at long distances (up to 5 or more thousand km) of the road train (truck tractor and trailer or semi-trailer) successfully compete with the railway during the transport of valuable goods, for which the delivery speed is critical, for example, perishable Products.

Cars (Individual use cars) - the abusive majority of the currently existing cars. They are used, as a rule, for traveling to distances to two hundred kilometers.

Public automobile transport For operation in cities and suburbs, it is now used primarily low-profile city buses, and for long-distance and international flight and tourist transportation - long-distance and tourist liners. The latter differ from urban layout models with increased level Floor (for placing luggage compartments), a comfortable interior with seating places, the availability of additional amenities (kitchens, wardrobe, toilet). Communications with an increase in the comfort of tourist buses at the end of the 20th century, they are quite successfully competing with railways in the field of transportation of tourists.

Bicycle

Bike (from lat. Velox - fast and PES - foot) - two- or (less often) tricycle machine for movement, driven from 2 pedals through a chain transmission.

Velomobil is a vehicle with a muscular camp of legs, hands, or even all possible muscles.

Transport movable animals

Lavazza 0002782 M.

The use of animals for the transport of people and goods is known since ancient times. People can ride on some animals to riding or bargaining alive or groups in wagons (carts, calls) or sleigh for the carriage of goods or passengers or shove them.

Manpowder Main article: Manus transport

The gentle transportation is the type of gell transport, in which the force of animals (horses, oxes, elephants, donkeys, camels, deer, llamas, dogs, etc.) is used as a thrust. For many centuries, manpure transport was the main view land transport. With the development of the railway network (from the 2nd quarter of the 19th century), it loses its importance for long distance transportation, with the exception of mountainous areas and deserts and regions of the Far North. The 20th century, the use of manguard transport was limited by areas that did not have railways; The important importance of the gentle transport for agricultural production and for intracity and local transportation is still maintained; For the suggestion to railway stations and ports and delivery from them. But with the development of vehicles and the tractor park, the value of the geases has sharply decreased in these areas.

Basic main article: Support transport Support transport

The means of transportation of goods in the mountains, deserts, wood-swampy and taiga area with the help of pack animals. It is used where because of the off-road, the nature of the terrain or weather status is impossible to use the mantels, roads or helicopters. To secure and retain cargo on the back of the animal, blouses or pack siders are used.

Berchic

Pipeline

Pipeline transport is quite unusual: it does not have vehicles, or rather, the "part-time" infrastructure itself is a vehicle. Pipeline transport is cheaper rail and even water. It does not require a large number of personnel. Main type of cargo - liquid (oil, petroleum products) or gaseous. The pipelines and gas pipelines transport these products over long distances with a short line with the smallest loss. Pipes are placed on Earth or under Earth, as well as on overpass. Cargo movement is carried out pumping or compressor stations. The most casual appearance pipeline transport - plumbing and sewage. There are experimental pipelines in which hard bulk loads move in mixed with water. Other examples of the pipeline for solid cargo - pneumatic, garbage chute.

Pneumatic

Pneumatic transport - "The combination of installations and systems that serve to move bulk and piece goods with air or gas."

Application.

• to load bunkers and adjustable release of materials from them.
• moving materials between warehouses and shops.
• bookmark made of mines of mine rocks.
• removal of waste production, such as ash, chips, dust.
• Pneumatic mail is used to move piece goods. Closed passive capsules (containers) are moved under the action of compressed or, on the contrary, cutting air through the pipeline system, transferring inside the well-friendly loads, documents. This type of transport is usually applied to delivering mail, letters, documents from where his name follows. The pneumatic mail was used in the 19-20th centuries and is used today, for example, for the delivery of paper bills in supermarkets without a cashier, from the workplace.

Pneumatic mail - Type of transport, system of movement of piece goods under the action of compressed or, on the contrary, cut air. Closed passive capsules (containers) are moved through the pipeline system, transferring inside the well-friendly loads, documents. This type of transport is usually applied to delivering mail, letters, documents from where his name follows. The pneumatic mail was used in the 19-20th centuries and is used today, for example, for the delivery of paper bills in supermarkets without a cashier, from the workplace.

Other types of ground transport

Liftical

Elevator (from English Lift - raise), a stationary lift of a commonly interrupted action with a vertical movement of a cabin or platform on a hard guide installed in the mine .. Designed to move people and cargo, as a rule, vertically within one building or facilities.

Escalator

Escalator (eng. Escalator; original source: lat. Scala - staircase), an inclined plate conveyor with a moving stepped web, which serves for lifting and pulling passengers at the metro stations, in public buildings, on street transitions and other places with significant passenger traffic.

Elevator

Elevator (Lat. Elevator, literally - raising, from Elevo - I raise), a continuous machine, transporting cargo in vertical or inclined directions. E. bucket, shelf, lulents. Bucket E. Designed for a vertical lift or steep slope (more than 60 °) bulk cargo (dust-shaped, grainy, slicing), shelf and lulents E. - for vertical lifting of piece goods (parts, bags, boxes, etc.) with Intermediate loading and unloading.

Funicular

Funicular (Franz. FUNICULAIRE, from LAT. FUNICULUS - Rope, rope), lifting and transportation with a cable car, intended for moving passengers and cargo for a steep rise for a short distance. It is used in cities and resort centers, as well as in mountainous locations. The funicular is an elevator in which the movement of people and cargo is produced in wagons moving along the inclined railways between the upper and lower stations with the help of a rope associated with cars and a drive swan. The winter with the drive is usually located on the top station. For the purpose of the funicular are divided into passenger, freight and cargo-passenger. The funiculine has limited distribution due to the intermittent nature of the work, a lot of time on the input and output of passengers or loading and unloading, low speeds (less than 3 m / s), the impossibility of movement for complex tracks.

Cable car

Cableway - Transportation for moving passengers and cargo, in which to move cars, trolleys, cabins or seats, serves a traction or non-traction rope (cable), stretched between supports in such a way that wagons (cockpit-gondolas, chairs, trolley) Do not concern the Earth.

By destination

According to the serviced area, all transport is divided into three categories: public transport that serves the sphere of circulation and population, transportation of non-commodity (intraproductive movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, etc.), as well as personal use.

General use transport

General use transport should not be confused with public transport (public transport is a public transport subcategory). General use transport serves trade (transportation) and population (passenger transportation).

Public transport

Main article: Public transport

Public transport - passenger transport, affordable and in demand for using wide segments of the population. Public transport services are usually provided for a certain fee. According to the narrow interpretation of public transport, the vehicles attributable to it are intended for transportation of a sufficiently large number of passengers at a time and run on certain routes (according to the schedule or responding to demand). A broader interpretation includes a taxi, Ricksha and similar types of transport, as well as some specialized transport systems.

Intorcian passenger transportation are carried out by buses, urban electric transport (trolleybuses, trams), taxis, as well as water and railway transport; In major cities - the subway. The suburban message prevails railway and bus transports, in long-distance reports - railway and air transport, in intercontinental - air and sea transport.

Transport special use

• Technological transport
• Military transport

Individual transport

For used energy

Transport with own engine

• Transport by Stlovel engines
• Electric transport
• Hybrid transport

Caused by the strength of the wind

Main article: Sailing vessel

Muscular powered

Transport driven by a person

• Bicycle
• Velomobile is a vehicle with a muscular drive, combining the simplicity, efficiency and environmental friendliness of a bicycle with stability and convenience of the car.
• Ships - rowes - using elements, and using the pole.

Transport movable animals

Perspective types of transport

There are many projects of new types of transport. Here is talking about some of those who had at least experimental incarnation.

• Magnetic cushion train or Maglev (from the English. Magnetic Levitation - "Magnetic Levitation") is a train held above the canvas, driven and controlled by the power of an electromagnetic field. This composition, in contrast to traditional trains, does not concern the surface of the rail during the movement. Since there is a clearance between the train and the surface of the web, the friction is excluded between them, and the only braking force is aerodynamic resistance. It refers to monorable transport (although instead of a magnetic rail can be arranged a channel between magnets - as on Jr-Maglev). The problem achieved by the magnetic pillow by the magnetic cushion, is comparable with the speed of the aircraft and allows you to compete with air transport in the near and medium-haired directions (up to 1000 km). Although the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch transport is not new, economic and technical limitations did not allow it to be fully: for public use, the technology was incarnated only several times. Currently, Maglev cannot use the existing transport infrastructure, although there are projects with the location of the magnetic elements between the rails of the ordinary railway or under the vehicles.
• Personal automatic transportation - This is the type of urban and suburban transport, which automatically (without a driver) transports passengers in a taxi mode using a network of dedicated paths. The present moment in the world there is one system of personal automatic transport. This is the Ultra network in the London Heathrow Airport. The system was opened for passengers in 2010. There is also a MorganTown Personal Rapid Transit system, which differs from the classical PRT concept of an increased wagon size.
• String transport - The project of a transport system based on a generallylanet vehicle, combining signs of automotive and rail transport, developed since 1977 A. E. Unitsky - "String Transport" - Currently, did not go beyond the experimental framework. 2001 year, an experienced section of the cargo transport system was built in the city of Lakes of the Moscow Region. One of the main components of the string transport system - string rail (railway string), or string beam (string beam), or a string farm (farm string) of a special design. Rail (beam, farm), as a rule, is a hollow steel (in perspective - composite) box, inside of which a packet of stretched string wires (or tapes, rods, rods and other extended power elements are placed). Inner space The box not occupied by strings is filled with mineral or polymeric compositions.

see also

• Types of bicycles

Notes

1. The word "transport" in the emergency in the emergency situations on Dicacadimic.ru
2. Airship - BSE - Yandex.Slovar
3. Airplane - BSE - Yandex.Slovar
4. Tram - BSE - Yandex.Slovari. Checked February 28, 2013. Archived from the source March 9, 2013.
5. Monorail road: BSE encyclopedia - Alcala.ru. Checked February 28, 2013. Archived from the source March 9, 2013.
6. Buslov A.S. "Prospects for the development of legal trains in Voronezh." - No. Collection of theses of the Abstract of the International Scientific Conference "Strategy and Resources of Development of Large Cities of the Center of Russia", VSU, 2008.
7. Baklanov V.V. "The introduction of the loss of transport is one of the ways to improve the quality of transport service of the population of Moscow." - № International Practical Conference "The Trends of Development Trends in Moscow" October 16, 2008.
8. 1 2 Car - BSE - Yandex.Slovaria. Checked February 24, 2013. Archived from the original source on March 13, 2013.
9. BICYCLE. Checked February 24, 2013. Archived from the original source on March 13, 2013.
10. 1 2 3 Vvedensky B. A. Small Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1959. - T. 3. - P. 222.
11. Support transport - BSE - Yandex.Cholovari. Checked February 18, 2013. Archived from the primary source March 13, 2013.
12. 1 2 Pneumatic transport - BSE - Yandex.Slovaria. Archived from primary source June 18, 2013.
13. Lift - BSE - Yandex.Slovaria. Checked on February 16, 2013. Archived from the source March 9, 2013.
14. Escalator - BSE - Yandex.Slovari. Checked on February 16, 2013. Archived from the source March 9, 2013.
15. Elevator (mechanical) - BSE - Yandex.Slovaria. Checked on February 16, 2013. Archived from the source March 9, 2013.
16. Funicular - BSE - Yandex.Slovaria. Checked February 28, 2013. Archived from the original source March 13, 2013.
17. TRANSPORT. Checked February 18, 2013. Archived from the original source on February 25, 2013.
18. Passenger traffic - BSE - Yandex.Slovaria. Checked February 28, 2013. Archived from the original source March 13, 2013.
19. The Search Engine That Does At InfoWeb.net
20. Innovative projects
21. http://president.kremlin.ru/transcripts/6094

Links

LOOKING E. Yu. Transport: Experience of philosophical reflection

types of Transportation, Types of Transport Substances Through Membranes, Types of Transport for Children, Types of Transport Pictures, Types of Transport in English, Types of Transport Presentation, Types of Transport Pictures, Types of Transport Russian

Types of transport Information about

Any enterprise interacts with the external environment. This interaction is particularly important when organizing and managing material flows. The successful functioning of the company that produces any goods is reduced to such a scheme: the purchase of raw materials is the shipment of the finished products of the intermediary - the sale of goods to the buyer. Each stage of this link accompanies transport logistics.

This type of logistics contributes to the qualitative and safe movement of goods. At the same time, it is necessary to economically spend the resources and choose the most optimal route.

All nuances of logistics companies will help. Thanks to experienced and qualified personnel, each stage of transportation is thought out to the smallest detail, the cargo arrives at the destination by holistic and at the right time.

Transport logistics is a complex science that requires special knowledge.

Transport logistics - that these are simple words, its goals

The concept of transport logistics is largely similar to the concept of simple logistics. If you give a definition of simple words, this is the organization of delivery and moving material objects, cargo on the optimal route using vehicles.

This subsection is extremely important. When the entrepreneur is just starting his business, then with a small amount of sales, it can independently deal with transportation. But with the growth of their business, sales are growing. Now it is problematic to engage in the movement of raw materials and a finished product. In this case, rationally use the services of a transport logistics company.

Such an organization will ensure the safety of cargo, will select the optimal route to save money for transportation.

The main goal of transport logistics is the delivery of goods to the appointed place and time with high quality indicators and in necessary quantity. This means that punctuality should be observed, the goods should not be spoiled and arrived in the same quantity as indicated in the documents.

Transport costs occupy one of the main positions among other types of costs. In order to managing the enterprise - to make this indicator less. That is why transport logistics is considered as:

• effective way of impact on costs thanks to the correctly selected transport;
• rational organization of the entire transportation process from the point of dispatch to the destination;
• the possibility of high-quality storage and processing of cargo.

Firms - Manufacturers and Intermediaries are ready to pay transport - logistics companies for:

1. You will select the optimal type of transport for a specific cargo.
2. If necessary, be able to combine several types of transport in one chain.
3. Select the optimal route.
4. We will economically spend resources, reduce the cost of transportation.
5. Provide the safety of cargo.

In the interests of the logistics company, to fulfill their duties qualitatively, because competition in this industry is high.

To reduce the cost of enterprise for transportation, it is necessary to choose the optimal transport - logistic scheme.

The history of the occurrence of the industry

Transport logistics originates from the European Congress in Berlin of 1974. This term was first pronounced on it, his full definition, goals, tasks and development prospects were given.

An impressive spheres of the influence of such logistics were indicated. The need for such a concept arose due to the development of the global economy. There was a need to systematize these processes, to create a competent scheme of cargo movement and ensure their safety.

Transport logistics quickly found a response in the West and the market for such services was formed there in 1990. Its container increases annually by 20%. Even during the crisis and economic downturn, transport - logistics services are in demand.

In Russia, this type of service appeared only during the transition to a market economy. This industry is still actively developing and gaining momentum.

The negative impact on this direction are factors:

• instability of economic processes;
• slow production growth;
• poor condition of transport routes;
• low technical base indicators.

The hope of optimizing the process is given by two factors:

• high level of training specialists, personnel of this industry;
• the emergence of new organizations, sales and supply schemes.

Transport logistics- There is a completely young direction that the transformation is under the influence of external economic factors. That this is an important industry, no one doubts. Especially positive features will mark large enterprises with a large turnover.

Main types of transport, their definition

Transport logistics topics and differs from simple logistics that the movement of goods is derived by transport. Its a big variety allows you to optimally make a route and use several types at the same time, if it reduce the costs and save the delivery time.

Transport can not be confused with the vehicle. This is a broader concept.

Transport - This is a combination of vehicles, communication paths, various buildings and structures on these paths to move goods and people.

Distinguish several types of transport. By appointment, it is divided into:

1. Common Transport (Passenger, to move goods, etc.).
2. Special purpose (military, medical).
3. Individual use (personal cars, airplanes).

By energy costs, transport happens:

• driven by its own motor (thermal, electric, hybrid);
• driven by wind (sailboats and various vessels based on this principle);
• working from the strength received from man (bicycles);
• transport moving through animals.

There is also a gradation of transport along the movement medium.

Terrestrial transport is divided into:

• railway - transport loads and passengers with wheel vehicles with railway tracks (trains, trams, metro);
• automobile transport - transports loads and people on the straight roadways by motor means, which have at least 3 wheels (motorcycles and similar means here do not belong to);
• pipeline - a type of transport that moves through the pipe liquid and gaseous substances;
• air transport - consists of aircraft and infrastructure adjacent to them (hangars, airports, dispatch);
• water - transports loads and passengers on natural or artificial waterways (sometimes sea and river).

You can also identify specific types of transport:

• underwater;
• space;
• elevators and funicular;
• elevators.

All these species are extremely important for efficient transportation of goods. It is important to know their features, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages to be able to pick up optimal option And correctly combine them for maximum benefit.

Types of transport

Types of transport - This is a narrower concept. But knowing which types of transport help move, give them the definition will be easy.

These types of railway transport can be distinguished:

• locomotive;
• electrovoza;
• electric train;
• locomotive;
• track machine;
• diesel train;
• passenger and luggage car;
• isothermal car;
• tank;
• half-haul;
• platform.

Types of automobile transport:

• cars of general and special purpose;
• truck total and special purpose;
• cargo-passenger car;
• car - tractor;
• sedino tractor;
• passenger trailer with different technical characteristics;
• special and general cargo trailer;
• caravan;
• passenger semi-trailer with various technical characteristics;
• cargo semi-trailer;
• bus general and special purpose;
• articulated bus.

The water and air type of transport distinguish the aqueous and aircraft, respectively.

There is also a type of transport as a container. It is also often used when transporting goods.

Each type of transport has its exact definition, specifications and use goals. With the help of a wide classification of types, you can get a more holistic and volumetric concept of modes of transport.

Types of transportation

Transportation - A complex process consisting of a variety of links. Could cope with this task can an enterprise independently or use the services of a logistics company. It all depends on the amount of work and budget to which the enterprise has.

In system transportation There are two concepts: carrier and freight forwarder. They constitute two sides of one medal, without them an effective process of moving goods is impossible.

Carriers make the physical movement of the cargo from the point of sending to the point of arrival. Freight forwarders carry out a number of auxiliary functions: draw up documentation, help the goods to cross customs, control loading and unloading, insurance, storage of cargo.

Large companies that have the necessary funds always use the services of the forwarder. There is also a notion of a logistics partner. This is a person who indicates auxiliary services. These include: insurance and security companies, customs brokers, companies making goods packaging, and other important objects.

Distinguish such types of transport:

1. Simone - implies the use of one type of transport. Most often used when you need to deliver cargo from point to point without storage and processing.
2. Combined - When several types of transport are used. This contributes to improving the efficiency of transportation and reduces costs.

If we are talking about international trade relations, then the second type of transportation is most often used. For example, to the point of shipment, the load is transported on railway transport, then it overloads it to trucks and driven to the airport, and after already loaded to the aircraft. Upon arrival, the goods unload on the car and driven to the destination.

Types of transport logistics and its foundations

Transport logistics is divided into inner and external.

Internal implies the movement of goods within the company and between its branches. The external transport logistics allows you to carry cargo from the manufacturer to the consumer.

Also, such a type of logistics differs on the principle of the organization of the process:

1. Logistic The principle assumes the presence of only one carriage operator. Due to this, the process is systematic and consistent. So gradually there are general tariffs for transportation.
2. Traditional- There is no single operator, and all participants interact with each other. The cost of certain services within the transport chain is known only to related participants. Therefore, there are no single tariffs.

The first option is considered to be more versatile and reliable. Companies do not need to worry that some kind of link will fail and transportation will not take place. This is fraught with large losses, and a transport - logistics company will receive a damage of his reputation.

Tasks and transport logistics functions

A complex system that forms transport logistics must perform such basic functions:

• shipping delivery and optimal process forecast;
• registration of documentation that accompanies the cargo;
• compliance with legal norms and rules;
• calculation of transport services to individual participants in the process;
• work on loading and unloading;
• proper packaging and storage;
• optimization of the process by automating and implementing technical innovation;
• information support of cargo;
• customs and insurance services.

The main task of transport logistics is to transport the shipment within a prescribed period qualitatively with minimal costs.

To do this, you need to perform a number of subtasks.

First, the delivery points should be analyzed. The manager must take into account the features of cargo, terrain, landscape, type of transport, special conditions of transportation (fire safety, cargo dimensions, etc.). Generalizing information, it can make a decision to use several types of transport by making intermediate points for unloading - loading.

Then the cargo itself should be analyzed. All characteristics are taken into account - fragility, weight, condition, effect of temperatures and other factors. For example, poisonous substances can not be carried through settlements.

Now comes time to decide on the transport. It is important to consider its characteristics, tariffs and transport time. All types of transport have their own minuses and pros. It is important to choose the optimal option for a specific cargo.

Construction of the route is also an important task of transport logistics. An experienced manager always picks up several path options to have a spare option. You should also calculate risks and expenses in case of damage and delay of cargo.

Control over the implementation of the process allows you to inform the customer about the location of the cargo, its safety. This uses navigation techniques, mobile communications and Internet.

Documentation accompanying

This industry is fully regulated by the laws of different types and content. The main document that is immediately compiled between the customer and the Contractor is the contract. It indicates that the logistics company undertakes to fulfill the task within a period specified in the document, and the Customer undertakes to pay these services in full.

For transporting goods must necessarily be drawn up such documents:

• power of attorney for transportation;
• commodity - transport invoice;
• overhead on the cargo;
• consolidated statements;
• invoice invoices.

Depending on the type of transport, which was selected, the documentary base can be supplemented.

Conclusion

Transport logistics - An integral part of the functioning of enterprises of different forms of ownership, scale and profitability. Without this system, the delivery of goods would be imperfect. Companies would constantly lose their income, deprived goods and customers.

A positive feature in the development of transport logistics is that the sphere is improving, automates and goes to new high levels.

1. Take the task.

1) Mark (flooding a circle) in different colors ground, water, air and underground transport on C. 74-75.

2) note on the same pages of passenger, cargo and special transport with the first letters of these words (write the letter in the square).
Under this framework, decipher the conventions, that is, show, how the type of transport is indicated by which or letter.

2. Give examples of transport, which is at the same time:

a) terrestrial, passenger, personal: a car;

b) terrestrial, passenger, public: bus, passenger train, tram, trolleybus;

c) water, passenger, personal: boat, boat, water bike;

d) aquatic, passenger, public: ship, river tram.

3. Wrong phone numbers for which they call:

a) firefighters - 01

b) police - 02

c) "ambulance" - 03

Write single number Emergency Phone:112

4. Compare the size of the vehicles depicted in the figure. In red squares number them in order to increase the size, and in blue squares - in order to reduce dimensions. Ask your neighbor on the desk to check you.

5. Make up and write down the general plan for the story of the history of various types of transport.

1) transport in antiquity.
2) The invention of the steam engine.
3) the appearance of transport on the engine internal combustion.
4) the appearance of aviation.
5) Flights into space.
6) Electric motors - future transport.

History of various types of transport

In ancient times, people also used various types of transport. Most of them people use so far. For example, you can now see a horse pulling a cart, and wooden boats, swept from tree trunks, participate in sports competitions. Also, people went and transported cargo on dogs, camels, elephants, donkeys and other pets.

In the 19th century an event occurred, which dramatically changed transport - invented in the 17th century the steam engine began to be applied in transport. So in 1801 they built the first in the history of the steam locomotive and several wagon driving on the steam rod were constructed. Also at about this time the first steamer was built.

At the end of the 19th century, a more perfect engine was invented - an internal combustion engine. In 1885, the first motorcycle was built, and in 1886 - the first car. A little later began to be massively produced more perfect, compared with the shipments, boats. After a few decades, diesel locomotives went on railways.

In the 20th century, the development of transport went with seven-mile steps. In 1903, the Rait brothers for the first time raised the plane into the air. Airplanes quickly improved. Most different types of aviation transport began to appear: sports, passenger, cargo, military. The engines on which aircraft worked too quickly became more powerful. Now airplanes fly on jet engines, some of which are capable of overcome the speed of light.

On April 12, 1961, the greatest event occurred - the first flight of a person into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on the East spacecraft made one turn around the Earth and landed safely. This event was the beginning of the era of cosmic transport.

Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, humanity uses a variety of vehicles working on different engines. The speed of their movement is increasing, ease of use and environmental friendliness (safety for nature). By the way, special attention is paid to the environmental safety of transport. That is why now on the streets of cities, trolley buses and trams are considered the best transport, electric locomotives and electric tram are used in railway transport, and electric vehicles are becoming more and more.

6. Our cheerful parrot offers you to paint the balloon so that it becomes beautiful and cheerful. You can spend in class competition for the most cheerful balloon.
Have you ever seen real balloons? If yes, tell about your impressions. In the frame right, you can stick a photo of the balloon.