Interaction with other road users. Road patrol service

Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people. Generates communication the need for joint activities. Communication consists of developing a unified strategy for interaction, exchange of information, perception, understanding of a communication partner.

In this article we will talk about the basics of effective communication: the types, sides and functions of communication, as well as about the signs and causes of information overload. So, let's begin…

Communication functions

Communication functions can be as follows:

• Contact (established contact (readiness) to receive and transmit messages and maintain communication);
• Informational (messages are received and transmitted in response to a request);
• Incentive (with targeted stimulation of activity);
• Coordination (with mutual coordination and consistency in joint activities);
• The function of understanding (with an adequate understanding of the meaning, mutual understanding in general);
  emotive (with the exchange of emotions);
• The function of establishing relationships (when fixing your place in society);
• The function of influencing (with a change in the state, behavior, personal and semantic formations of the partner);
• The function of the need for communication (if necessary, find out or communicate information, influence the interlocutor, etc.) This function encourages to make contact with other people;
• The function of orientation for the purpose of communication, in a communication situation, in the personality of the interlocutor;
• The function of planning the content of one's communication, when a person, usually on an unconscious level, imagines what exactly he will say;
• Unconscious (or conscious), when a person chooses phrases, the means that he will use. A person decides how he will behave and what he will say;
• Contact establishment function;
• The function of exchanging opinions, facts and ideas;
• The function of perception and assessment of the interlocutor's response, monitoring the effectiveness of communication, where the basis is the establishment feedback;
• The function of adjusting the direction, communication methods, style and ways of their interaction.

Communication sides

The communication side can be:

• Communicative, when communicating individuals exchange information. Communication is a two-way exchange of information leading to mutual understanding. Communication is carried out through the verbal channel (speech) and non-verbal (facial expressions, pantomime).
• Interactive, in which interaction is organized between communicating people (there is an exchange of actions);
• Perceptual, in which the interlocutors perceive and cognize each other and mutual understanding is established on this basis.

Verbal communication

Verbal communication occurs using both oral and written speech. Written - promotes long-term storage of transmitted information. Verbal communication consists of:

• The meanings and meanings of words, phrases, where an important role is given to the accuracy of the use of the word, accessibility, correct pronunciation and intonation;
• Speech sound phenomena: speech rate (slow-fast), pitch, tonality, rhythm and timbre of voice, diction and intonation;
• Expressive qualities of the voice: characteristic specific sounds (laughter, sighs), dividing sounds (coughing) and zero sounds (pauses);
• Intonation, emotional expressiveness, giving a different meaning to the same phrase;
• Facial expressions, postures, gaze of the interlocutor;
• Gestures;
• Distances between interlocutors when communicating.

Non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication includes:

• Kinestika studying the external manifestation of emotions and feelings: facial expressions, gestures (movement of various parts of the body), pantomime (posture, gait, posture);
• Takeshiku, studying touch in the process of communication: handshaking, stroking, kissing, touching, etc.
• Prosemic studying the location of the interlocutors in the communication space.

Types of communication

Depending on the "end-means" communication can be business (a means of achieving business goals) and personal (where the goal is the communication itself).

Personal communication serves to form a person as a person, makes it possible to acquire certain character traits, interests, inclinations, habits, allows you to master the forms of moral behavior and norms, determines the life goal and helps to choose the means of achieving it.

Business conversation serves for the development and formation of business human abilities, is a means of acquiring skills and knowledge. In the course of business communication, a person improves the ability to interact with people, and the organizational and business qualities necessary for this develop. Business communication consists of business correspondence, negotiations and meetings.

Depending on the main content, communication can be biological, cognitive, emotional, material, or conventional.

Material communication serves to obtain by a person the objects of material and spiritual culture necessary for a normal life. An example is the direct sale of goods and services.

Cognitive communication is an exchange of information and acts as a factor of intellectual development, since the interlocutors exchange, and therefore mutually enrich their knowledge.

Conventional communication serves to create a state of readiness for communication of other types, the formulation of attitudes necessary to optimize other types of communication. A vivid example is rituals and ceremonies, business etiquette.

Emotional communication- it is a source of additional energy for a person, his kind of "recharging" for the senses.

Biological communication it is necessary to maintain the normal parameters of the organism and the conditions for the maintenance and development of its vital functions. A prime example is sex or feeding a baby.

Information

Information represents information about something, regardless of the form of their presentation, and is translated from the Latin "information" as an introduction, information or explanation. This concept was considered by ancient philosophers.

The information is divided into types depending on various criteria.

According to the way of perception, information can be:

• Visual - perceived by the organs of vision;
• Audible - perceived by hearing;
• Tactile - perceived by tactile receptors;
• Olfactory - perceived by the olfactory receptors;
• Gustatory - perceived by taste receptors.

Depending on the form of presentation, information can be:

• Text - transmitted in the form of characters intended to designate language lexemes;
• Numeric - transmitted by signs and numbers denoting mathematical operations;
• Graphic - images, graphics, objects;
• Sound - oral or in the form of recording and transmission of language lexemes by auditory means;
• Video information - video recordings;

Depending on the destination:

• Massive, containing trivial information and operating with a set of understandable concepts for most of society;
• Special - containing a specific set of concepts, with the use of which information is transmitted, understood by the bulk of society, but necessary and understandable within the social group where this information is used.
• Secret - transmitted to a narrow circle of people through closed (protected) channels.
• Personal (private), representing a set of information about a certain person, which determines the social status and types of social interaction within the population.

Depending on the value:

• Relevant - valuable at a given time;
• Reliable - obtained without distortion;
• Understandable - expressed in language that is understandable to the person for whom the information is intended;
• Full - sufficient for acceptance correct decision or understanding;
• Useful, where the usefulness is determined by the subject who received the information, depending on the scope of its use.

Depending on the truth, the information can be:

• false;
• true.

When running vehicle the driver is exposed to a large flow of information, of which only a small part is needed in order to drive a car efficiently and safely. This information includes:

• Road conditions (the driver needs to cover the spectrum in 360 degrees);
• Road signs(the driver must read road markings and signs, quickly process this information, draw conclusions and apply on the road);
• Instrument indicators;
• Sound signals (signals from other cars warning the driver, the sound of his car, and if the usual sound is broken, then you need to understand the reason);

Information overload

Information overload occurs when the incoming information in terms of volume exceeds a person's ability to perceive it, that is, he cannot cope with the huge scale of information.

Signs of information overload include situations when the driver:

• There is no clarity in the head, and mental activity is chaotic;
• Memory deteriorates and gaps appear;
• An annoying melody or fragments of phrases sounds in my head;
• There is a desire to talk all the time (in order to get rid of excess information);
• There is mumbling in a dream or before sleep, reasoning aloud;
• In a severe case, the person may hear voices while falling asleep or tinnitus.

A bodily sign of information overload is nausea, which is usually associated with improper posture. Nausea is a wake-up call to stop giving information.

Reasons for information overload

The main reason for information overload is called information vampirism and Internet addiction, excessive TV viewing, etc.

Means of obtaining information help a person to get away from everyday and personal problems, compensating for the disorder in life. However, this compensation is imaginary, and the problems are only aggravated, since the person avoids solving them. Thus, information overload is psychologically similar to drug addiction, alcoholism and other forms of pathological addiction.

Sometimes the search for useful and necessary information is accompanied by digging in a huge information array, which leads to the accumulation of facts, but not their assimilation. Thus, a person is oversaturated with unnecessary information. Modern man is faced with many tasks and goals that need to be completed simultaneously, and he spends a lot of energy on switching between tasks, and not on their implementation. Psychiatrists call this loss of productivity of thinking, which looks like dullness, inability to simple conclusions, information from the outside does not reach consciousness. A person does not try to reduce the number of tasks, but only accelerates in switching between them, and as a result gets overworked.

Information overload sometimes comes from the inability to plan your working day, from the lack of a work schedule, which specifies the number of working hours per day.

Also, information overload can arise not only from the volume of incoming information, but also from its unpredictability, when it does not come in response to a request, but itself finds a recipient who is not ready to perceive it. Then a person cannot perceive information, and it introduces chaos and lack of structure into the human world, which leads to information overwork.

Another reason for information overload, scientists call the general overwork of a person. Testing has shown that people who sleep less than 6 hours a night performed worse on the memory test than those who sleep 8 hours a day.

How successful a driving is is influenced by many mental attributes and the state of the driver. But usually a person driving does not act alone, in a traffic situation he communicates with pedestrians, with other drivers. Therefore, in order to become a really good driver, you need to own good qualities, be in a good mood, master the skill of driving and the ability to interact with others. First of all, this requires mutual understanding.

Unfortunately, drivers have a limited arsenal of means with which they can transfer information to each other and communicate with each other. In fact, these funds include two or three types: turn signal, brake light and sometimes switching headlights... Sound signals are used very rarely.

But there are situations when all the above mentioned means are powerless. For example, the driver is about to move into the next lane and gives a signal about it. But whether the driver who is driving behind him is going or not going to let him pass, he does not know, because there will be no response signal. A collision is possible here, which will arise only due to the fact that it is impossible to get a definite answer from a colleague in the traffic situation.

Therefore, using all possible technical means, it is necessary to improve the methods of communication and communication between drivers in the process road traffic.

An experienced driver can easily predict his future plans only by how his colleague in traffic behaves. By the lane in which the driver wants to stand at the intersection, one can judge where he is going to move in the future. There are many more maneuvers that the surrounding drivers understand.... Therefore, the person who sits behind the wheel should avoid unexpected and non-standard situations that the surrounding drivers may misunderstand or not understand at all. The road user must behave in such a way that all his actions are extremely clear to those around him. In this case, if the driver finds himself in a difficult situation through his own fault, other road users will understand him and help him get out of it with the least possible losses.

We should not forget about another way to improve communication between transport drivers - the use of non-verbal communication, that is, sign language. It is the tin that is most useful when, in a difficult road situation, all drivers are forced to stop and wait for what others will do. Let us recall at least the crossroads of equivalent roads - a rare but common case.

In such situations, you need to take into account the unreliability of this method of communication. Therefore, when you receive some kind of information from other drivers in the form of gestures, the signals must be interpreted very carefully and prudently, check them several times before taking any action.

In order for road traffic to be safe, it is necessary to strive for mutual understanding between drivers and pedestrians. Statistics have established that more than half of all road accidents are to some extent related to the behavior of pedestrians, and 25% of them occur directly through their fault. Any pedestrian is in a simpler situation than a person driving. It is much easier for him to predict the actions of drivers: they increase or decrease speed, turn right or left. The machine is a rather large inert structure that gradually changes its position. She cannot move in a split second.

In turn, it is much more difficult for the driver to predict the behavior of the pedestrian... Unexpected behaviors immediately appear, especially when in front of you old man or a child. The way pedestrians behave does not obey any laws and cannot be predicted or predetermined. Therefore, the one who sits behind the wheel must count on the worst and most unexpected option and prepare himself in advance for any pedestrian maneuver, especially when there is a group of children in front of him.

In any case, the driver tries to get as much information as possible about how the pedestrian will behave and at the same time he needs to know whether he sees the approaching vehicle or not. Therefore, every driver from time to time decodes the movements, gestures, facial expressions of pedestrians, and judging by this information, he decides on a further maneuver.

Scientists have established some patterns in the behavior of pedestrians at crossings and roads, and patterns that are associated with the participation of pedestrians in road accidents. For example, a pedestrian wants to cross the street at a crossing that is not regulated by traffic lights, waits at the transition for 15-20 seconds, and. if no one lets him through, he tries to cross the road, even if there is traffic nearby... It is generally accepted that a safe crossing occurs when a person crosses the street, and after 8-9 seconds a vehicle passes. But, as a rule, people cross the road 2-3 seconds in front of the car. If you are driving and you see that a group of people has appeared at the crossing who have been waiting for more than 10 seconds, by all means stop and let them pass, otherwise the named unpleasant situations may arise. Just like passengers, drivers can act, for example, when they cannot leave the secondary. I have noticed more than once that if you are not allowed to pass for a long time, you start to get nervous and try to take risks.

Experts conducted research, as a result of which it was proved that the number of accidents at the entrance to the crossings and at the crossings themselves is much less than immediately after them. This is explained by the fact that before the entrance and at the crossings themselves, drivers behave more carefully than when such dangerous sections are left behind. Drivers should be aware of this pattern, which informs that immediately after crossing the road section remains no less dangerous.

The other side of the interaction between road users is communication, in which they enter among themselves for a variety of reasons: most often - when they move, much less often - in special situations(traffic accidents, when stopped by an automobile inspector, etc.).

Communication is the process of establishing, maintaining and developing contacts between two or more people.

In communication, there are three interrelated parties: communicative (exchange of information), interactive (interaction), perceptual (perception).

Communicative side of communication is the exchange of information between people. For example, when the driver turns on the left turn signal, he informs other road users of his intention to turn left. Communication in a broad sense is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols. Communication can be carried out verbal (using language and speech) and non-verbal means (without resorting to speech means).

In the process of driving a vehicle, we use both of these means of communication. While we are in motion, we primarily use non-verbal means of communication: turning on a brake light, turn signals, various stickers (for example, "in the car - a child"), using a sound signal, blinking taillights to the truck driver who let us through, and much more - this is the non-verbal language of "road" communication.

Verbal(speech) means of communication we use in a situation of direct contact with a road user. We address a question expressed through speech to a pedestrian in order to find out the way, we can open a window and switch to verbal communication with a driver who has violated traffic rules, we communicate through speech with a traffic police inspector, etc.

Interactive side of communication - interaction between people, the process of direct or indirect influence of people on each other, when each of the interacting parties acts as the cause of the other and as a consequence of the simultaneous reverse influence of the opposite side. Moreover, it is absolutely not necessary that this influence be realized in a situation of communication and with precisely those people with whom we entered into interaction. So, we can not give way to a pedestrian crossing to a green traffic light, because yesterday at this intersection a dense flow of pedestrians at a red light forced us and other drivers to stop.

Perceptual communication side - perception and understanding of communication partners of each other. The process of human perception is very different from the processes of perception, there is even a special term - social perception, which captures the originality of this type of perception.

There are some factors that make it difficult to perceive and evaluate people correctly. The main ones are:

1. The presence of predetermined attitudes, assessments and beliefs that the observer has long before the process of perception and assessment of another person actually began. For example, the perception that women are bad drivers determines the perception of a particular woman driver, including if she drives a car well.

2. The presence of already formed stereotypes, in accordance with which the observed people belong in advance to a certain category, and an attitude is formed that directs attention to the search for related features. The conviction of many drivers that traffic police officers stop them solely for selfish motives prevents them from admitting the fact of the fairness of the fine even in the case of a clear violation of the traffic rules.

3. The desire to make premature conclusions about the personality of the assessed person before comprehensive and reliable information is obtained about him. Some people, for example, have a “ready-made” judgment about a person immediately after they first saw him. For example, seeing a stalled car at an intersection, many drivers are ready to stick the label "muddlehead", "muddlehead" and others, respectively referring to this driver and in the process of further movement.

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Slide captions:

Driver ethics Compiled by: T.N. Osipova, teacher-psychologist

Ethics are the norms of human behavior in relationships with other people, based on their mutual respect. Only a polite, prudent road user has the right to count on the respectful attitude of other road users. Only in an atmosphere of mutual respect can the number of road accidents be reduced!

Traits bad driver: aggressiveness, imbalance, ill will, impolite, arrogant, dismissive of the opinions of others and inability to consider the consequences of their words and actions.

Ethics consists of the following moral relations: - respectful attitude towards all participants in the movement; - helpful, polite driving style; - optimal style, characterized by smooth starting, lane change and braking, timely warning signals; - revenge for mistakes and irritation for any reason and without it is unacceptable; - assistance to other drivers; - responsibility for a number of seated passengers; - vigilance in relation to pedestrians; - using the safest methods of driving your vehicle; - get behind the wheel only when sober; - follow up technical condition and appearance your vehicle.

While driving, the driver must adhere to the following ethical rules: - When parking, you need to remember about others. - The lines must be observed. - If possible, help to enter the road from side passages. - If possible, help to overtake. - Inform other road users about your maneuvers in advance. - When the road narrows, follow the order of passage. - Turn on the low beam at dusk. - Switch to low beam when high beam the oncoming car starts to dazzle or when the driver of the oncoming car switches to low beam. When approaching the top of the hill with an oncoming vehicle at the same time, switch to low beam a little earlier than its headlights become visible. Use light fixtures wisely. - Allow pedestrians to pass through unregulated intersections and when turning on them. Consider road visibility.

One of the most important conditions safe management Is a prediction of the traffic situation. The general forecast is associated with the choice of the purpose of the trip, its route, the assessment of weather and road conditions, time planning, average speed driving, speed in certain areas, etc. Local, short-term forecast accompanies the driver while driving. For drivers with practical experience, the forecast is an integral part of automatism, and for novice drivers it is necessary to instill this quality already in the learning process.

Vulnerable participant: Disabled person. A pedestrian. Cyclist. Passenger.

Influence of temperament on driving style Temperament - individual psychological characteristics that characterize a person's personality, taking into account the dynamics of his mental processes. Choleric Sanguine Melancholic Phlegmatic

Sanguine Calm, balanced, sociable, active, humorous, polite. So, sanguine people are usually reliable, good drivers, but sometimes they overestimate their capabilities, are easily distracted, require increased control in their work.

Choleric Choleric people, who are characterized by a high degree of emotional excitability, when driving a car, will get tired more than phlegmatic people, who are characterized by a calm attitude to business. In addition, choleric people are not assiduous enough, unrestrained, and haphazard work reduces their quality as a driver, especially on long journeys.

Phlegmatic Calmness, balance of phlegmatic people are favorable for driving, but not in difficult road conditions, since their actions and decisions are usually slowed down.

Melancholic For melancholic people, hesitation, indecision and other features that negatively affect driving are typical. However, most often the drivers with excessively high emotional excitability get into accidents.

Aggressive style Abundant movement. Striving to impress. Sharp start... Unreasonable braking and acceleration. Changing lanes into adjacent lanes without warning, etc.

Classic Style Unhurried acceleration. Well thought out speed mode... Confident turns. Reasonable use of brakes.