Type of study work

Volume of watch

Mandatory audit learning load (total)

Including:

practical lessons

Independent work of student

Final certification in the form of final testing

Names of sections and those

Volume of watch

Level of development

Introduction

Application in professional activities of agricultural production facilities.

Practical lesson number 1 The main questions of thermodynamics. Labor safety and fire safety when working on tractors and cars.

Section 1.

Purpose and general device of tractors, cars

Theme 1.1.

General information about tractors and cars.

Purpose, general device and layout of tractors and cars. The conditions for their work in the machine-tractor unit. Technological requirements for a tractor and a car when performing various agricultural production operations. Classification of tractors and cars.

Practical lesson №2.

Tractor classification, tractors type, basic model and modification.

Maintenance constructive features tractors.

Topic 1.2.

Classification of tractor I. car enginesRequirements for them.Basic engine parts.

Main mechanisms, engine systems and their purpose. Basic concepts and definitions, principle of operation of diesel and carburetor engines.

Practical lesson number 3.Layout schemes and technological equipment

Practical lesson number 4.

Practical lesson number 5.

Practical lesson number 6.

Practical lesson number 7.

Lubrication system. Cooling system. Engine start system.

Independent work of students:

General device and workflows of the DVS;

Crank-connecting and gas distribution mechanisms;

Cooling system; Lubrication system; Food system with external mixing formation;

Power system with internal mixing formation;

Topic 1.3. Transmission.

Transmission. Intermediate connections

Leading bridges.

Independent work teaching

General transmission scheme;

Clutch, gearbox, distributing box;

Leading bridges;

Topic 1.4.

Chassis.

Topic 1.5. Machine management.

Independent work of students:

Steering. Brake systems.

Topic 1.6. Electrical equipment of tractors and cars.

General information about electrical equipment. Rechargeable batteries. Generator sets. Ignition system. Eclectic engine start system. Lighting and alarm system.

Practical lesson number 8.

Independent work of students:

Ignition system. Current sources. Starting system. Lighting system and light alarm.

Topic 1.7.

Work and accessories of tractors.

Hydraulic attachments of tractors.

Tractor work equipment.

Hinged devices.

Practical lesson number 9.

Topic 1.8.

Operational materials used in tractors and cars.

Practical lesson number 10.

Section 2.

Topic 2.1.

Machines and mechanisms for soil processing.

Technological processes of soil processing and agrotechnical requirements. Machines and mechanisms for basic and special training. Plows. Their device. Principles of aggregation with tractors of various classes. Machines and mechanisms for surface processing of the soil.

Lulties. Harrows. Basic design features. Principles and methods of aggregation. Rollers. Cultivators. Basic design features.

Practical lesson №11

Machines and mechanisms for surface processing of the soil. Rollers.

Lulties. Harrows. Principles and methods of aggregation. Cultivators.

Practical lesson number 12.

Machines and mechanisms for soil processing. Principles and methods of aggregation.

Independent work of students:

Combined tillage aggregates.

Tillage machines of foreign production.

Topic 2.2.

Sowing and planting

cars

Practical lesson number 13

Independent work of students:

Characteristic of grain seeders. Pneumatic seeders for grain crops. Pneumatic sowing devices.

Topic 2.3. . Machines for applying fertilizers and chemical protection of plants

Fertilizer making machines. Fertilizers, their classification, technological properties, ways to prepare for the introduction.

Machines for making fertilizers, their design and adjustment, quality control of work. Rules of occupational safety and environmental protection during the operation of machines for making fertilizers.

Machines for chemical protection of plants, their appointment, classification and agrotechnical requirements.

Practical lesson number 14.

Methods and plant protection products.

Practical lesson №15

Machines and mechanisms for chemical treatment of tree-shrub vegetation (sprayers)

Independent work of students:

Machines for making dust-shaped fertilizers. Machines for the preparation, loading of mineral fertilizers.Machines for applying fertilizers and protection of plants of foreign production.

Topic 2.4.

Meliorative machines.

Machines for watering.

Machines and installations for irrigation and irrigation.

Practical lesson number 16.

Independent work of students:

Machines for watering.Machines for the preparation of working fluid.

Topic 2.5.

Food harvesting machines

Machines, for harvesting hay, their classification, appointment and technical characteristics. Mowers, rakes, diggers, coping, stacking agents, stiments, strokes. Machines for the workpiece of the Senge and Silo. Machines for artificial herbs drying. Labor safety and fire safety rules in the operation of machines for the harvesting of feed.

Practical lesson number 17.

Labor safety and fire safety rules in the operation of machines for the harvesting of the scattered hay.

Topic 2.6.

Machines for cleaning potatoes, root plates and vegetable and grain crops.

Machines for cleaning potatoes, root and vegetable crops. Combine harvesters.

Machines for post-blood processing of grain.

Practical lesson number 18.

Practical lesson №19

Topic 2.7.

Machines for planting wood vegetation, flipping and transportation of planting material.

Mechanization of forest-spectal work. Technological process. Classification of forest machines.

Practical lesson number 20.Design of forest machine.

Independent work of students:

Machines and mechanisms for fishing and transportation of landing material of foreign production.

Topic 2.8.

Machines and mechanisms for conducting care for forest parks. Benzomotor tools. Motor cultivators and their design features.

Practical lesson №21

Topic 2.9.

Practical lesson №22.

Loading machine. Vehicles.Classification, appointment and specifications.

The lesson of generalization and control of knowledge in the section.

Repetition of the main provisions of the section, control testing

Total academic discipline

including mandatory audit learning load

Results of learning

(mastered skills learned knowledge)

Forms and methods of control and evaluation of learning outcomes

Be able to:

Apply

means of mechanization

agricultural production

Test control;

Evaluation of the results of the oral survey;

Assessment of independent work, test work.

Know:

General device and principle of operation of tractors

agricultural machinery and cars, their

impact on the soil and the environment;

Oral survey;

Evaluation of the results of practical work (PZ Nos. 1-22)

Testing;

Basic technologies and methods of execution

agricultural work in accordance with

agrotechnical and zootechnical

requirements;

Oral survey;

Testing;

Assessing the correctness of self-work;

Requirements for the implementation of mechanized

crop operations;

Oral survey;

Testing;

Assessing the correctness of self-work;

Information on the preparation of machines for work and their

adjustment;

Oral survey;

Evaluation of the results of practical work (PZ Nos. 1-22)

Testing;

Labor safety rules for the operation of agricultural machinery

Oral survey;

Testing;

topics

Names of sections and those

Count

hour

classes

A type

classes

Literature

Homework

Introduction

The goals and objectives of the discipline are studied.

Application in professional

activities of mechanization

agricultural

production

INM

P. 3-29.

Practical lesson number 1

The main questions of thermodynamics. Labor safety and fire safety when working on tractors and cars.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

Section 1.

Purpose and general device of tractors and cars

1.1.

General information about tractors and cars

1.1.1.

Purpose, general device and layout of tractors and cars.

Purpose, general device and layout of tractors and cars. Classification of tractors and cars.

INM

Organization and technology of mechanized works in crop production: ac. for NPO N.I. Vereshchagin, A.G. Levshin, A.N. Slorvers and others. 7th ed., - M.: I.TS. "Academy" 2013 416c.

P. 29-48

1.1.2.

Practical lesson №2.

Technological requirements for a tractor and a car when performing various agricultural production operations. The conditions for their work in the machine-tractor unit.

PZ.

There

P. 29-48

1.2.

The general device and the principle of operation of automotive and tractor engines.

1.2.1

General device and principle of automotive and tractor engines

Classification of tractor and automotive engines their principle of operation. Basic engine parts.

Main mechanisms, engine systems and their purpose.

INM

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.2.2

Practical lesson number 3.

Layout schemes and technological equipment.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.2.3

Practical lesson number 4.

Main systems and tractor mechanism, car and self-propelled chassis.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.2.4.

Practical lesson number 5.

Crank mechanism. Gas distribution mechanism.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.2.5

Practical lesson number 6.

Power supply and engine control.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.2.6.

Practical lesson number 7.

Lubrication system

Cooling system.

Engine start system.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

Transmission

General information about the transmission. Clutch coupling

Transmission. Intermediate connections.

Leading bridges.

INM

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.4.

Chassis

General information about the chassis. Drivers Carriers systems machines.

INM

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.5.

Machine management

Steering. Hydraulic rotation control system. Brake systems.

INM

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

Electrical equipment of tractors and cars

1.6.1.

General Electric Equipment Information

Rechargeable batteries. Generator sets. Ignition system. Eclectic engine start system. Lighting and alarm system.

INM

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.6.2.

Practical lesson number 8.

Control and measuring and auxiliary electrical equipment.

PZ.

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

1.7.

Work and accessories of tractors

1.7.1

Hydraulic attractive hinged systems

Hydraulic hinged systems of tractors Working equipment of tractors.

Hinged devices.

INM

Organization and technology of mechanized works in crop production: ac. for NPO N.I. Vereshchagin, A.G. Levshin, A.N. Slorvers and others. 7th ed., - M.: I.TS. "Academy" 2013 416c.

P. 79-81

1.7.2.

Practical lesson number 9.

Cabins of tractors and cars. Car work equipment.

PZ.

Abstract

teacher

Learn abstract

1.8.

1.8.1.

Operational materials used in tractors and cars

Car gasoline. Diesel fuel. Oils for engines. Transmission oils. Plastic lubricants. Special technical fluids.

INM

Abstract

teacher

Learn abstract

1.8.2.

Practical lesson number 10.

The main properties of fuel, their marking. Refueling machines combustible.

PZ.

Abstract

teacher

Learn abstract

Lesson of generalization and knowledge control by section

20

Repetition of the main provisions of the section, the control survey.

COU

Abstract

teacher

Learn abstract

Section 2.

Appointment and general device of agricultural machinery

40

2.1.

Soil processing machines and mechanisms

6

2.1.1.

Machines and mechanisms for the main and special soil preparation.

2

21

Technological processes of soil processing and agrotechnical requirements. Machines and plow mechanisms. Their device. Principles of aggregation with tractors of various classes

INM

Organization and technology of mechanized works in crop production: ac. for NPO N.I. Vereshchagin, A.G. Levshin, A.N. Slorvers and others. 7th ed., - M.: I.TS. "Academy" 2013 416c.

P.

123-135

2.1.2.

Practical lesson №11

2

22

Machines and mechanisms for surface processing of the soil.

Lulties. Harrows. Principles and methods of aggregation.

Rollers. Cultivators.

PZ.

There

P.

136-143

2.1.3.

Practical lesson number 12.

2

23

. Machines and mechanisms for soil processing. Principles and methods of aggregation.

PZ.

There

P.

144-157

2.2 .

Sowing and planting

cars

6

2.2.1

Machines for sowing various crops,

2

24

Machines for sowing various crops, their appointment, design, principle of operation.

Seeders, their design, principle of operation.

INM

Organization and technology of mechanized works in crop production: ac. for NPO N.I. Vereshchagin, A.G. Levshin, A.N. Slorvers and others. 7th ed., - M.: I.TS. "Academy" 2013 416c.

P.51-54

2.2.2.

Machines for landing various crops

2

25

Machines for planting various crops, their classification, appointment, device and principle of operation. Machines for planting potatoes, their design, principle of operation and adjustment. Machines for planting seedlings, their design, principle of operation and adjustment.

INM

There

P.

54-61

2.2.3.

Practical lesson number 13.

2

26

Workers and auxiliary bodies of seeders, their types, specifications.

Indicators of the quality of the landing machines.

Labor safety rules for the operation of landing machines.

PZ.

There

P.

64-71

2.3.

Machines for applying fertilizers and chemical protection of plants

6

2.3.1

2

27

Fertilizers, their classification, technological properties, ways to prepare for the introduction.

Machines for making fertilizers, their design and adjustment, quality control of work.

INM

There

P.

164-171

2.3.2.

Machines for chemical protection of plants.

1

28

Machines for chemical protection of plants, their appointment, classification and agrotechnical requirements.

Ku

There

P.

185-195

Practical lesson number 14.

1

Methods and plant protection products.

2.3.3.

Practical lesson №15

2

29

Machines and mechanisms for chemical treatment of wood-shrub vegetation (sprayers)

Terms of occupational safety and environmental protection during the operation of machines for chemical protection of plants and fertilizer application.

PZ.

There

P.

206-219

2.4.

Meliorative machines.

Machines for watering.

4

2.4.1

Meliorative machines.

2

30

Earthmakers, their appointment, types, device and principle of operation. Swamp cuts and plows, excavators, scrapers, graders, rollers, their device and technical characteristics.

INM

There

P.

380-399

2.4.2

Practical lesson number 16.

2

31

Machines and installations for irrigation and irrigation. Rained machines and installations, their characteristics, device, principle of operation.

PZ.

There

P.

400-406

2.5.

Machines for billet feed.

4

2.5.1.

Machines for billet feed.

2

32

Machines, for harvesting hay, their classification, appointment and technical characteristics. Mowers, rakes, shocks, coping, stacking strokes, stiments,. Machines for the workpiece of the Senge and Silo. Machines for artificial herbs drying.

INM

Organization and technology of mechanized works in crop production: ac. for NPO N.I. Vereshchagin, A.G. Levshin, A.N. Slorvers and others. 7th ed., - M.: I.TS. "Academy" 2013 416c.

P.

219-236

2.5.2.

Practical lesson number 17.

2

33

Labor safety and fire safety rules when operating machines for workpiece

running hay.

PZ.

There

P.

237-239

2.6.

Machines for cleaning potatoes, root crops and vegetable and grain crops

6

2.6.1

Combine harvesters.

2

34

Means of mechanization for harvesting grain crops. Combine harvesters, their types, classification. Machines for harvesting corn on grain.

INM

There

P.

251-288

2.6.2

Machines for cleaning potatoes, root and vegetable crops.

1

35

Types of machines for cleaning potatoes, their classification. Potato post-harvest processing.

Machines for cleaning carrots, fodder and sugar beet, their design, principle of operation.

Ku

There

P.

310-340

Practical lesson number 18.

1

2.6.3.

Practical lesson №19

2

36

Rules for the safety of labor, fire safety and environmental protection during the operation of machines for cleaning grain crops.

PZ.

There

P.

295-305

2.7.

Machines for planting wood vegetation Flying and transportation of planting material.

1

37

Mechanization of forest-spectal work. Technological process. Classification of forest machines.

Ku

Abstract teacher

Learn abstract

Practical lesson number 20.

1

Design of forest machine.

2.8.

Machines and mechanisms for conducting care for forest parks.

1

38

Machines and mechanisms for conducting care for forest parks.

Ku

Abstract

teacher

Learn abstract

Practical lesson №21

1

Motor cultivators and their design features. Benzomotor tools.

2.9.

Loading machine.

2

2.9.1.

Practical lesson №22.

2

39

Loading machine. Vehicles. Classification, appointment and specifications.

PZ.

There

P.34-48

Lesson of generalization and knowledge control.

2

40

Start.

TOTAL

80

supplementary CommissionN.L. Melkova

generalism and social

economic disciplines "____ September 2018

from ___ September 2018 № ____

Set of estimated tools

According to academic disciplineMechanization of works in green construction For vocational training

Worker of green farm

2018

List of questions for testingaccording to academic disciplineMechanization of works in green construction For vocational training

Worker of green farm

1. The history of agricultural machinery.

2. Structure and classification of machines.

3. Consumer properties of machines.

4. Technological properties of the soil.

5. Soil processing methods.

6. Agrotechnical requirements for the main processing of the soil.

7. Agrotechnical requirements for minimal soil processing.

8. Agrotechnical requirements for soil surface treatment.

9. Device and principle of the plow operation.

10. Device and principle of combined aggregates.

11. Device and principle of the operation of the harrow.

12. Device and principle of airflowing.

13. Device and principle of rollers.

14. Device and principle of cultivators for solid soil processing.

15. Organization of surface soil processing.

16. Technology for making fertilizers.

17. Types and methods for making fertilizers.

18. Agrotechnical requirements for fertilizer making machines.

19. The delicate devices of combined machines.

20. Machines for making liquid organic fertilizers.

21. Machines for making solid organic fertilizers.

22. Agrotechnical requirements for sowing machines.

23. Sowing methods.

24. Classification of sowing and planting machines.

25. Types of sowing devices.

26. Device and principle of the SW-3,6A seeder.

27. Device and principle of the seeder of Amazone D8-40 Supper.

28. Methods and methods of protection of plants.

29. Agrotechnical requirements for plants protection machines.

30. Types of machines for chemical protection of plants and technological schemes of their work.

31. Methods of cleaning of grain crops.

32. Classification of combustion machines.

33. Purpose and device of row raids.

34. Purpose and gear device.

35. Appointment and technological scheme of the combine harvester.

36. Types of feed, methods of cleaning.

37. Agrotechnical requirements for machine harvesting machines.

38. Cutting machines.

39. Machines for post-harvest processing and storage of grain.

40. Machines for the preparation of seeds to sowing. Seed dranies.

41. Machines for cultivation and cleaning of sugar beet.

Teacher Osadchy S.V.

Transcript.

1 Novosibirsk State Agrarian University Agronomic Faculty of Machines and Mechanisms in Landscape Construction Methodical Instructions for Studying Discipline Novosibirsk 2015

2 UDC 712: 631.3 (07) BBK, I am 7 m 382 Department of Botany and Landscaping Architecture Compiler: Text. A. A. Vasilyev Reviewer Kand.S.-H. Sciences, Doc. N.A. Mixed Machines and Mechanisms in Landscape Construction: Method. Note / Novosib. State Agrar. University, agronomist. facer; Cost. A. A. Vasilyev. Novosibirsk: IC NGAU "Golden Colos", p. Methodical instructions are intended to perform practical and independent work by students of the full-time and correspondence form of training learning the discipline "Machines and mechanisms in landscape construction" in the direction of training Landscape architecture. Methodical instructions include tasks for coursework and test work, test tasks for knowledge control, a dictionary of terms. Approved and recommended for publication by the educational and methodological council of the Agronomic Faculty (Minutes 2 of February 25, 2015) Novosibirsk State Agrarian University,

3 Introduction Green plantations (herbal lawns, shrub and woody plantings) play an important role in sanitary and hygienic improvement and improvement of the living conditions of the population and constitute an integral part of the improvement of cities. Landscaping zones (squares, parks, boulevards) to a certain extent affect the planning structure of the city and are one of the main elements of its landscape. Mobile means of small mechanization are designed to perform work at the facilities of urban-based construction, having small sizes and complex configuration. These funds include small-sized tractors (MG tractors), motoblocks, power units, motor equipment (motor-cultivators, motors, motorofreens, motocorefronts). At the same time, gardening and landscape construction is expensive and time-consuming industries of urban economy. It is possible to achieve a real reduction in the cost of construction and operation of landscaping facilities, first of all, the maximum mechanization of the main labor-intensive processes, such as clearing and laying the territories, harvesting and warehousing of plant land and fertilizer, working with large planting materials (digging, loading, transportation, landing, etc. .), Lawn device and majority of planting operations. For the mechanization of these works, technical means are used specifically created for the liberal works, as well as borrowed from other sectors of the national economy (rural, forest, construction). As a result of the study of the discipline, students of the specialty landscape architecture should - know: the theory of designing workers of machinery, mechanisms and guns; Calculation of their design parameters; Questions of stability of machine-tractor units; Principles of operational calculations of aggregate machines, mechanisms and tools when performing garden-park, landscape, forestry, reclamation, vanishing, and other types of work; Principles of the acquisition and calculation of the machine-tractor park for the production facility; Planned refurbish system of maintenance and repair of machines, mechanisms and guns; The main provisions of labor protection when using a machine-tractor fleet; - To be able to: carry out the calculations of individual parts of the machines in order to improve their improvement, improve reliability and operational indicators; Correctly select machines, mechanisms and guns in accordance with natural and soil conditions; rationally set machine and tractor park; 3.

4 organize the rational use of machinery; ensure the implementation of labor protection and safety regulations; - own: methods of adopting optimal solutions for the use of machines, mechanisms and guns, taking into account the phenomena and processes of natural, refinery, technological, economic, special and other nature; In the process of studying discipline, the following competencies are formed: - the possession of cultural thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, setting the goal and the choice of ways to achieve it (OK-1); - the desire for self-development, improve their skills and skill (OK-5); - the ability to use the basic laws of natural disciplines in professional activities, to take methods for mathematical analysis and modeling, experimental research (PC-1); - be able to use regulatory legal documents in their activities (PK- 3); - possession of the main method of landscape taxation, monitoring the state and inventory at objects of landscape architecture (PC-9); - the ability to develop project and working technical documentation for landscape architecture facilities, execute completed design work (PK-21); - Ready to ensure the organization of work on the operation of machines, mechanisms, specialized equipment at landscape construction facilities and in ornamental nurseries (PC-25). four

5 1. Content of the main topics 1. Classification, types and purpose of machines and mechanisms and conditions for their use Mobile means of small mechanization are designed to perform work at the facilities of urban-based construction, which are usually small size and complex configuration. These funds include small-sized tractors (MG tractors), motoblocks, power units, motoorudia (motor-cultivators, motors, motorofreens, motocorefronts). Control issues 1. Types of small-sized tractors and motoblocks. 2. Signs of small-sized tractors and motoblocks. 3. Signs of low-size biaxial tractors. 4. Signs of small-sized uniaxial tractors. Topic 2. Theoretical frameworks of design and use of machines Main mechanisms and engine systems is a complex machine consisting of several units and systems defined related to each other. Their design and location can be different, but the destination is common to all types of traction machines. Basic concepts and engine definitions Top dead The point (NMT) is called the position of the piston in the cylinder, at which the distance from the crankshaft axis to the bottom of the piston will be the largest. The bottom of the dead point (NMT) is called the position of the piston bottom, corresponding to the smallest distance from the axis of the crankshaft. Engine Working Cycle Working Cycle This is a periodically repeated sequence of processes in the cylinder, providing engine operation. The process occurring in the cylinder when the piston moves from one dead point to the other is called a tact. The engines in which the operating cycle is performed for four piston strokes, i.e. for two crankshaft turns, are called four-stroke. Comparative characteristics of the engines The diesel engine compared to the carburetor has the following advantages: The efficiency is higher due to the reduction of thermal losses, as a result of which the engine consumes an average of (by weight) less than fuel per unit operation; Works on heavier fuel varieties, 5

6 which is cheaper and less dangerous in fire ratio than gasoline. At the same time, the diesel engine has a number of disadvantages, the main of which are: the strength of individual parts should be higher due to higher gas pressure in the cylinder, which leads to an increase in the mass of the engine; The launch of the diesel engine requires more energy consumption, especially in winter time. The working equipment of the MG tractor and the motor-block for mounting on the tractor of mounted technological machines and tools and their position management serves as a group of mechanisms called the mounted system. A separate-aggregate attachment system is mainly used, in which individual elements (aggregates) are dispersed throughout the tractor, and not in one place. With such a system, mounted technological machines and guns can be attached to the tractor not only from behind, but also in other places convenient for this purpose. Control issues 1. Main mechanisms and aggregates of MG tractors and motoblocks. 2. Working equipment MG tractors and motoblocks. 3. Basic engine system mechanisms. 4. Engine operating cycle. 5. Comparative engine characteristics. 6. Modern domestic and foreign MG tractors and motoblocks. Topic 3. Machines for work in the forest and garden and park household for the processing of soil, sowing, landing, leaving and green plantings in the city The selected way to cleaned areas should ensure maximum preservation on the prepared portion of the humus layer of the soil, improving its physicomechanical properties . Plots clogged with a shrub with a diameter of trunks to 6 cm and a height of up to 4-5 m, it is advisable to spark in shrub or shrub-marsh plows either to close with heavy disk harrow. A larger shrub with a diameter of the trunks to cm and a height of up to 10 m are cut by bushodezes or cricks with cortic harrow. Control questions 1. Tillage machines and guns, aggregated with small-sized tractors and motor-blocks. 2. Machines for collecting and processing seeds. 3. Machines for making fertilizers. 4. Milling tillage machines. 6.

7 Topic 4. Construction, earthmoving, fire-fighting machines Korchevka PNIs is the most time-consuming operation when preparing cutting under the reforestation. The release of forest areas from stumps and large unwanted vegetation depends on the breed and diameter of the stumps and trees, the limitations of their cutting, the granulometric composition of the soil and its humidity. Preparation of cutting down the forest recovery is made by milling the above-ground part of the stump to the soil level (MUP-4, MPP-0.75) and milling of the above-ground and partially underground part of the stump simultaneously with the preparation of soil strips. Cleaning cutting from the flowing residues, trees and collecting them in shafts and heaps produce bortals of borties (PS-5, PS-2,4). Control questions 1. Heavy technique (skeps, graders, rollers). 2. Grooves and excavators. Topic 5. Machines and mechanisms for the creation of lawns and the care of the lawn, the territory covered with perennial herbs creating a dense tillage cover. Lawn in urban conditions is not only an artistic element of the object, but also plays an important sanitary and hygienic role, delaying a large amount of dust, adjusting the humidity and air temperature. Depending on the requirements for lawns and destination, they are divided into decorative, sports and special. Decorative lawns are most common, which are divided, in turn, on partner, ordinary, meadow and blooming (Moorish). Special lawns are arranged at the airfields, sleeps of highways and railways, on the slopes of hydraulic structures and other objects special purpose. Sports lawns are created in stadiums, hippodrols, sports grounds. Depending on the purpose, there are several ways to create lawns: the preparation of the surface and sowing of lawn herbs, the preparation of the surface and seed seeds in the composition of special solutions (hydropower), the preparation of surfaces for obsession and the laying of the rolled turne. Control issues 1. Machines for creating a roll and seeding lawn. 2. Machines for the creation of lawns by hydro-blade. 3. Machines and mechanisms for the care of a lawn, watering and feeding lawn. 4. Mechanical treatment of turf and land. 7.

8 Topic 6. Machines and mechanisms for cropping and forming crowns of trees and trimming shrubs One of the main activities for the care of the above-ground part of the trees in urban environments is trimming the crown in accordance with the peculiarities of biology, growth and plant development. Trimming trees is carried out to remove dry, damaged and losing the decorativeness of the branches, saving the early formed shape and size of the crown, its rejuvenation. Pruning affects the ratio of the total mass of the roots and the crown, which contributes to an increase in the number of suction roots that improve carbohydrate and nitric exchange, as well as introductory exchange. Three main types of trimming are distinguished: molding, sanitary, rejuvenating. Control issues 1. Machines for trimming and forming the crown of trees. 2. Machines for trimming shrubs. 3. Gas chucks. Topic 7. Machines and mechanisms for cleaning garden tracks and sites Summer cleaning consists in cleaning the surface from leaves in garbage, and a particular complexity causes the cleaning of paths and sites that does not have a solid coating. When washing such paths, the top layer of coatings was washed off, and when sweepers, it is destroyed, forming many dust particles. Control issues 1. Sidewalking machines. 2. Universal machines. 3. Fraser-rotary machines. 4. Snow removal machines. 2. Questions for self-study 1. Schemes for the organization of MTP. 2. Methods for building the working surfaces of dumps. 3. Forces acting on the plow. 4. Method for installing PLN-4-35 plow to a specified processing depth. 5. Types of working bodies of milling machines. 6. The principle of building a tooth field. 7. The method of installing steam cultivators to a given processing depth. 8. Purpose and appointment of the AEA manufacturer Methods for calculating the power of the drive of the electric mowers. 10. Domestic experience of operating the tool for trimming and forming the crown of trees and shrubs. eight

9 11. Types of designs of greenhouses and greenhouses. 12. Technology of growing planting material of garden-park crops with a closed root system. 13. Methods of calculating the necessary concentration of pesticides in spraying solutions. 3. Questions for the exam 1. Small-sized tractors and motoblocks. 2. Modern domestic and foreign small-sized tractors and motoblocks 3. The main mechanisms and aggregates of MG tractors and motoblocks. 4. Main mechanisms and engine systems. Engine operating cycle. 5. Comparative engine characteristics. 6. Working equipment MG tractor and motoblock. 7. Machines and guns for clearing and planning the territory. 8. General information on the main processing of the soil. 9. Lemet and disc plows. 10. Extinguishing machines and guns. 11. Milling machines. 12. Yamokophares and field crews. 13. General information on additional soil processing. 14. Broens and rollers. 15. Cultivators. 16. Rules for the operation of the engine of the cultivator and maintenance. 17. Machines for the creation of lawns. 18. Machines for the creation of lawns by the method of hydroposov. 19. Classification of lawn mowers. 20. Review of lawn mowers. 21. Mechanical processing of turf and land. 22. Lawnoctors. 23. Machines and mechanisms for harvesting garden tracks and sites. 24. Pruning and formation of crowns of trees and shrubs. 25. Domestic motorized tool for trimming and forming crowns of trees and shrubs. 26. Overseas motorized tool for trimming and forming crowns of trees and shrubs. 27. Watering methods and agreesotechnical requirements for watering. 28. Classification of raincoats and watering facilities. Water supply systems. 29. Elements of raincoats. 30. Tasks and ways to protect plantings from pests and diseases. 31. Classification of machines and devices. 32. Sprayers. Their classification and main components. 33. Performed operations in protected soil and agrotechnical requirements for them. 34. Specialized cars For the preparation of soil in greenhouses and greenhouses. 35. Mechanization of plants care and regulation of environmental parameters in greenhouses. 36. Safety technique when working with machines in greenhouses. 37. The concept of the technology of production processes. 38. Organization and technology of mechanized lawns. 39. Organization and technology of mechanized leaving trees and shrubs. 40. Organization and technology of mechanized care for garden tracks and platforms. nine

10 4. Themes of test work 1. Tillage machines and guns. 2. Machines for collecting and processing fruits and seeds. 3. Machines for nurseries. 4. Machines for landing and leaving forest crops. 5. Machines for working on drained cutting. 6. Machines d I temporarily overwhelmed soils. 7. Machines for raw (excessly moistened) soil. 8. Machines for sandy soils. 9. Machines for the struggling forestry. 10. Machines for work on the slopes. 11. Machines for schools of nurseries. 12. Yamokophares. 13. Machines for fighting forest fires. 14. Machines for chemical protection of the lawn. 15. Complex of machinery and mechanisms for logging. 16. A complex of machines and mechanisms for logging, care. 17. The schematic diagram of the device for making fertilizers. 18. Cultivators. Classification of cultivators. General device of cultivators. Workers organs of lap cultivators and their parameters. Placing your paw on the cultivator and their mount. 5. Methodical guidelines for performing the test work The number of the test work is chosen by the last two digits of the test book number in the paper: 1. Enough the relevance of the chosen topic, its value and value for the scope of machines and mechanisms in landscape construction. 2. To identify specific possibilities for improving the mechanization system based on a comprehensive course study. 3. Develop a system of measures to improve the landscape construction system on the basis of these scientific research data. Students must show the ability to justify the topic, research methods used with the use of machines, develop specific measures to improve the mechanization of landscape construction and calculate the expected effect. The test should consist of a title sheet, content (table of contents), the main (special) part, the literature of the literature. The work is drawn up on sheets of paper A4, text font 14, an arreed interval - 1.5. Text material is performed in print. Schemes, tables and drawings are numbered through the numbering. All pages should also be numbered. 10

11 In the introduction, briefly justify the relevance of the topic, show the value of the elected object, determine the purpose and task of the work, indicate the applied research methods used by the materials used. Introduction, as a rule, should take no more than 2 pages. Conclusions and proposals must be specific confirming the rationality of the proposed activities. They are set out in the form of a number of basic provisions, in which the main content of the analyzed material, the author's proposals, are proposed, are proposed to solve problems. Conclusions and proposals are made in the form of individual items within one paragraph, each item is numbered. The list of references must contain an ordered list used in the implementation of the study of literature sources (at least 10), and is located on the last page of the test work. If students, when drawing up a response to the question of the test task, will make difficulties, they should apply to the Department for Consultation. The structure and content of testing of test work should include the following sections: Title List (Appendix 1) 1 p.; Content (Appendix 2) 1 p.; Introduction not more than 2 pages; Main part page; Conclusion - 3 pages; List of used sources 2 pages; The volume of test work is pages. 6. Test Questions Option 1 1. For which a wood sawmill is required: a) to ensure the desired number seating; b) for cleaning the stumps, large roots, illiquid wood; c) to ensure the integrated mechanization of reforestation work. 2. What is the difference between the principle of work of the MP-7A patch from MRP-2A: a) only a spacing of shrub, meltsya, extracting stones up to 3 tons; b) Only use on mini-level and moistened peat soils; c) Only minimal removal of the upper humus layer. 3. What machines are used for construction and repair of the drainage network: a) excavators; b) bulldozers; c) Cups. 4. Where in forestry, general-purpose plows are used: a) with the resulting forest area; b) on the cuttings that were under the forest; c) When plowing areas that are not under the forest. eleven

12 5. For what conditions Special forest plows are created: a) for plowing drained soils in nurseries; b) for the preparation of the soil by individual or microes, creating drainage ditch; (c) To create the layers on the squares of permanent excess moisture. 6. For what types of works are harrows and cultivators: a) for solid soil processing; b) for additional soil processing; c) With forest-growing leaving. 7. What is the processing of forest seeds: a) in immersion of cones into a special solution to force the flakes to open; b) in the loading of cones in the drying chambers to dry; c) in slandering, cleaning and sorting seeds. 8. Methods of sowing, used in forestry: a) line, tape, according to formations; b) lowercase, tape, wide-winning; c) Tape, wide-grade, furrow. 9. Workers of forest machines: a) couch, knife, bin for planting material, planting machine, sealing roller; b) sealing roller, couch, knife, impeller, bar, axis with spring; c) Knife, couch, sealing rink, guide gutter, grip, ballast box. 10. In which cases the Ginokelor is used: a) on soils with excess moisture; b) on drained soils; c) on drained soils and soils with periodic overvoltage. Option 2 1. For which mulching techniques are used: a) for drying the soil; b) for seeding seed soil; c) to cover seeds with sawdust and peatokrochki. 2. What role does the extinguishing machine perform: a) the sinking of molars, shrubs, berries; b) digging seedlings, seedlings, shrubs, berries; c) Sleeping seedlings, seedlings, grinding the soil with roots. 3. For which sprayers are needed: a) for chemical soil processing; b) to perform agrotechnical crops; c) for watering water seedlings and seedlings. 4. What is the main difference between an aerosol generator from the freer: a) in the applixation of the object of dust-like drugs on the surface; b) in the applix to the surface of the object of eradicates in the form of droplets; c) In applying a poison fog to the surface. 5. What is the principle of operation of an aerosol generator: 12

13 a) in turning the working fluid into a poison fog; b) in the transformation of a poisonous powder into dust; c) in turning the working fluid into poisonous drops. 6. Main goal of maintenance of care: a) the formation of decrees of hardwood; b) the formation of the plantations of the desired composition by selectively removing unwanted trees; c) the formation of planting the desired composition, by sanitary logging. 7. Which engine is on the motorcase: a) two-stroke; b) four-stroke; c) Six-contact. 8. For what types of works are used Motor Country "Sekor-3": a) to cut the bushes and herbal vegetation; b) for cleaning in forest young and circumcision of boring trees; c) for spill of trees, cleaning in forest young people, mowing herbal vegetation. 9. For which the ELHA forestry unit is intended: a) for rolls and tatterns of trees, cutting off shrubs, trimming of boring, bustling of busties; b) for rollers of trees, trimming of boring, mowing herbal vegetation, bias of trees; c) for rolls and swelling of whips, cutting of a shrub, trimming of boring, debris of trees. 7. Dictionary of terms Theory of mechanisms and machines Science on general methods for analyzing and synthesizing mechanisms and machines. Mechanism analysis The study of the kinematic and dynamic properties of the mechanism according to a given scheme. Synthesis mechanism Designing a mechanism scheme for specified properties. Machine Technical device performing certain mechanical movementsassociated with the transformation of energy, properties, sizes, shape or position of materials (or labor objects) and information in order to facilitate the physical and mental labor of a person, increase its quality and productivity. Energy. Types of machines Energy machine transforming one type of energy in another. Machine-motor transforming any kind of energy into mechanical. Machine-generator transforming mechanical energy in another type of work machine is designed to convert materials. The transport machine converts only the position of the material. 13

14 The process machine converts the form, properties and position of the material or object. The information process is designed to obtain and convert information. The control and control machine is designed to convert information to managing energy or working machines. The mathematical machine is designed to obtain mathematical images corresponding to the properties of the object. The cybernetic machine is designed to simulate or replace a person in the processes of activity inherent in him or the objects of wildlife, and having elements of artificial intelligence. Machine unit The technical system consisting of one or more machines connected in series or in parallel with each other, and is intended for performing any required functions. The structure and classification of the mechanism mechanism mechanism is one or more details, connected harsh together. The kinematic couple is the connection of two contacting links, allowing their relative movement. Element of the kinematic pair The set of surfaces, lines and individual points of the link, along which it comes into contact with another link. In higher kinematic pairs, the elements of contact are the line or point. In the lowest kinematic pairs, the element of contact is the surface. A progressive pair of a uniform pair that admits the straight and progressive movement of one link relative to the other. The rotational pair of a single-pass steam that allows the rotational movement of one link relative to the other. Cylindrical pair Two-lining steam, allowing the rotational and translational (along the axis of rotation) the movement of one link relative to the other. The number of degrees of freedom of the mechanical system The number of independent parameters that determine the position of all system elements. Kinematic chain The system of links, connected by kinematic couples. Types of kinematic chains Closed each link enters no less than two kinematic pairs with other links. fourteen

15 Unlocked links included only in one kinematic pair with another link. Flat trajectories of movement of points of all links are in parallel planes. Spatial there are links, the trajectories of motion of points of which are not lying in parallel planes. The mechanism of the kinematic chain with a fixed link, in which, with a given movement of one or more links, all other links make quite definite movements. Links mechanisms Stand Standing mechanism. The inlet link to which the movement converted by the mechanism in certain movements of other links is reported. The output link, which makes a move, to execute the mechanism. The crank the link, forming a rotational pair with a rack and capable of making a complete turn around it. The rod is a link that is not included in the kinematic pairs with a rack. The risk of the link forming a rotational pair with a rack, but not capable of making a complete turn around it. The slider of the link that performs progressive movement relative to the rack. The zulis of the link rotating around the stationary axis and forms with another moving link the progressive pair. Image schemes of mechanisms in the drawings structural (fundamental) circuit with the use of symbols without observing the size of the links. The kinematic scheme in compliance with the size of the links necessary for the kinematic calculation. Types of mechanisms Depending on the design of the links, the lever containing only lower kinematic pairs. Tog containing gear wheels. Cam containing high kinematic pair. Mechanisms with flexible links containing units that are not solid bodies. Friction in which the transfer of motion occurs at the expense of friction forces. fifteen

16 Types of mechanisms depending on the functional purpose: the hinge mechanism mechanism, the links of which are formed among themselves only rotational pairs. The crank foles mechanism is a hinge quadruple, which includes crank and rocker. sixteen

17 Bibliographic list 1. Widowin E.S. Workshop on forestry machines: studies. Manual on special. Forestry / E S. Vdovin, V. V. Trocenko; M-in the village. Hozage of the Russian Federation, FGOU VPO Omgaau. - Omsk: Publishing House of FGOU VPO Omgaau, p. 2. Goucelubles N.A., Zotov V.A. Mechanization of works in urban green construction Gucelyuk N.A., Zotov V.A., / M.: Stroyzdat, p. 3. Efimtsev Yu.A., Shatalov V.G. Mechanization of forestry work / Efimtsev Yu.A., Shatalov V.G. - M.: Lesn. Prom-lot, s. 4. Commodity rate of fuel and lubricants on mechanized works performed in forestry. M., p. 5. Vinokurov V.N. Machines and mechanisms of forestry and gardening construction: studies. For universities / V.N. Vinokurov, G.V. Silayov, A.A. Zolotarevsky; Ed. V.N. Vinokurova. M.: Academy, p. 6. Theodoronsky V.S. Garden and park economy with the basics of mechanization of work / V.S. Theodoronsky, A.A. Zolotarevsky M.: Phoenix, p. 17.

18 Content Introduction Contents of the main topics for self-studying Questions for the examination theme test work Test Questions Glossary Bibliographic List.17 18

19 Compiled by Vasilyev Alexander Aleksandrovich Machines and Mechanisms in Landscape Construction Methodical indication of the study of discipline Editor T. K. Korobova Computer layout Signed in printing 2015. Format 60 x 84 Volume of ud. l., Sl. Pechs. l. Circulation Ex. Ed. 53. Order Printed in the publishing house of the Novosibirsk State Agricultural University, Novosibirsk, ul. Dobrolyubova ,! 60, Kaab Tel. / Fax (383)

1. Program content Section 1 Introduction The history of the development of the theory and structures of technological machines and equipment. Section 2 implements for the main soil processing Classification and the design of the plows. Views

The theoretical part of the theory of mechanisms and machines (TMM) is the science that studies the structure, kinematics and dynamics of mechanisms and machines due to their analysis and synthesis. Machines are called artificial devices,

Alexandrov V. A., Kozmin S. F., Shov N. R., Alexandrov A. V. Mechanization of forestry and gardening construction: Tutorial. 1st ed. Admitted by UMO as a textbook for professional students

Table of Contents Introduction ................................................ ............... 3 1. Fundamentals of technical mechanics ............................. .............. 5 1.1. Statics................................................. .........

1. Contents of the program Introduction The history of the development of the theory and structures of technological machines and equipment - section 1 tools for the main soil processing Classification and the design of the plows. Types of lemet

Annotations of Working Programs Practice Direction of Training 35.03.10 Landscaping Architecture Form of study Full-time Name Educational field practices on botany. Training practice in the park fauna.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilova »Faculty of Natural Education

Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Voronezh State Forestry University

1 Project Professional Standard "Improvement of Territories" 1. General provisions 1. Professional Standard "Improvement of Territories" is intended for the formation of educational programs, including

Ministry of Education and Science of the Perm Territory branch of the State Budget Professional Educational Institution "Perm Agro-industrialized Technical School" in p. Berry gardener 18103

Foundation for appraisal funds for discipline. Control of the effectiveness of the educational process 6.1. The list of competencies indicating the stages of their formation in the process of mastering the discipline. Forms of control

Introductory lecture Discipline Forestry Machines Section 1. Machines and equipment of forestry Introduction 1.1. Technological processes in forestry production. 1.2. Forestry classification

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Tyumen State University Institute of Biology

Test tasks for the structure and classification of mechanisms 1. Basic concepts and definitions of task 1. A device that performs mechanical movements for conversion of energy, materials and information.

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University name

P / p Calendar-thematic planning by profession "Operating Green Economy" 10 11 Class Name of those partitions hours Time to take time on actually plan 1. 1 Introduction. History

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190 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Ivanovo State Chemical Technology University of Mechanisms and Machine Methodical Instructions Compilers: V.P. Zarubin V.V. Boytsova

Working program discipline (module) Discipline Direction of training Work documentation for the construction of gardening facilities 250700.62 Landscape architecture Training profile Qualification (degree)

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation East Siberian State Technological University Laboratory work Drawing up the kinematic scheme of the mechanism and its structural analysis

Speaker: Director of FBU Vnielm A.A. Martynyuk Collecting and processing of forest seeds zone of applying means of mechanization Mechanization, technological complexes and technical means Growing and manufacturing

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation FGBOU VPO "Novosibirsk State Agrarian University" Agronomical Faculty Calculation of a fruit nursery Methodical instructions on the implementation

Price list for 2016 season services. (On all the services is shown without taking into account the value of the material.) Services on the device of lawn in the basic versions of the execution Option Prepared base with preparation

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Penza State University Compilation of kinematic schemes and structural analysis of mechanisms Methodical instructions for laboratory work Penza 007 UDC 61.833 Dana

III. The system of evaluation of the examination work of work is estimated at 100 score. Evaluation excellent (more than 80 points) is exhibited by examiner if it: has a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bprocesses and phenomena,

Standard of the Russian Federation Education: Primary Vocational Profession Profession: Gardener OST 9 at 02.37.13-2000 Edition Official agreed on the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian

1. Depending on the method of attaching to the tractor, the plows are (several answer options) ... a) semi-mounted b) hinged C) Caid d) trailed 2. Field board 3 general purpose plow

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Mytishchinsky branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman (National Research

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Donskaya State Technical University Department of distance learning and advanced training of the Department "Theoretical and Applied Mechanics" Methodical guidelines for laboratory

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P. P. Kornienko Vnielm State and Prospects for the mechanization of forest-reserving work on deforestation in last years Conducted significant 1 work on the creation of new machines and guns for the mechanization of forestry

Urban planning standards and rules Collectons of elemental resource estimated norms for construction work Collection 47 Landscaping. Protective landscapes of SHNA 4.02.47-04 Edition Official State Committee

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Handbook of green construction.

The directory provides information on the main issues of green

construction.

The principles of selection of plants, forms of green plantings, are described,

agrotechnology landscaping streets and residential microdistricts, creating wood

arrays, alive hedges, vertical landscaping, lawns and flower beds and

designation of design and estimate documentation, measures and methods of mechanization

labor-intensive work and achieving savings in green construction.

The book is designed for engineers and technicians employed in green

construction, gardeners, landscape architects, higher students and

secondary educational institutions of relevant specialties.

Tables 34. Bibliographies 49.

Preface

Section I. Forms of green plantings

Chapter I. Principles of Plant Selection

Ecological

Typological

Systematic

Decorative

Chapter II. Wood-shrub plantings.

Forest and Grove Arrays

Groups of trees and shrubs

Separately standing tree (solitator)

Live swelling and curly haircut

Vertical gardening

Wood plantings on the streets

Chapter III. Decorative lawns

Classification and value of decorative lawns

Classification of lawn herbs

Zoning lawn herbs

Chapter IV. Flower decoration

Agrobiological characteristics of perennial herbaceous floral

plants

Use of floral perennials in green devices

Bordeurian device

Floral meadows and floral carpets

Soil-covered floral carpets

Alpine gardens and retaining walls

Section II. Agrotechnics of the device of green plantings

Chapter 1. Preparing the territory for landscaping

Chapter II. Landing trees and shrubs

Landing seedlings and small seedlings

Planting standard saplings

Planting wood seedlings on urban streets

Landing and decoration of wood curly plants

Chapter III. Transplanting large trees

Age and general condition of transplantated trees

Assortment of transplant trees in adulthood and time

Preparation for transplant

Framework technique, transportation and landing

Chapter IV. Agrotechnics of the device Lawnov

Soil preparation for lawns

The rates of seeding of lawn grasses and the principles of the preparation of grass

Sowing and obedoma of decorative lawns

Landing perennials

Chapter V. Device tracks and sites

Section III. Green planting

Chapter I. Care of trees and shrubs

Watering trees on urban streets

Fertilizing trees and shrubs

Trimming trees

Trimming shrubs

Preservation of old trees

Saving trees when changing the relief

Protection of trees from mechanical damage, pests and diseases

Chapter II. Care of wood plantings and lawns

CARE FOR WORKERS

Care of wood-shrub groups

Destruction of weeds on lawns

Milling lawn

Falker of lawn grass

Artificial watering of lawns and mechanical processing of turf

Repair of lawn

Chapter III. Useful animals and birds in gardens and parks

Useful animals

Useful insects and nematodes

Useful birds

Artificial nesting

Fucking birds

Section IV. Decorative qualities of trees, shrubs and

perennials

Chapter I. Durability of trees and shrubs

Life expectancy and sizes of trees in green devices

Life expectancy and sizes of shrubs in green devices

Chapter II. Flowering trees and shrubs

Chapter III. Decorative properties of trees

Forms of hardwood crowns

Forms of coniferous crowns

Structure and nature of hardwood damage

Coniferous trees with special coloring needles

Flowering time decorative flowering trees

The time of breaking and focusing

Chapter IV. Decorative properties of shrubs

Structure and nature of deciduous shrubs

Flowering time decorative flowering shrubs

The time of dissolve and focus of shrubs

Chapter V. Decorative Properties of Perennials

Structure and forms of denominations of perennials

Time of fading leaves

Rugged decorative perennials

Beautifully blooming perennials for different timing time

Characteristics of individual types of perennials

Section V. Organization and Economics of Green Construction

Chapter I. Perspective Planning Gardening Cities and Workers

poslakov

Drawing up a promising plan for complex landscaping

The main indicators of a promising plan for complex landscaping

Perspective plans of landscaping for individual enterprises

Chapter II. Design and organization of green construction

Design assignment

Drawing up

Project organization of work on the construction of facilities

Chapter III. Organization of labor and management in green enterprises

construction and farm

Chapter IV. Mechanization of labor-intensive processes of green construction

Machinery and guns for the mechanization of natural work in Garden Park

farm

Chapter V. Reserves and Ways of Savings in Green Construction

Saving from rational design

Savings achieved in the process of green construction and care

sounds

Preface

Gardening of cities - the most important component in the general complex

urban planning and urban economy. Parks, Gardens, Boulevards, Squares in

significantly determine the planning structure of the city, are

mandatory elements of its cultural landscape, contribute

creating the best sanitary and hygienic and microclimatic conditions

life of workers.

Creating urban green plantings and care for them

numerous construction and repair and construction management, offices

and trusts of green economy, nurseries, combines and state farms decorative

cultures, as well as agencies, landscaping territories of their

industrial enterprises and institutions.

Works on gardening cities are busy large detachment of specialists.

The task of this book is to provide them with the necessary reference material on

the main issues of green construction and economy.

Green construction facilities cannot achieve that completion,

which is peculiar to structures and buildings, so the design,

the device of green plantings and care for them make up a single process -

long and complicated. This process combines architecture and garden

park art, agrotechnics, agrochemistry and soil science, mechanization and

economy. All these questions in one degree or another are highlighted in the directory.

The directory consists of five sections. The first is devoted to the principles

selection of plants and forms of green plantings. Here are given

biological and aesthetic characteristics of various forms of wood

shrub plantings, vertical landscaping, lawns, flower beds and

terrain and other conditions.

In the second section combined information about the layout of the plots,

soil preparation, plant placement methods, landing agricultural engineering

trees, shrubs and perennials, give advice on the device

park tracks and playgrounds.

The third section contains rules and norms of fertilizer, watering, trimming

trees and shrubs, lawn care, advice on the protection of trees and

shrubs from mechanical damage, diseases and pests. Here

talks about animals, insects and birds, useful in gardens and parks,

the methods of manufacturing and hanging artificial nests are described,

feeders and cream.

In the fourth section, information about decorative qualities is given.

plants - longevity of trees and shrubs, structure of uncertainty

various breeds, features of the structure of the crown and painting of the cortex, forms and

flowering times, etc. This information will be useful primarily in gardens.

park art.

Issues planning, organization of labor, mechanization of work and

the economy of green construction and the economy is dedicated to the fifth section.

director.

The reference book is based on the experience of green construction in the USSR, and

also works of scientific institutions - research institutes,

botanical gardens, stations. The guide includes a flowering calendar

(Section IV) compiled by a candidate of agricultural sciences

G.E. Bowl.

Section I. Forms of green plantings

Chapter I. Principles of Plant Selection

The abundance of various and, especially, exotic plants can not

make a beautiful park or garden. On the contrary, excessive saturation

rare trees and shrubs leads to a mantalite, creates

missility and annoying motley.

The composition of green plantings should be simple, reasonable, based

on strict observance of harmonic and biological unity in the selection

plants.

There are several principles of plant selection.

Ecological

Ecology is the doctrine on the connection of plants with the environment. According to

this teaching each plant form is a fingerprint

geographical and climatic conditions in which the formation occurred

this species. That is why plants are so well adapted to places

habitat and so well with them harmonize: Willow and poplar with fuel

floodplain meadows, pine with sand dunes, Tamarix with semi-desert,

crimean strawberry tree with cliffs.

Deprived of the usual conditions trees and shrubs change dramatically

the form of growth, sizes and color of foliage, lose their decorative qualities,

chant or dying. Therefore, when selecting plants, it is necessary

consider how much the locality where green construction is conducted in its own way

climate, the nature of the soil and the relief corresponds to the area of \u200b\u200bnatural

growing these plants.

The nature of the relief affects the distribution and development of plants even

on the plains where there are small depressions and hills. Special

it acquires the value in mountain and hilly localities. Shadow Northern I.

oriental slopes of mountains and hills have a more even thermal regime and

high relative humidity of air; Fir products are well developed here,

spruce and beech. Solar southern and southwest slopes are characterized by sharp

temperature drops and intensive evaporation and most suitable for

pines, juniper, oak, grab, ash.

Depending on the wealth and degree of moisture of the soil slopes

can be divided into two parts: the upper, weakly smelted due to the flow

water and depleted due to soil washed, and lower, more moisturized and

enriched with washed from the top of the soil particles. At the top

sizza drought-resistant, undemanding breeds, pine, Grab, oak. IN

lower ash, beech, lime, nut.

In wet and with rich soil valleys and floodplains, pile, poplar,

olhu, Vyazy. Thanks to the consistency of the nature of plantings with character

environment Plants develop well and form compositions,

successfully harmony with natural landscape.

Typological

Typological or phytocenotic principle (phytocenology -

the doctrine of joint growing plants) is based on the fact that trees and

shrubs as their development takes each other

relationships that either favor their growth or brake

Favorable conditions for the development of plants are more often arising then

when artificial plantings in their composition are approaching

natural natural groupings - phytocenoses. Therefore, the foundation

the plantations of green devices should be local wood species,

grouped in natural combinations for them.

As for the introduced rocks, they should be used for

decorative finishing of edges and parade seats.

Examples of planting plants by typological principle:

\u003e Elanniki-pure; mixed with fir; with pine; with birch and aspen; from

oak, lime and lever;

\u003e Pine - clean; with an undergrowth of the rocket, Karagani or Droka; from

birch and undergrowth of juniper; with the maple isolate and

undergrowth of the flavor; with oak, maple is an ostrophive and undergrowth

\u003e Larch - clean; with undergrowth of honeysuckle, rosehip and

tolody; with fir and fir;

\u003e Dublava -thety with herbal cover; Complex with satellites:

lime, maple, cherry, pear, lady, viburnum, ecky;

\u003e Bereznyaki - Clear with herbal cover; mixed with pine and

maple Ostroland; mixed with fir; With undergrowth

juniper; With blooming bushes: Chu-Bushnik, honeysuckle,

rosehip;

\u003e Lime planting - clean; with viburnum, pride, coil; from

konsky chestnut and maple isolate.

Systematic

In trees and shrubs belonging to the same family

there is a lot of general in the form of the crown, the nature of branching, the ability,

the shape of the trunk, texture, and color of the cortex. Combination in joint landings

trees of various species, but the same kind, emphasizes and strengthens

their common decorative qualities, creates artistic unity. So, among

birings of warthogs or fluffy birch of any other kind, at least in-

trekted from very distant places, do not look alien.

Concentration on one specific garden or large park

the numbers of the forms of the same plant increases the colorfulness

landscape, and the unity of planning plantings and buildings of various varieties

creates a decorative effect of great strength and expressiveness. Probably

therefore, rosary, monosades of lilacs or Sirirgaria and other monocultural

gardens are everywhere so popular. The purpose of the device of such gardens

lies not only in the show of the best decorative qualities of certain

plants, but also in their best combination.

Decorative

This principle is used when landscaping small. Squares and gardens, and

also sites adjacent to administrative and public buildings.

Plants here are considered as a decoration material suitable for

creating agreed colorful spots like a panel in monumental

painting.

In the colorful compositions of flowering plants, usually deal with

various combinations of flower paints with green leaves and stems.

Flowers themselves at different stage of development - in buds, half-rescued -

have different coloring. Therefore, in the composition of flowering plants, it is important not

only a combination of coloring flowers, but also a form, the size and number of them, and

also the overall structure of the bush and the texture of its leaves.

By accurate phenological observations, compiling bouquets and

mocklights of living flowering branches and stems are detected typical combinations

plants producing the most pleasant impression. In practice

decorative gardening more often than others are combinations of Salvia and

cinero, Nasturtiums and Discharges, Need-Me not and Tulips, White Lily and Blue

siberian Iris, Jasmine and Dolphinium.

An example of successful combinations can serve as a dogist and violet, forsilation and

muskari, Lilac, Tree Peon and Daisy, Kalina Bulderezh and

grassy peon. The flowering time of these plants almost always coincides and all

the composition is automatically repeated from year to year.

Chapter II. Wood-shrub

The composition of wood-shrub plantings, the forms of their device and

accommodation on the territory depends on how the target and

architectural and planning solution has the created green object

park, Forest Park, Garden, Square.

Techniques of application of plant material are diverse, but in

they can be mainly reduced to the following forms: forest arrays,

groves, groups of trees and shrubs, single trees - solitary, alleys,

boss, Green Walls, Screens, Live Hollows, Borders, Vertical

landscaping. Forest and Grove Arrays

Forest wood arrays are used in large parks and

forest parks in order to recreate the natural forest landscape with all

inherent in it features (Fig. 1). Such green arrays often serve

barrier from winds, sukhovyev, drifts and filter for air purification. For

creating them usually requires a significant area: from 1 to 4 hectares in parks and

tens of ha in forest parks.

Fig. 1. Array of forest character-dubrava in Alexandria Park, White

Depending on the dominant woody breeds forest arrays

divided into: coniferous (dark and light and light) and deciduous

(wide and finely).

In the creation of such arrays, the main place is occupied by trees,

defining plant medium and capable of forming plantations

forest type in this area. They wear the name of edifiters

(builders). For the taiga and the largest zones of the European part of the USSR

edifers are:

\u003e For Darkness Square - Spruce (Picea Excelsa

Link.), Spruce Sibirskaya (Picea Excelsa LDB.), Fir Greats (Abies

alba Mill), Siberian Fir (Abies Sibirica LDB.), Cedar Siberian (Pinus

sibirica rupr.), Cedar Korean (Pinus Koraiensis Sieb. et zucc.);

\u003e For light-ohvary plantings - Larch Siberian (LARIX

sibirica rupr.), European larch (Larix Decidua Mill.), Pine

ordinary (Pinus Silvestris L.);

\u003e For broad-willed plantings - Summer Oak (Quercus Robur L.),

common Grab (Carpinus Betulus L.), Lipa Meltsite (Tilia

\u003e For fine forests - Beard birch (Betula Verrucosa

Ehrh.), Fluffy Birch (Betula Pubescens Ehrh.), Osin (Populus

Edificitors are the main backbone of most of our parks. Concerning

exotic wood species, although they have high

decorative, but most often inferior to domestic breeds in

sustainability, durability and ability to form woody arrays.

Exception represent only some breeds, for example, fir

Douglasova, Pine Black Austrian, Pine Weimutova, Pine Yellow,

juniper Virginsky, Oak Red, Walnut Black. They are good

acclimatized in new conditions for them and in some cases

capable to become basic when creating forest plantations.

Classic samples of the forest landscape are arrays from

dense fir springs in Pavlovsky Park near Leningrad, complex

bors in the park Arkhangelskoe near Moscow, age-old Dubrava in the famous

ukrainian parks Sofiyevka, Alexandria, Kachanovka, Sharovka.

In its composition, forest arrays are clean, composed of

trees of one breed, and mixed, if others are added to the primary

breed, and according to the structure are divided into one-tier when the edge of the crown

located in about the same plane, and multi-tiered when CZK can

located at different heights. As a result, it is necessary to distinguish the breeds

first, second and subsequent tiers, main breeds having numerical

superiority in the array, and related.

When choosing major breeds, pay attention to

trunk and density of the bonding, as it is these qualities that determine the appearance

created array. Spruce, fir, beech, rhine with dark trunks and dense

dummary shaded planting formation formulates. Pine, birch,

larch, ash, acacia, gutichia, nut with transparent crowns form

sunlight lights. Related breeds allow improved

forest medium and emphasize the decorative qualities of the main breed by

contrast or harmony in shape and painting. For example, ate with whiteness

trunk and ssetiness crown birch, casualties emphasize heavy monumentality

dubrava, Siberian cedar creates a pleasant contrast with light greens and

openwork crowns of larchs.

The Yarus structure allows you to diversify large arrays from one and

the same breed. So, the extensive Bereznyak area can be significantly

revive if in several places the second tier of ate, fir or

juniper. Dark hopping and clear contours of gothic forms of these

the breeds will benefitly emphasize the fineness of the drawing of the crown and tenderness of birch foliage. IN

another case, one part of the plantation may consist of pure birch, and

another of birch with a second tier of rowan and cherry.

As a result, the main breed will appear in a variety of

new combinations that do not violate the overall unity of plantations.

Birch plantings are arranged: clean on the cereal lawn; from

undergrowth of viburnum and honeysuckle or rosehip and park roses, or with

undergrowth and edge of jasmine; with a second tier of ate and fir or from

juniper; from birch and pine in the first tier and various species

ratchlet and caragans in the undergrowth.

On soils such as degraded black soil or dark gray forest

suglinki, well formed complex multi-tiered oaks. First tier

here is an oak with an admixture of linden, the maple of the ostolist, ash, Ilm,

and sometimes - a horn and birch; The second tier - field maple, rabb, wild apple tree and

wild pear, occasionally a cherry; Third tier - underols from the flaw, Gordovina,

honey, hawthorn.

The composition and character of the oak can vary depending on availability

or the absence of certain tiers and the predominance of these or other breeds.

You can trace almost an endless group of groups from complex

multi-tiered dubbing to pure with single-tier veins.

Thanks to the opening crown, the copper-red color of the cortex is high, clean

and smooth trunks, rare arrangement of trees and predominance

silver-white color in soil cover Pine bors of light,

spacious, sunny. Sensity is well emphasized

golden flowers of such drought-resistant shrubs like a rocket, act

karagan, Pepper.

On more fertile sampling soils can be created complex

multi-tier bors with well-developed solid undergrowth, abundant and

a variety of forest cover. In forestry they are usually called them

substitute.

The most characteristic for complex bors is the composition: Pine

lime (first tier - pine, second-linden), Summer pine (first tier

pine, Second -: Maple Ostroland, Third - Slander from the Slash), Pine

oak (the first tier - pine, the second - oak, the Maple is an ostroy, the third -

leschina, bearer and other shrubs), pine with fir (first tier - pine and

birch, second - fir).

Larch is even more freaky than pine. Her rare openwork crown

misses so much light that pure larchs are the most

light of all types of forest plantations. Rapid growth in the first years

longevity, high decorative qualities make larch one of

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