Scooter management. Simple rules for beginner

The usual scooter does electrosocatom The presence of an electric motor. A mass product makes it incoletonal electric motorbuilt into the wheel. And to control this electric motor without any problems helps 300W Motor Control Application Kit - Demo set of the controller of the valve engineDeveloped by the companyInfineon. On the basis of components of its own production.

In the XXI century, many things are experiencing a second birth, and, having received the "smart" or "electro" consoles, are sometimes completely unrecognizable. This process did not leave both scooters. At one time, the reputation of fun fun for children was entrusted behind them. But the development of modern technologies, first of all, microcontrollers and power transformative techniques - allowed to equip the scooter with an electric motor and a battery. And, unexpectedly for everyone, its electric version has become a toy into a full and convenient vehicle.

The main advantages of the scooter is simplicity and compactness. Until recently, only skateboards and roller skates were less and easier among individual means of movement, and over the past decade, segways, gyroscurles and monocoles were added to this list. However, unlike its more compact, but unstable and traumatic competitors, the scooter is much easier, more convenient, safer in operation, and does not require special skills for riding. The scooter platform is located at a distance of just a few centimeters from the Earth, is not particularly limited in size and not clamped from the sides, which allows you to ride elegantly and completely safely, including in the dress. The presence of a hard steering wheel that provides an additional point of support, and the possibility of increasing the number of wheels increases stability while driving and significantly reduces the risk of injury, for example, when driving on an obstacle.

The main disadvantage of the usual scooter is the drive method. The need to constantly start up the foot requires much more effort to drive compared, for example, with a bicycle and absolutely does not provide for a long rest without stopping movement. It was for this reason that scooters at one time did not find widespread, especially in adults. After installing the electric motor, this disadvantage was eliminated, and now the electrosamocate allows you to comfortably ride both standing and sitting, and in its functionality it approaches bicycles, scooters and mosses.

Today, electrosocate claims the role of a full-fledged vehiclewhich can be used for movement through the streets and rough terrain, inside buildings, in the territories of enterprises, for country walks, as well as for fitness: After all, no one forbids riding a scooter in an old manner, pushing out the foot. Compactness and low weight, especially in the case of models with a folding frame, allows you to remove the scooter in the trunk or public transportAnd also to transfer through the plots by which it is impossible to drive. Easy use and security allow you to ride in electrical sinks to people of any sex and age, including - and with limited features. And, adding all the well-known advantages of electric transport in this list, including economics, environmental friendliness, silent, low charge costs, we obtain that the electrosamocate is a promising solution for solving the environmental and transport problems of modern cities.

It is not surprising that the number of companies producing electrical sinks and components to them every year becomes more and more, and even an experienced distributor can be confused today in the varieties and modifications of these vehicles. On sale There are bright children's models for racing in the yard, adult versions for daily trips, scooters where you can ride standing and / or sitting, as well as stylish models that can create an image of any company as a corporate vehicle. There are no inventors who are constantly experimenting with design, capabilities and technical equipment Scooter.

The central carrier structure of the electrosocata is a frame. It is it that determines the main purpose and design of the machine. What is the maximum driver's weight, how many wheels and what diameter will be installed whether the seat is provided or can only go standing, in what limits the height of the steering wheel is adjusted, what is the width of the platform, whether shock absorbers are needed - this is not a complete list of questions on which the frame design is not . Systematization possible options Ram electrosocates can become a serious task, since there are really many of them (Figure 1), in the meantime, each manufacturer offers solutions based on its own ideas about strength, security, functionality, ergonomics and aesthetic.

Control and control of the scooter are carried out using the console located on the steering wheel. Design options for this node can be the most different (Figure 2) and are largely determined by the composition of the equipment on board. Usually there are buttons on the power on the remote, headlights, operation modes, speed speeds, and on a liquid crystal or LED display, which can also be touch, the level of charge, speed, the number of kilometers traveled and the other the necessary information. In some models of scooters, the display may be missing, and the minimum necessary indication is carried out using LED indicators. Modern scooters can also be integrated with information devices, such as smartphones or with a smart home system, one of the common wireless interfaces, such as Bluetooth. In this case, the smartphone can simultaneously perform the function of the display and the control panel of the scooter.

For driving in the dark, the scooter can be equipped with reflectors, headlights, a stop signal, turning pointers and display illumination. Usually for saving battery charge, lighting equipment is made on the basis of LEDs having the greatest light efficiency and saving battery charge. The number of possible options for solutions of lighting equipment for the scooter is also huge and virtually limited only by the fantasy and manufacturer features (Figure 3).

Safe ride is impossible without brakes. In electrical sinks, as in any other form of electric transport, there can be at least two types of brakes controlled by lever or pedals: mechanical and electrodynamic. Usually, at easy pressing on the lever / pedal, the first turns on the electromotive: the engine controller is translated into the recovery mode, turning the engine into the generator, starting to charge the battery, stopping the scooter. As the speed decreases, the efficiency of the electrotorosis is reduced, and the further stop is already performed by a mechanical brake, triggered with a stronger press / pedal.

In electrical sinks, the same types of mechanical brakes can be used that in bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles, such as shods or disc (Figure 4a). In low-cost children's scooter models Mechanical brake as separate knot It may be absent, and its function can perform the rear wing (Figure 4B), blocking the wheel when the foot is pressed.

Fig. four. Disc brake (a) and the rear wing of the scooter performing the brake function (b)

But most an important element The scooter is the drive, the type and power of which is largely determined by its targeted purpose. To date, two types of drive are usually used in electrical sinks: using chain transmission and motor-wheel.

Bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles are actively used by a classic method of transmitting mechanical energy using a chain (Figure 5). Feature this solution It is the fact that the size of the engine, and therefore its power, are theoretically not limited to anything. Based on the chain transmission, you can create high-speed scooters intended for long-distance trips, or powerful - for the carriage of goods. In addition, the use of a chain transmission compared to the motor-wheel is a more complex, bulky and less reliable solution, so it is usually used in expensive scooters models.

Motor-wheel is an effective design solution that combines the motor and wheel in one node. This makes a scooter simple, compact and light, and the absence of intermediate mechanical energy links increases reliability and efficiency, reduces the complexity of operation and noise level, and also makes it easy to create models with front, rear and even fully drive (Figure 6). There are two main types of motor-wheels: illegal (Direct Drive) and using gearbox.

When using a outer motor-wheel (Direct Drive, Figure 7a), the winding axis is fixed on the axis of the winding create a magnetic field that leads to the movement of the hub with permanent magnets. This design provides maximum efficiency and power, improves reliability and simplifies operation. Scooters with such type of engine are able to develop the maximum speed, however, they are heavier and cumbersome than their gearbooks.

For unhurried trips, the ideal option is a motor-wheel with a planetary gearbox (Figure 7B), the use of which allows you to create the easiest and most compact scooters intended for operation in urban conditions. In addition, in contrast to the outer version, such a drive does not create resistance to the rotation arising due to self-induction at speeds above 15 km / h. The shortcomings of the gearbox are greater complexity and less reliability, especially in cheap models with plastic gears.

To create most scooters, a drive of up to 300 W is usually used. To manage them does not require driving rights. Such power is quite sufficient for children's, teenage, pleasure and compact models intended for everyday use on a good coating without steep lifts and descents. For high-speed scooters capable of riding in complex roads, the drive power increases to 500 W, and for specialized models intended for long journeys, transportation of goods or requiring increased passibility The drive power can be several kilowatts and higher.

Conversion electrical Energy In mechanical in electrical sinks, as in any other electrical transport, is carried out with the help of electric motors, which can be used both collector and bulk solutions.

Collector engines (Figure 8A) have a simple design and do not require complex control circuits. For more than 150-year history of their use, they are well studied, and their manufacturing technology is quite mastered. The collector engine can be made without the use of permanent magnets and work both at a constant and alternating current, and its mass and dimensions are less and easier than the engines of other types of the same power. The only disadvantage of the collector engine is the presence of a collector actually, because mechanical contacts create high level Noise and electromagnetic interference, and also have a limited service life and require periodic care.

Valled (Burfolleton, Brushless, Brushless Direct Current Motor, BLDC) DC motors (Figure 8B) do not contain mechanical contacts, but at the same time are not full-fledged electrical machines. To create a rotating magnetic field in valve engines, an external controller is required (switch), a specially generating current in fixed stator windings based on the current position of the rotor. For the operation of the valve engine requires at least two windings, however best characteristics, among other things, the uniformity of power transmission on the shaft, provide solutions with the number of windings, multiple three.

The technical characteristics of the valve engine are comparable to the similar characteristics of the collector, but due to the complexity of control it for a long time did not find widespread. Today, thanks to the achievements of power electronics, compact and powerful inverters based on MOSFET and IGBT appeared, and the development of microprocessor equipment made it possible to generate signals to control the inverter transistors in a software method using microcontrollers.

Thus, the disadvantages of the valve engines were turned into advantage, since the transfer of the focus of development to the programming area allowed to control the valve engine with flexibility, unattainable using its collector analog. Every year reliable and silent valve engines find everything large application In the technique, gradually outer collector electrical machines. Today in the range of products of many manufacturers of electronic components, both partially (power bridges, drivers, specialized controllers and so on) and fully integrated solutions in which either on a crystal, or on the board there are all items necessary to create a controller hardware. valve engine.

An example of such a decision offered by the company Infineon.- one of the world's leading manufacturers of electronic components - is a demo set 300W Motor Control Application Kit, allowing for the minimum time to develop the software part of the controller of the electric power supply drive up to 300 W.

The set includes a debug board (Figure 9) containing all the necessary electronics for connecting the valve engine, the USB / UART adapter required to connect the board to a personal computer, and the USB drive on which the software development environment and the required technical documentation kit are .

The debug board contains a DC / DC converter (Figure 10) forming two stabilized voltages: +12 V, which is necessary for the operation of MOSFET drivers, and +5 V - for the operation of the processor. Engine windings are connected to a two-level three-phase inverter collected on 100-amp power Optimos ™ Mosfet BSC01606NS with a maximum resistance of a 1.6 mΩ channel. Control of the inverter transistors is carried out using a specialized three-phase semi-suite driver 6ED003L02 with integrated short-circuit protection functions and alarm in case of an accident detection.

The board is designed to control the valve engine, the position of the rotor of which is determined using the three Hall sensors with a discrete output. In addition, the board provides the ability to connect a temperature sensor, a speed controller, as well as three discrete inputs and two discrete outputs with programmable functions.

The formation of inverter control signals is carried out by the 8-bit XC836M2FRI microcontroller, which comes with a pre-installed firmware with already implemented specialized functions for controlling the valve engine, including:

• program Module Switching engine windings with voltage control, current and speed;
• automatic algorithm for determining the sequence of the Hall sensors on the motor shaft;
• unlocking a processor for programming on a serial interface;
• monitoring changes and saving operation parameters in non-volatile processor memory;
• enable / disable the monitoring of digital engine control inputs.

Programming a microcontroller and management of it is carried out via the UART interface using the IBC-GUI graphical development environment (Figure 11) - specialized software developed by Infineon to manage demonstration board and display reference information. Software contains all required tools To configure, control and monitor debug board:

• display and select engine operation modes;
• reading and writing the flags of the condition of the microprocessor;
• monitoring in real time voltage, current, rotational speed and other parameters of the operation of the electric motor;
• change and save settings (inverter frequency, dead time duration and so on) both in the settings file on the computer and in non-volatile processor memory;
• select one of two modes of the processor: normal or programming mode.

The power part of the three-phase two-level inverter (Figure 12) is designed for long-term control of the valve motor up to 300 W. Use in each shoulder of two parallel connected MOSFET with low channel resistance allows you to do without heat sinks and forced cooling. The inverter scheme provides a current measuring resistor designed to measure the total current consumed by the engine and protect the inverter from the current overload.

The maximum allowable current value of each shoulder is 200 A, which allows you to connect a motor with a power of more than 300 W, but it is necessary to take measures to protect power transistors from overheating, for example, with radiators or forced blowing.

The main features of 6ED003L02 are:

• resistance to pulses of a negative polarity of up to -50 V;
• control of control signals to prevent cross-cutting currents and cross-conductivity;
• current overload protection;
• blocking with low supply voltage;
• disable all transistors when the error is detected in the control signals;
• programmable restart during current overload.

Management of all board nodes is carried out by the XC836M microcontroller (Figure 13), which is part of the junior family of 8-bit microcontrollers XC800. Production of Infineon. High clock frequency reacing 48 MHz, multichannel 10-bit ADC and a mathematical coprocessor with a multiplication / division module significantly increase processor performance and allow you to create effective intelligent solutions for low-cost engine control systems.

The demo set is easy to use. To get the first result, you need to do only three steps: connect the debug board, install and start the IBC-GUI program on the personal computer and start the engine. To do this, a DC power supply must be connected to the debug board, three wires of the required cross section from the engine windings, a 5-wire loop for the Hall sensors (+5 V, commonly., Sensor 1 ... 3) and a cable for exchanging data with a personal computer UART interface. Additionally, the two digital inputs of the board can be connected to the tamper or buttons to turn the engine and change the direction of its rotation. After supplying the power on the board, the microcontroller begins to form a message through the UART port, to process the IBC-GUI to process, and the board must be connected to the computer.

Infineon's debug board is designed to work from a power supply with a voltage of 18 ... 24 V, which, on the one hand, it is enough to power the engine with a capacity of up to 300 W, and on the other - it provides the developer with the possibility of choosing type and voltage rechargeable batterywhich, together with the drive and the controller, is part of the electromechanical part of the electrosocata and is one of its most important parts.

The battery capacity largely determines the stroke reserve, mass and value of the scooter. Since these parameters are interdependent, the battery selection will always be a compromise solution. Of the variety in the electric transport usually use lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries (Table 1), since nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal-hydride due to the worst technical and performance characteristics Gradually go out of use.

Table 1. Comparison of various types of batteries

Battery type	Child-acid	Lithium-ionic
		Cobaltat Lithia	Lithium manganese spinel	Lithium ferro phosphate
Specific density, W ∙ h / kg	30…50	150…190	100…135	90…120
Number of cycles "charge / discharge"	200…300	500…1000	500…1000	1000…7000
Fast charging time, h	8…10	2…4	≤ 1	≤ 1
Voltage on the element in	2	3,6	3,8	3,2
Maximum peak current (C - battery capacity)	5S.	3S.	30s	30s
Temperature at which the charge is possible, ° C	-20…50	0…45	0…45	0…45
The temperature at which the discharge is possible, ° C	-20…50	-20…60	-20…60	-20…60
Safety requirements	Stable in the entire temperature range		Overheat protection nodes need	Overheat protection nodes need

The budget is lead-acid accumulators, however, they also have the smallest specific container. If the scooter is intended for long journeys, it must develop high speed, and in general, it is more approaching bicycles and mosses in its intended purpose, then the weight gain while reducing the cost may be permissible. A distinctive feature Lead-acid batteries is the ability to work at negative temperatures, however, a large charge duration and a small service life can be reduced to any of the savings.

More high characteristics They have lithium-ion batteries, of which are the lightest, but at the same time the most expensive, are cells with a cathode made from lithium cobaltate (Licoo 2), and the most powerful - with a cathode from manganese spinel (Limn 2 O 4). The main disadvantages lithium batteries It is a high price, the use of toxic materials and fire hazards, resulting in the need to use additional controllers.

Among the manufacturers of lithium rechargeable cells, you can allocate companies EEMB. and Better.Power (BPI).

Batteries of both manufacturers have a huge number of possible sizes and are safe - do not explode and do not burn even with short circuit and mechanical damage. And the presence of low-temperature series allows you to get energy during frosts up to -40 ° C. Cells with different capacities are available, which allows you to create assemblies of various voltages (with a sequential connection of cells) and containers (with parallel connection of cells).

It is important to understand what the current will consume the engine of your electrosocata. Conventional lithium polymer batteries can be discharged by a value of a value that does not exceed two tanks (2C), and is charged - a current of no more than one container (1C). There are also high-strength series, they are usually more expensive, for example, BPI releases a standard cell. PL7261110-7000capacity 7000 mA.

The cell has a 3.6 V voltage, that is, the assembly of 18 cells (three connected parallel groups of 6 cells, connected in series) will have a voltage of 21.6 V and a capacity of 21 A, which is enough to ensure the engine 300 W energy during about 3 hours. The number of charge / discharge cycles of such an assembly can reach 800. Moreover, its size is very small - 13x7x11 cm.

Recently, batteries with lithium ferro phosphate cathode are increasingly popular (LIFEPO 4). Possess a specific density of 14% less than other types of lithium batteries, they have at least two times longer service life, environmentally friendly and cheaper than other types of cells. A feature of lithium-ferrophosphate batteries is a stable voltage equal to 3.2 V, which makes it possible to use four consecutively connected elements with a total voltage of 12.8 V instead of six lead-acid cells. All this allows you to position them as the main type of batteries, which in the future will be used in the electric transport.

Conclusion

Most electrosocata nodes are not new or unique to vehicles. A rich experience gained in the production of cars, motorcycles, mopeds and finally bicycles allows you to create a frame, headlights, wheels, seats and other elements of almost any sizes, shapes and colors. Today, when designing design elements, the scooter needs a designer than an engineer, modestly by the design ideas, understandable to the production line robots.

However, the electromechanical part of the scooter is still complicated and requires a creative approach. Nevertheless, today, suppliers of electronic components provide a rich selection of ready-made solutions, allowing to significantly reduce the time for the development of both electrical sinks and other types of electrical transport.

Instruction

Do not refuse Protective Equipment. To reduce the likelihood of injury in random drops, wear each time sitting behind the wheel and a dense jacket and helmet.

When a desire arises to accelerate, do not twist the gas handle sharply until the vehicle has scored the speed. It is especially dangerous to act, if the trunk is loaded or you climb the mountain. In this case, the moped can become uncontrollable and reset the saddle.

Always watch the speedometer testimony, instead of relying on your feelings. The fact is that the clinoremable variator is capable of providing overclocking only with constant motor turnover, and what is called "on the hearing" moment of the set of the required speed is extremely difficult to determine. Relying only on your own feelings, you risk cross the safe limit.

Do not use only rear or only brake. Break at once with two, performing a small delay before turning on the rear. When using exceptionally rear brakes, the moped will be littered on the side, and one front will turn over the steering wheel.

Carefully follow the tire protector, which is a worn condition contributes to deterioration with the road, increases the braking path and causes risk of drift. Never go to "bald" rubber.

When driving in the sand, wet asphalt or pebbles, even at a speed of 20 km / h, the brake is extremely careful. During the rain, avoid intersection on the moped of large puddles, do not go with steep descents and do not drive to the lifts. When driving a moped, do not smoke and do not talk on the phone.

Motorcycles, scooters and mopeds are becoming increasingly popular in Russia. First of all, a two-wheeled friend gives a feeling of flight and separation from the ground. Meanwhile, this is one of the most dangerous types of transport. Very often, motorcycle drivers fall into the blind zone of motorists, or at all exceed all the permissible high-speed limitations, do not have time to analyze and calculate the situation on the road. You need to treat the motorcycle with a great responsibility, and the beginning of the bike driver should not hurry anywhere.

Instruction

The first and most important step is of course possession of a cherished metal masterpiece. Newbie when buying a bike should be aware that his first friend should not be a record holder in the number of "horses". Too frisky bike - it's like a wild stallion - throw off the inexperienced sediment, leaving him a considerable amount of injuries.

Next, careful training in a driving school on A. Save in classes is impossible, because the city roads and the tracks carry a lot of nuances. Special attention in training should be given to brakes. Proper braking - security deposit. With each convenient case, learn to enter turns.

As for the initial driving mechanisms, it is important that all adjustments have been in the new order - you can see the norm in the factory instruction. Starting a cold engine must be performed in the following order: fuel tap, enable the enrichment, set the neutral and then turn on the ignition. For a heated engine, it is enough to open the fuel tap, turn on the ignition and press the kick starter sharply. The field starting technique also has a specific sequence: take the right landing, exit the clutch, turn on the first gear, slightly add "gas", squeeze the clutch and adjust the speed only with the "gas" handle. It is important to comply with the correct sequence, otherwise the motorcycle will behave incorrectly.

You will not be allowed to driving courses without special security attributes that you should have from the first days of classes. Experienced motorists suggest that everything falls with all types of motorcycles. You must have a helmet, gloves, knee pads, elbows and back protection. Any fall is very painful, and the pleasure of driving transport should not undermine your health. Remember this.

Good motorcycles nearby may not be, in this case, to train in a quiet place with a straight asphalted road. It is very important that you were experienced in the motodelle, who controls the learning process, and will not give you to stick.

Now a sufficient amount of computer driving imitators invented, while quite realistic. For its safety and further successful learning, you can practice two months on it, naturally with the corresponding gadget imitating motorcycle steering wheel.

Remember the most important thing that as long as you are sure to leave for a 120% of the road or the track should not be in any way. Feel free to learn new, good luck on the roads.

The scooter is a very popular means of movement, especially in the summer. This is due to the fact that most recently for driving this transport there was no need to receive driver's license. Now the situation is changing, and for driving a scooter will soon be required.

Letter of the law

From November 5, 2013, changes were made to the Federal Law "On Safety road"According to which for driving scooters, and light quads, it is necessary to possess special categories" M ". According to the ordinary logic, this law obliges to acquire new rights. However, the procedure for obtaining this category of rights is still under development. It is worth noting that in terms of road rules, too, there were also some changes related to driving scooters. Therefore, according to 1.2 of these rules, it is not a mechanical vehicle. Incidentally, you can safely drive a scooter without warriors. The situation will change only when they are declared new traffic rulesAccording to which the drivers of scooters are obliged to have with them the rights of the "M".

Although the ambiguous situation around the right of category "M" has developed, the amount of the fine for driving a scooter is already approved - 800 rubles.

Existing nuances

At the moment, the driver of the scooter is confident that he is not required driver's licensehe must make sure that its engine does not exceed 50 cm³, and its maximum speed does not exceed 50 km / h. Otherwise, the scooter can be equal to the motorcycle, for driving which the rights are still needed. If everything is in order, for a comfortable and daily driving of the scooter, the driver is enough to have a passport of this vehicle. It will be useful if the traffic police inspector stops him and ask for rights.

There are many craftsmen among the drivers who redo the scooter engines in the direction of increasing the volume. These alterations are extremely negatively affecting both the resource of the engine itself and on the wear of the gearbox.

Causes of entering a new category of rights

The main cause of such actions of the authorities is the complete lack of knowledge of traffic rules in most drivers of scooters, because of which the number of deadly accidents with the participation of this type of vehicles is growing steadily. Secondly, the drivers of these vehicles do not apply the majority of road rules, because of what the occurrence of dangerous situations due to the fault of the scooter drivers becomes commonplace. Thirdly, insurance companies refuse to insure these vehicles, so if the scooter driver hurts the car, then the repair will be produced at the expense of personal funds, while the scooter driver has the legal right to go to all four sides.

Sanctions against drivers of scooters

Deputies of the State Duma more than once put on the discussion of the issue of entering the moratorium on the driving of scooters in Russian Federation Prior to the legislative approval of the procedure for obtaining the driver's license of the category "M", however, this issue is hanging in the air from the beginning of 2013. How the situation with the rights to driving a scooter will be placed in 2014, not yet clear.

To learn how to drive a motorcycle and be able to legally ride on it on public roads, it is necessary to learn from the rights of category A. In the major cities there are no problems with motorcycles, and they are missing in small, as they are not in demand. They come out of the situation through independent learning or negotiating private lessons.

"We bought a scooter, but I don't know how to ride" - such was one of the search queries, by which the visitor came to this site. It seems ridiculous, but nevertheless - when I myself was a complete kettle in scooters and just prepared for the purchase, I also searched for advice "How to ride a scooter." But I did not find.

Therefore, I will try to briefly explain for beginners how to start riding a scooter from zero.

Scooter controls are very simple. Left - rear brake lever, right - front. Right steering wheel handle, it is responsible for gas.

Electrical appliances control is carried out using the buttons and switches: these are Middle / Far Light Switches and the signal signal, as well as the buttons of the beep and the electric starter.

That's all.

Filling a saucer gasoline

First of all, it is necessary to fill the scooter fuel. If you just bought a scooter, then most likely, you can hardly go to the gas station on it. It is easier and more convenient to fix it with gasoline from the canister. To do this, you will need a special funnel for gasoline, because it is impossible to pour straight from the canister without splashing.

Open the gas tank trouser key, screw the plug and insert a filling gun or a funnel into the tank.

How not to fill gasoline? This is important because the sprayed gasoline will stink, and it is not quite fireproof.

1. If the benzobac is refilled on the gas station, the filling gun will automatically stop supplying the fuel when filling the tank.
2. If you refuel gasoline from the canister, you can pour it a bit, about 2 liters, then there will be no overflow.
3. You can visually control the approach of the gasoline level to the neck of the gas tank, periodically removing the funnel from the tank.
4. And most the best way - It is inserting the ignition key into the lock, turn it to the "ON" position - then the fuel level indicator on the dashboard will work. Slowly pour gasoline and follow when the arrow sees the "F" mark. Then it will definitely not be overflow. Overflowing is not good in that then gasoline will rise above the fuel level sensor gasket and, if the scooter is old, can leak through the gasket.

Running, close the lid of the gas tank and hatch.

How to start a scooter for the first time

If your scooter is fresh and never started before, and also if he was filled, but they were lucky in the car on the side, then, most likely, gasoline nutrition from the fuel line. Scooter will not start, until gasoline falls back to where it should be. Therefore, do not be afraid if the scooter will need to start a long time.

Before running the motor, make sure that the scooter stands on the central footboard.

So, insert the key to the ignition lock and turn it to the "ON" position. It should be engaged dashboard - At least, the fuel scale arrow should move from zero.

There are two ways to start a scooter engine.

1. With the help of a kickstarter. This method is always running. And it is that they should be used after a long downtime of the scooter, as well as in the case of a discharged or missing battery. Plug the foot of the kickstarter and intensively push the foot on it. Repeat pressing several times until the motor is started. If the scooter starts after a long downtime, as well as for the first time, or after transporting on the side, several dozen attempts may be required, this is normal.
2. With the help of electric starter. This method works only with a good battery. It is most convenient if you often use a scooter, as well as when traveling with stops. To start a scooter with an electric starter, you must first click on the brake handle and press the starter button when the brake is pressed. Hold it a few seconds until the engine earns, then release.

Start of movement on the scooter

After the scooter started, you need to leave it to work on idling a few minutes. It is necessary that the motor warms up, worked steadily and without failures.

Push the scooter forward to be filmed from the footboard. Sit on the scooter, leaving the legs on the ground, and smoothly turn the gas handle forward. Scooter is touching.

The stronger you unscrew the gas handle, the higher the speed. Since there are no speed switching boxes, there is always smooth overclocking, and you don't need to take care of anything.

Braking

The main thing when driving - be able to slow down correctly. There are two separate brakes on the scooter, and you can slow down in three ways: front, rear and both brakes at the same time.

Braking is smooth and emergency. Emergency braking on a scooter is a fairly dangerous joke, because it has only two wheels and weak stability.

If you need only a little reset the speed, then there is no special difference, which brake to use. The main thing is to press the handle smoothly. The front brake is more efficient, but the rear is safer.

However, to act better than two brakes at the same time, especially when emergency braking. If you sharply slow down the front brake, the wheel will be blocked, and the back of the scooter will lead forward (especially on an unstable coating - primer or if on the sand asphalt), as a result of which the drop in inevitably. If you slow down sharply rear brakeT. rear end It can vil, so it is necessary to do it only on direct and on good coating. Although it is not as dangerous as braking front.

When turning turns, it is necessary to reduce the speed to rotation.

First trips

Mastering the scooter is very simple, for this enough and 15 minutes of skating. At first, you need to learn not to confuse gas with a brake, correctly choose the speed of entering the turn, and also slow down, while maintaining stability.

At first, there is enough and low speed, not more than 20 km / h. Then it will already be accelerated to the maximum (usually 50-60 km / h). And the final ability will come with practice.

While you do not master the control well enough, so as not to think of doing maneuvers and do it without errors, do not go on the roads with road traffic.

According to a new federal law, in order to manage a mopder or scooter, it is necessary to obtain a driver's license Category M (mopeds and light quads). However, if you have a certificate of some other category, you can travel by law on a moped.

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For example, you have the rights category, but you manage the scooter, and the DPS officer will stop you and ask you to present documents, you can safely show your rights.

Rights to scooter

The legislative framework regarding ride on scooters and mopeds is very changeable. The federal law on the need to design the rights of category M introduced from November 2013. To obtain rights, you need to study in a driving school and pass the corresponding exam in the traffic police.

In connection with this law, appropriate changes were made in traffic rules. However, when introduced a new rule, did not take into account that driving schools need new traffic rules and new professionals to teach a new category. Therefore, almost a year theoretically, the law existed, but did not act. In this regard, people who wanted to manage scooters needed to receive a higher management category.

1. The maximum speed of movement should not exceed 50 km / h.
2. Engine volume internal combustion There should be no more than 50 cu. See or electric motor from 0.25 kW to 4 kW.

The moped can have two or three wheels, as well as the mopeds equate quad bikes. Even a bicycle, which has an engine suitable for the scooter characteristics, can be counted against the mopeds. Since April 2014, every one who controls the scooter is obliged to possess the relevant documents. At the request of the traffic police, the driver is obliged to prevent rights.

You also need a helmet from the scooter driver. If the driver of the moped has not reached the age of 16, the scooter is prohibited.

There is another moment if another category was deprived of the rights, and you decided to get the right of category M category M, then such an option was provided for the law, and you are not entitled to get rights until the deadline for the deprivation of other rights will end. And when it is over, you and the rights of category M will not be needed.

1. Scooters with a capacity of up to 50 cubes

Earlier to control a scooter up to 50 cubes could any teenager who does not have any special certificates. However, now the legislation has tightened the requirements for the management of such mopeds. And to manage them, it is necessary to have a certificate with the category M, or with any other category. And only those who reached 16 years can control the scooter.

Register the scooter with a capacity of up to 50 cubes is not yet needed, accordingly design also optional However, on request, it is possible, because statistics show that the accident rate of this means of movement is very high. In cases of falling into an accident on a scooter without a master, your fault will have to pay from your pocket.

You can ride without rights by driving a mopder for motocross. Latest enough powerful vehicles. However, you can ride on them only in special sports fields or in the field where there is no road, since they belong to sports shells. On the overall roadbed on such mopeds, the movement is prohibited.

2. 50 cubic scooters

There are scooters with a more powerful engine, such as 50 cubes and more. In this case, the driver needs to receive another category A1, if the power does not exceed 150 cubes. The age limit is also established from 16 years. The presence of a driving helmet is a prerequisite.

3. Scooters 150 cubes

Driving scooters that have a 150 cubic engine, requires a more complex category. Here it will be necessary to get the driver's license of the category A. Such scooters equal to motorcycles. Driving such mechanical vehicles is possible only to those who have reached 18 years.

1. Complete technical inspection.
2. Arrange the insurance policy of OSAGO.

Also, a prerequisite is the presence of a helmet when driving such a vehicle.

Penalty for the lack of rights to scooter

Riding without the right to scooter, as well as on another mechanical vehicle, is punishable by law. If a DPS officer is stopped without relevant documents, the penalty can range from 5 thousand to 15 thousand rubles. If you are simple and you can prove it, then the fine will be 500 rubles.

If you managed a moped without right, in addition to the fine, you threaten the removal from driving your vehicle, as well as your moped will take the penalty, for which later it will also be necessary to pay. Only that person who has a driver's license can pick up the scooter.

The most common drivers of scooters are also fined for:

1. Teenage management under 16 years old (if a teenager is under the steering wheel under the age of 14, the penalty is discharged by his parents).
2. Loss of driver's license.
3. Overdue driver's license.

Often in the absence of rights, the driver argues that he lost them. However, the worship of the certificate must be registered with the ATS, where the owner is issued a temporary certificate. And after 60 days, new rights are already issued. Overdue rights are also punished with fines.

A more serious punishment is waiting for the one who re-violated the rules. If you once deprived of rights, and you left again without a certificate of the road, you are waiting for a fine of 30 thousand rubles, or correctional work, or imprisonment for 15 days.

The procedure for making rights to scooter

In order to get the rights to the scooter, a number of standard procedures should be passed:

1. Training in a driving school (usually a shortened course of two weeks, which includes the study of the abbreviated version of the PDD theory) - the cost of training is approximately 9-12 thousand rubles.
2. Complete medical examination.
3. Delivery of internal exams.
4. Passing examinations in the traffic police: theory (permissible two mistakes in the answers), platform, city.

For registration of rights, documents are required:

1. Application for obtaining rights category M.
2. Passport.
3. Help from narcological dispensary.
4. Help from the psychoneurological dispensary.
5. General medical certificate.
6. Photo 3 on 4.
7. The receipt of payment for the exam (the cost of the exam is 800 rubles).

If the first time passes the exam does not work, you will be prescribed after 7 or more days after the first attempt.

1. Where rights are issued

The rights to the scooter are issued in the traffic police, at the place of treatment, i.e. You choose the most geographically suitable division of the traffic police, where we first pass the exams, and then get your driver's license.

2. Who are issued

1. Already reached the age of 16.
2. Passed appropriate training.
3. Have a medical certificate.
4. Successfully passed theoretical and practical exams.

3. What is an exam

The exam for obtaining the rights category M consists of two parts: theory and practice.

Exams are rented in the traffic police, under the supervision of the staff of the department. An employee who takes the exam must:

1. Be older than 25 years.
2. Have category M or higher category.

The theoretical part is a computer testing. After the successful passing of theory, it is necessary to pass a practical part on the site and in the city.

You can only take exams after training in a driving school, just to prepare and come to pass it.

If it didn't work out the first time, you have 7 days to prepare and come to re-study. In cases of failure, for the second time, you will be allowed only in a month. And in the subsequent gap between the proximation should be more than 30 days.

As a result, in order to control the scooter or mopder, regardless of the engine power, the driver will need rights. This law has been introduced recently, however, it does not exempt drivers from their duties. Categories of rights for driving scooter - M or A (depends on the type of mechanical vehicle). With a category in or any other, the obtaining category M is not required.

The driver is also a prerequisite for 16 years, as well as riding without a helmet on a moped of illegal. For non-compliance with these conditions, the driver faces a fine.

To obtain rights, it will be necessary to undergo training in a driving school, pass a medical examination and pass exams in the traffic police.

Thus, the procedure for obtaining driver's license Not so complicated, and takes a little time. If you want to ride a scooter without right, you may have to pay for it a high fine of 5 thousand rubles or more.

Any transport you need to be able to manage. But in addition to directly control, there is a lot of little things that may be unexpected for beginner, or even put in a dead end. If you do not have experience with a scooter, this article will help get the knowledge necessary for the first acquaintance with him.

Bike - all the same principle

If you know how to ride a bike, then riding a scooter will not deliver any trouble. The same two wheels, steering wheel, but the wheels are less, the center of gravity below, there is no pedals, but there are turn signals, a gas handle and a speedometer. The abundance of management bodies at first can embarrass, but after a couple of dozens of kilometers past, they will be perceived at the level of reflexes.

Scooter management bodies

The following scheme marked the main bodies of the Keeway Country scooter.

1. Middle / Far Light.
2. Light Off / Dimensions / Full.
3. Turn indicator.
4. Sound signal.
5. Electrostarter.
6. Accelerator (gas handle).

In addition to these controls, directly in the right and left part of the steering wheel in front of the movement are the front and rear brake handles. This is the main set, putting all modern scooters.

Gasoline level in tank

If a filling station is located nearby the place of purchase, you can try to refuel on it. Otherwise, it is necessary to stock canister with gasoline in advance, as well as a funnel, so as not to miss the bay hole.

How not to fill fuel

Some beginner motorists have a fear of fuel to fuel. This will not accurately occur when refueling on the gas station, since the filling guns automatically stop the supply of gasoline when he is selected to the edge.

Avoid overflow, fueling the scooter from the canister is also easy, since the fuel container always has a limit volume. You can choose a canister that does not exceed the volume of the tank, or pour into the tank only part of the fuel from the canister if the canister is too big. Most true way - It is periodically to control the level of the filled fuel visually, removing the funnel from the neck of the tank. However, no one prohibits using the built-in scooter capabilities for this, namely, the fuel level indicator. To activate it, it is enough to translate the key in the ignition lock to one division to supply energy to the instruments.

Safety in refueling

Remember the safety technique when refueling - there should be no open fire next to the open gas tank. You also need to remember the need to close the bay hole at the end of the procedure so that at least not to soak gasoline through the trip.

How to start scooter

Despite the fact that all modern scooters are equipped with an electric starter, the use of its mechanical fellow - kikstarter. - It can be justified if there are doubts in the installed battery.

Make the engine from the first time may not work if during the storage or transportation on the side all the fuel flowed out of the fuel line into the tank by forming an air stopper. Even full refueling will not help solve this problem, only multiple attempts to start.

Before starting to start a scooter, you should install it on the footboard. After that, it is necessary to turn on the ignition and, if the battery is well charged, try to start the engine while holding the brake handle and the electric starter button for a few seconds.

If the battery sat down

If the battery is exhausted, the kickstarter will save. This method requires some physical effort, but it always helps, if, of course, the scooter is filled and the engine is working. In some particularly launched cases, it may be necessary to take up to several dozen picker jumps, so you do not need to give up after a pair of unsuccessful attempts.

How to touch

Planning the engine, let him get off on idling minute or two. Then remove the scooter from the footboard while holding down with two hands in equilibrium and pushing forward.

To start moving, you need to sit on the scooter and smoothly turn the handle of the accelerator counterclockwise (on yourself, when the wrist, raising the legs from the ground with a speed set.

How to slow down

It also uses cycling experience in the presence of such. If it is not available, you should simply remember the main postulates:

• The front brake is more effective, but too sharp braking them is fraught with a knuckle through the steering wheel.
• The rear brake is safer than everything, but in the extreme situation it may not be enough. In addition, braking with one rear brake can cause a drift and loss of control.

Trial trips

As it was already noted above, it takes quite a bit of time to get comfortably with a scooter. Highlights that should be considered in the first trips:

• acceleration control
• proper braking
• and the choice of speed in turn.

Simple rules for beginner

• You should not immediately leave for general roads and try to move with the flow rate.
• The first ten kilometers on the odometer is better to broadcast in conditions of safe deserted roads or special sites.
• Speed \u200b\u200bat first should be limited twenty kilometers per hour.

We hope that these tips will help you in mastering the scooter. We wish good luck and smooth roads!