When gas began to produce 21. Soviet car GAZ-M21 "Volga": description, specifications
In the 1950s, the need to develop a new car "middle class", which would adequately replace the GAZ M-20 "Victory" on the conveyor. Work on the creation of the car was started in 1952, and in the spring of 1954 there were experienced prototypes.
The first conditionally serial GAZ-21 "Volga" (until 1965 is known as Gas-M21) were issued in October 1956, but the full production of the sedan, the exceeded predecessor in all respects, Gorkovtsy was launched only in April 1957.
At the end of 1958, the car survived the modernization (the so-called "second series") - it was updated to him, to a greater extent in the front, and slightly improved the mechanical "stuffing".
In 1962, the four-door was finalized again ("Third Series"), transformed mainly outside, after which it was produced until July 1970, when the GAZ-24 model was finally gave way.
And now GAZ-21 "Volga" looks elegant, emphasized expressively and quite dynamically, and when it appeared on the market - and at all was a real breakthrough in the plan of design, especially for the Soviet car industry. Smooth and streamlined shapes of the face, arched by chrome, a harmonious silhouette with convex strokes on the sidewalls and rounded rear wings, welded feed with vertical lanterns and a "brilliant" bumper - undoubtedly, but the car is really good.
The "twenty-first" length extends at 4810-4830 mm, the width has 1800 mm in the width, and height does not exceed 1610 mm. The indicator of the wheelbase and the magnitude of the lumen under the "belly" of the three-pass drive is 2700 mm and 190 mm, respectively. The car weight of the machine varies from 1450 to 1490 kg, depending on the modification.
The interior of GAZ 21 "Volga" leaves an exceptionally pleasant impression, and not only with its design, but also by the quality of execution. Inside the sedan, the classical atmosphere reigns - a major "steering wheel" with a thin and "flat rim, original for today's standards dashboard with a translucent sphere of speedometer and auxiliary pointers, minimalist torpedo, on which a radio receiver, analog clock and various switches are bangible.
The main "trump card" of the car is the inner space: two whole sofas are installed in front and behind (which is why the four-dimensional is considered a six-bed) with a soft filler, and in the first case - also with adjustments along the length and corner of the back of the back.
In addition, the front seat can be moved to almost the steering column, and throw back the back, thereby having a huge bed.
The trunk of GAZ-21 "Volga" is able to accommodate up to 400 liters of boot, while the compartment has a completely successful form. True, the good share of the volume "eats" a full-size spare wheel.
Specifications. The "21-aya" movement is given by the topless gasoline "atmospheric" of the ZMZ-12 / 12A with a volume of 2.5 liters (2445 cubic centimeters) with an aluminum head of the cylinder block, four in a row-positioned "pots", 8-valve timing, carburetor injection, inlet rectangular collector Sections, contact ignition and liquid cooling system.
Its return varies from 65 to 80 horsepower at 4000 rpm and from 170 to 180 nm of torque, which is generated at 2200 rpm.
On the overwhelming number of cars, the engine is docked with a 3-speed "mechanics" and rear-wheel drive transmission, however, on some modifications, a 3-range hydromechanical "automatic" is applied.
Until the first "hundred", the original Volga is accelerated by no less than 25 seconds, the maximum reaches 120-130 km / h, and "destroys" it 13-13.5 liters of fuel in a mixed cycle of movement.
GAZ-21 has a all-metal body body body with subframes in the extremities, and its power unit is located longitudinally in the frontal part. On the front axle of the car, an independent pivot suspension on the transverse levers is used, which are connected by threaded sleeves, and springs, the dependence system with longitudinal springs and telescopic shock absorbers is installed (before 1962 - lever).
The sedan is equipped with a steering mechanism of the Global Worm type with a two-graze roller and a gear ratio of 18.2. On all wheels of the Soviet car, drumming devices of the brake complex are enclosed.
In addition to basic, there are other modifications of the "Volga" of the original embodiment:
- GAZ-21T. - A car for a taxi service, devoid of a number of equipment, but endowed with a taxometer and a "bearing". In addition, it has a separate front seat and the folding front passenger chair, freeing the place for the transportation of luggage.
- GAZ-22. - A five-door wagon, which was serially produced from 1962 to 1970 in various versions: "Civilian" model of general purpose, aircraft support car, "ambulance" and others. Such a "Volga" is found with a 5- or 7-seater transformed salon and a roomy cargo compartment.
- GAZ-23. - This is the "police catch-up", the production of which small parties was conducted from 1962 to 1970, and it was used by KGB and other special services. Such machines were painted mainly in black, and under their hood had a gasoline engine V8 of 5.5 liters from the "Seagull", which generated 195 "horses" and was combined with 3-speed automatic transmission.
- GAZ-21S. - Export version of "Volga", which was distinguished by an improved salon finish and richer equipment compared to the standard model.
Among the advantages of the Soviet sedan are: elegant appearance, a spacious and comfortable salon, a reliable body design, durable and energy-intensive suspension, exclusivity on the roads, high maintainability, wide opportunities for tuning and much more.
But there is enough shortcomings: weak engines, serious problems with ergonomics, low level of security, high cost and difficulty with finding original spare parts and components.
Prices. In 2017, it is possible to purchase GAZ-21 in Russia in Russia at a price of 100 thousand rubles - but it will be such an instance by which the "crying of Bulgaria". While the value of perfectly renovated cars (especially the first series) over a million rubles.
Sales market: Russia.
The "twenty-first" Volga (GAZ-21) has become a sign car of the Soviet era and to this day remains one of the best examples of domestic automotive industry. Of course, in the course of development, designers took into account the rich experience of foreign manufacturers, in particular, very noticeably influenced by the American School of Design 50s. The car received the body carrying the body with a powerful front subframe, was distinguished by a dynamic silhouette, high smoothness, and most importantly - the level of comfort, previously inaccessible to domestic models. The car was exported to 75 countries of the world. The first cars of GAZ-M 21G, relating to the so-called "1st series", which is also called the "Volga with the star" (for the emblem on the facing of the radiator), they rolled out from the gate of the experienced workshop on October 10, 1956. In total, by the end of 1956, only five copies were released. Mass production began only next year.
In addition to the impeccable exterior, the Volga has attracted and its interior. The front sofa (you can't say differently) with a folded back turned the interior into a real bedroom. In those years, not so much paid attention to the internal cladding, so the painted metal in the cabin was considered the usual phenomenon, and the plastic here is at least, but it is a pleasant "living" color imitating the elephant bone, and in its manufacture, natural components were used: gelatin, bone Flour and lactic acid. The mandatory attribute was finishing chrome, big round clock with the inscription "Made in the USSR". The gear shift handle was on the steering column. There was a radio receiver with two bands of DV and SV (long and medium waves) and memory of stations implemented using mechanics; To power the radiolmp, a power supply that transforms the constituent current of the on-board network voltage of 12V into variable 200V was used. In the Taxi version, instead of radio, the counter was installed, and the front seat was divided into two parts for the driver and passenger, while the passenger part could be folded, forming a luggage pad. In total, about 30 thousand cars of the 1st series were released.
During 1957, Volga was produced with an upgraded "victory" engine in the modification of GAZ-21B, which had a larger working volume due to an increased to 88 mm diameter of cylinders, and with an increased to 7.0 degree of compression (2.4 liters, 65 liters. with. at 3800 rpm, torque 158 nm at 1800 rpm). The engine is aggregated only with a three-step manual gearbox. In the summer of 1957, the production of the modern UMZ-21A model of the Modern Upper Motor model was completed on the automobile plant and approximately from July the conveyor enters the equipment of cars with a new engine. These machines have a power margin in 70 "horses", and the maximum speed was increased from 120 to 130 km / h. By request and for the first time, an automatic hydromechanical gearbox could be installed for the domestic car on GAZ 21.
The design features of the car included the rear axle with a continuous solid crankcase, created on the basis of the GAZ-M-12 Winter Bridge by shortening the semi-axes and their housings. Prior to that, on the very first released cars, a noisy rear axle was installed with spiral-conical gears, which was a modernized rear axle GAZ-69. The archaic decisions even at the time were the lever shock absorbers and a pivot front suspension, but the latter is more reliable and resistant to large loads than the design with ball supports. Interestingly, the car from the plant was equipped with a centralized system of lubrication of the front suspension nodes using special tubes and hoses that delivered lubricant to all points of the syringe - it was enough to click on the Special Pump Skat. This was recommended to do after the departure of deep puddles and once every 100-200 km. The car received a clutch hydraulic drive from a suspended pedal, a tropopran darten shaft. The brake system included one contour and drum brakes, while the fronts have separate brake pads, whereas in the rear brakes both pads are powered by one common cylinder. Parking brake transmission, with an exhaust lever under the instrument panel. The car got the wheel drives with a dimension of 15 inches and tires 6.70-15 "(170-380) by an outer diameter of 72 cm.
GAZ-21 security attention was paid no more than any other domestic car of that time. Volga received an automatic circuit breaker of the turning pointer, but, for example, the windshield washer appeared only in the next release machines. The car had no seat belts - only some export modifications were provided for installations for their installation.
GAZ-21 is a legendary car that matters considerable interest as an object for restoration. Especially appreciated by the machines of the first series, which are considered the most rare. Given the presence of both reconstructed copies in a more or less authentic form and the past tuning, as well as thoroughly worn cars requiring significant investments, the price variation is very large.
Read completelyGAZ-M-21 - Middle class car, serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 (1957) to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.
In 1951, the chief designer of the plant Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart, without waiting for instructions from above, began working on a new car. By this time, gas-M20 is already morally outdated. Vladimir Soloviev, who led to this group of designing rear bridges and cardan gears was appointed the lead designer of the new car. A new upper electoral engine was charged with Harry Evarta, who created a hydrotransformer for winter to this. The appearance of the car was to be engaged in the sculptor of Lev Eremeev, who worked at one time over the winter by the time, Eremeev, was the most experienced from the new team, the only one who worked on the scale of the whole car. The name of the new car was "Victory-M21". Lipgart could not bring the car to the end. He was referred to as a simple engineer at the Chelyabinsk Plant "Uralzis".
The second generation of victory was brought to a natural gypsum layout. A sedan-three batch with the same wheelbase as M20, "deaf" rear rack, winter-pacting rear wings, semi-terrible arches of wheels and four predatory fangs on the bumper. There was nothing new in this project. He did not have any own engine or transmission. Further layout work did not go.
In 1953, a Gazovsky tuber, Englishman John Williams, began to create M21 (real name Thomas Boting). He started the layout at the factory in England. Later, the Boting got into Spain, where he participated in the battles for the republic and from there, as a well-deserved warrior officer, got into the USSR, where he was directed to the gas in the body of the CB. Among his sketches there were three-volume sedans with wide panoramic glasses, and two-blocks with a very aviation capped rear, and even five-door hachbeck. Until the gypsum layout stage, only a two-capacity sedan reached. The predatory mouth of the front, the attached "Victory" rear, wings passing to the American manner in Kiel. The wheelburn is shorter than the M20 base of 50 cm. This model was called M21 "Star". It was conducted in parallel with the other machine with which she divided the calculations of the engine, transmission, economic indicators and the model shop. With the car Lion Yeremeev, which in the end and get the name "Volga".
So it was supposed to look like a gas-21 "star" John Williams
In 1953, Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov was appointed chief designer of the gas branch of a car dealing with passenger cars. Alexander Nzversov was delivered to Solovyov's development machine M21. In November, Nevzorov began to compose a new car. It is preparing a topless, completely aluminum engine with cast crankshaft and wet sleeves, volume of 2445 cm 3. For the car prepared 2 gearboxes. The first domestic automatic box, intended for general use models and a manual box for the option "Taxi". In addition to the "automatic" there were still innovations: the front sofa, which is folded in a couple of minutes in a relatively flat and soft bed and a centralized lubricant system (CSS - when pressed for a special pedal, the liquid oil came from the tank on the oil pipes to 19 points of the front suspension lubrication and Hinge steering tag).
The first experienced Volga, 1955
The very first experienced copy of the Volga, the cherry-red, manufactured in March 1955, had a manual transmission. Two more samples, blue and white, built in April, had an automatic transmission. To the May holidays to manufacture the fourth instance failed. The fourth prototype, the color of the ivory with the dark roof, was built in May 1955. Later, he was transferred to the radios of Murom for the final debugging of the radio model A-9 intended for the Volga.
In addition, all cars had small external differences, mostly differed in the number of slots in the radiator lattice - from 10 to 16, the design of lighting, salon, and so on
On May 3, 1955, only 3 cars went to the test. Part of the test was mileage Moscow - Crimea and back.
The magazine "Spark" wrote in July: "In a few dozen kilometers from Simferopol, in the territory of the state farm" Path to communism ", in the thick of the shrubs, there is a clay abandoned settlement. The unnatural seemed to see a beautiful, born for high speeds a car climbing in deep ripples . By scattering water columns, it jumps the swim dwarves, it is cleaned from suction sand. "Volga" must pass where the "victory" was held, and the tests have shown that she even exceeds his predecessor on the passability. "It's experiencing that in the Outside of Volga Victory, winters and "foreign analogues" participated. Particularly joyful presses saved the fact that during the autoclegment one of the "Sparring partners" of Volga was collapsed - the Englishman Standard Vanguard.
Field tests were successful, more responsible were in front - the presentation of beauty in the Kremlin. In the Kremlin, the novelty was presented by the legendary Marshal Georgia Zhukov, the USSR Defense Minister and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolay Bulganin. Chairman of the Commission of Zhukov, as a man of military and accustomed to rigor, could not criticize anything. It was not particularly what it was not for what, so he donated "shark ruined" the lining of the radiator. At that time, she looked like a lattice of the second release, that is, with a stamped grid with wide vertical slots. And this fully confirms its originality. Designers and designers were given for two weeks, and they have come up with a very successful, having traded a star to the horizontal bars, as in Marshalse. In 1955, there could be no complaints to the star!
The first series of GAZ-21, "Volga with a star"
So the first modification of 21 Volga, referred to in the commoner "Volga with the star" appeared. The first three serial cars came from the conveyor on October 10, 1956, but the assembly assembly of cars was delivered only to December.
In the autumn and in the winter of 1956, eight Volga (apparently, three experienced 1954-55 and five of the 1956 experimental series with the name M-21G) passed 29 thousand kilometers on the roads of Russia, Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus.
In 1957, on June 30, the State Plant named after Molotov becomes the Gorky automotive factory, the Winter car is renamed GAZ-12, and M21 becomes GAZ-21.
Until June 1957, the car was equipped with a modified boring victory with a 65 horsepower engine. In total, 1100 such "intermediate" machines in a standard, tropical version and in the "taxi" version and only with a manual gearbox were released. The maximum speed of this modification is 120 km / h.
Production of a fully new engine, ZMZ-21 - uppercampal, with a wedge-shaped combustion chamber, with a full-headed crankshaft (and, by cast, not wrought), head and block, cast from aluminum alloy, the sleeves of cylinders of the "wet" type - began in the middle 1957 G. It became easier than his predecessor by 15 kg. It existed in two versions with different degrees of compression for different varieties of gasoline (70 and 80 forces at 4000 rpm).
The plant made the freeline's Volga until the end of 1958. A little more than 30,000 cars were made. With the first release almost left the series and automatic transmission. A total of 700 cars were released with the machine.
At the end of 1958, the plant began to produce a Volga GAZ-21 second release. It was distinguished by the arches of the front wheels (steel slightly above) and improved finish. In addition, many "children's" diseases were eliminated. Also was removed the facing of the radiator with the star. Her place was taken by a lattice repeating the experimental sample, with 16 vertical holes.
GAZ-21 "second edition"
Consumers of the end of 1958 - the very beginning of 1959 it is customary to be called "transitional", and the release of 1959-1962 - the "second series" ("second release").
The exhibition premiere of the Volga second series took place in the spring of 1958 at the World Industrial Exhibition in Brussels. To the amazement of exhibitors, the most prestigious exhibition award - "Grand Prix" - went to Soviet cars. The culprits of an unprecedented event in the history of the domestic auto industry were the Volga with the index M-21, a seagull and a gas-52 truck.
With the second release on the Volga, windshield washers with a foot pump, a cataphtus on the rear lights, covered with a new radio receiver, covered with a new radio receiver. In 1960, it was decided to abandon the centralized lubrication system.
In 1960, the Belgian company SCALDIA organized the Volga assembly from the sets. Diesel was installed in the finished sedan (without an engine). At first it was Parkins 1.6l (48 hp), since 1963 - Rover 2.3l (62 hp), since 1964 INDENOR-PEUGEOT 1.9L (58l.s.). During the assembly, until 1967, 167 diesel cars were collected, mainly for Benilyux and Northern Europe.
During the second release (until April 1962), 150 thousand sedans were collected. Later, the deer mascot, and the salaries of the bumper, were abolished together with the pristine lattice. This is the last, third issue.
GAZ-21 "Third edition"
The body itself remained the same. But his silhouette lost the heavyness of previous modifications. Fangs disappeared from bumpers, and the bumpers themselves became more elegant. Chrome now covered only the upper part of them, and the lower, apron, painted in the color of the body. The front bumper in terms of acquired wedge. In the facing of the radiator instead of 16 wide holes, 36 narrow appeared. On the Slaf slang, she was called "whale cleaner." With the facing, new overall lights were integrated on the sidewall of the wing. The rear lights have lost steel salary, together with the cataphot began to cast from plastics. A new license plate lighting lantern on the trunk has acquired the shape of a soaring seagull. The hood was no longer installed a longitudinal molding and a deer figure, which was the cause of serious injuries when driving on pedestrians, but more often he became a victim of vandalism. The new emblem on the hood was borrowed from the "Seagull". With the only difference that its chrome salary had two horizontal wings. The changes were undergoing anterior suspension - instead of lever shock absorbers (victory scheme) began to install telescopic. The suspension has become tougher. The fabric ceiling upholstery was replaced with washing - from artificial leather.
At this time, a few more cars were tested at the factory. GAZ-21 "Semorage", GAZ-22 "UNIVERSAL", GAZ-22A "cargo" van, GAZ-22B "Sanitary", GAZ-23 "SpecialAutomobile" and modified GAZ-21 with the right wheel. All names of those years.
GAZ-22 "UNIVERSAL"
5-bed wagon with horizontally divided by the back door. With a folded rear sofa, the car could transport large loads weighing 400kg.
About 100 pieces were released right-hand drive sedans. Basically for Indonesia, Cyprus, Great Britain and Sweden, where until 1967 was the "English" movement.
GAZ-23. There was a machine for special services. It began to be designed in 1959 by order of the KGB of the USSR, a group of designers under the leadership of B. Dehtyar. The car was equipped with a 160-strong eight-cylinder engine from "Seagull" (based on ZMZ-13) with a volume of 5.53 liters with an automatic gearbox and power steering. For disguise, two outlet pipelines were asymmetrically reduced to one. To compensate for the body's pitch on the front axis from overload under heavy engine, also rear axles, putting a 100 kilogram ballast on the bottom of the trunk. Rear shock absorbers left lever. The car body was seriously strengthened, in particular, had reinforced by harvesting additional metal bands front spars and a fully original radiator mask, differing in form from GAZ-21. The mass of the car has increased by more than 300 kg. Because of the hard temperature regime, the brake system was significantly modified - the car received new brake drums made by original technology, brake pads of increased wear resistance. The original ASC brake fluid based on isoamyl alcohol in the mixture with castor oil was used. This machine is not in any popular directory. The car developed a speed of 170 km / h, and acceleration to "hundreds" occupied 16 C (against 34 C in GAZ-21). From 1962 to 1970, 603 copies of GAZ-23 were released.
In 1965, minor changes were introduced on GAZ-21.
Three GAZ-21
Corrosion protection and coloring
Given the harsh road and climatic conditions that dominated most of the territory of the USSR, the body of the car was very good, according to the standards of those years, corrosion protection, as well as a complex multi-stage coloring process.
The process of anti-corrosion treatment was called phosphating. Phosphating is the process of chemical treatment of steel products by formation on the surface of the metal layer insoluble in water phosphorous compounds. Phosphating was carried out by immersion of the body assembly in six special baths with chemical solutions. The first bath contained a degreasing solution based on caustic soda, the remaining - phosphating composition based on zinc monophosphate with nitrate and coal copper. The processing was produced at 60-80 degrees for 1.5 - 4 minutes in each bath with an intermediate body spraying the same solutions from special nozzles.
As a result of phosphating on the surface of the body, phosphate film from gray to dark gray, having high strength and protective properties. After phosphating, the body was immediately primed with oil primer by dipping, which ensured the access of the ground to the surfaces inaccessible with other methods of nanion.
After manual grinding on the outer surfaces of the body, the GF-0182 grade of yellow color was applied (the famous "yellow twin", familiar to those who were preparing the body "Volga" to color - the strength of this layer is such that it is often trying to preserve when repainting it, Without resorting to stripping surface to bare metal and not touching factory phosphating).
Then, all sorts of body surface defects were manually corrected using various spackets, tapping, sealing pastes and plastic mass of TPF-37 (which replaced the tin items used earlier).
After that, an intermediate layer of gray spiteling No. 188 was applied to the outer surface in order to increase the thickness of the protective layer, and went to the drying chamber, where all the applied layers were dried at a temperature of 130 degrees for 35 minutes.
At the body prepared in this way, a protective mastic was applied on the bottom, the final grinding was performed, controlling the quality of the surface with the help of a rubber bar (when he was slipped along the body of the body, he had to completely remove moisture and not to leave behind brilliant non-grinded places), removed moisture drying for 10 minutes at a temperature of 100-110 degrees. The last stage of the preparation for the color was a thorough inspection and elimination of found defects with alkyd-styrene spatlets drying at room temperature for 4-5 minutes.
After that, the body was completely ready for coloring as nitro and synthetic enamels. It should be borne in mind that here is a description of the technological process for 1963; Before and after that moment, there could be significant differences in technology.
Prepared body stained. Before the start of the sixties, the color of all body was produced by nitroemals in 5 layers, and black cars - in 7 layers, with intermediate drying of each. This gave a coating with excellent glitter, high hardness and satisfactory weather resistance.
At the beginning of the sixties, a synthetic enamel was introduced for most bodies, which was applied only two layers - "manifestory" and the main, with a drying of each in the thermocamera at high temperatures. Only black-colored cars have become painted with nitroemal to achieve high decorativeness. According to the same technology, representative's representatives of the automobile plant also painted.
Complex, multi-stage coloring technology was intended to achieve high anti-corrosion properties of the coating and increase the service life of the car to repainting or overhaul. The results of such a thorough approach are still visible on the well-preserved copies of "Volga" in the factory paint.
Specifications GAZ 21
| Number of places | 5 (4 and 1 on stretchers for GAZ-21D) |
|---|---|
| Base, mm. | 2700 |
| Overall dimensions, mm: | |
| - Length | 4830 |
| - Width | 1800 |
| - Height (without load) | 1620 |
| Pitch, mm: | |
| - front wheels | 1410 |
| - rear wheels | 1420 |
| The smallest rotation radius by a rut of the outer wheel, no more, m | 6,3 |
| Car weight (dry), kg | 1350 (1450 for GAZ-21D) |
| The greatest speed, km / h | 130 (120 for GAZ-21D) |
| Fuel consumption per 100 km (when driving along the highway), l | 11.5 (12.0 for GAZ-21D) |
| ENGINE | |
| A type | Petrol, four-stroke, carburetor |
| Location Cylinders | Vertical, in one row |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Working volume | 2,445 |
| Diameter of cylinders, mm | 92 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 92 |
| The greatest power (with the corresponding compression ratio and the octane number of gasoline) in L.S. - 75 at e \u003d 6.7 and octane number 72; 85 at 8 \u003d 7.65 and octane number 80 | |
| The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute | 4000 |
| The greatest torque, kgm | 17 at 8 \u003d 6.7; 18 at e \u003d 7.65 |
| TRANSMISSION | |
| Clutch | One-piece, dry with hydraulic drive |
| Transmission | Mechanical, three-step, with synchronizers between the second and third gears |
| Transmission numbers: | |
| - First transmission | 3,115 |
| - Second transmission | 1,772 |
| - Third Transfer | 1,000 |
| - reverse | 3,738 |
| Cardan transfer | Open type. Has two shafts and three hinge, as well as an intermediate support |
| main gear | 4,55 |
| Transmission number of the main transfer | 4,55 |
| Differential | Conical with two satellites |
| Pointers | Flange, half-breeded type |
| CHASSIS | |
| Suspension: | |
| - front | Independent, on transverse levers, with twisted cylindrical springs: mounted on a removable crossbar |
| - rear | Spring, on leaf longitudinal semi-elliptic springs. Springs are enclosed in covers |
| Stabilizer transverse stability | Torsion type. Located ahead of the front suspension |
| Shock absorbers | Hydraulic, telescopic type, bilateral action (4 pcs.) |
| Tires | Low pressure, beless or cameras |
| Control mechanisms | |
| Steering | Global Worm with Double Roller |
| Brakes: | |
| - Shoot | Booms on all wheels; Hydraulic drive |
| - Handheld | Central, drum type; Cable drive |
| Electrical equipment | |
| Wiring system | Single-wire; Negative pole is connected to the "mass" |
| Rated voltage in | 12 |
| Radio | Three-band, with push-button tuning |
| BODY | |
Closed, carrying, all-metal |
|
Modifications
| 21 | VI.57-58 |
The basic model of the first vol. with automatic. Kp, 70l.s. |
| 21A. | (first release) taxi on the basis of 21B | |
| 21Ayu. | (first release) Tropical option 21A | |
| 21A. | (second release) taxi on the basis of the 21st (indexes did not change) | |
| 21Ayu. | (second release) tropical option 21a | |
| 21B. | Taxi on the basis of 21g, pilot-industrial party | |
| 21V. | The basic model of the first vol. with mechanical KP, 70L.S. | |
| 21The | Tropical option 21B. | |
| 21g | Basic model of the pilot-industrial batch with a low-tangled engine 65 hp | |
| 21ghu | Tropical version 21g | |
| 21d | Export option 21B, 80 hp | |
| 21 | Tropical version 21d June | |
| 21E. | Export option 21. With automatic. KP, 80 hp | |
| 21teu | Tropical version 21E. | |
| 21I. | Basic model of the second release with mechanical. KP, 70 hp, | |
| 21K. | Export option 21I, 80 hp | |
| 21Ku | Tropical version 21K. | |
| 21kb | Machine component 21K for assembly in Belgium at the company SCALDIA-VOLGA. | |
| 21l | The basic model of the third release with mechanical. KP, 75 hp | |
| 21m | Export option 21l. | |
| 21Myu | Tropical version 21m | |
| 21N | Option 21M with right-hand control | |
| 21Un | Tropical version 21n | |
| 21P. | Option 21P with right-hand control | |
| 21 | Option 21P with automatic KP | |
| 21p | The basic model of the third is upgraded. Vol. 75 hp | |
| 21c | Export option 21P with forced. up to 85 hp Engine | |
| 21xu | Tropical version 21c, 85 hp | |
| 21t | Taxi on the basis 21l | |
| 21Ts | Taxi based on 21P | |
| 21US | Export option 21P, 75 hp | |
| 21f | Experimental model with a forkar engine | |
| 21E. | Option 21C with shielded electrical equipment | |
| 22 | Universal. Basic model 75 hp | |
| 22b | Ambulance Care 75 hp | |
| 22BK | Forced to 85 hp Option 22B | |
| 22BKU | Tropical version 22BK | |
| 22BM | Export option 22B (BK) | |
| 22BMU | Tropical version 22BM | |
| 22V. | Basic model | |
| 22g | Export option 22. 75 hp | |
| 22ghu | Tropical version 22g | |
| 22d | Ambulance | |
| 22E. | Export option 22B 75 hp | |
| 22teu | Tropical version 22E. | |
| 22k. | Forced to 85 hp Option of export 22g | |
| 22KE | Option 22K with shielded electrical equipment | |
| 22m | Forced to 85 hp Embodiment export 22E. | |
| 22Myu | Tropical version 22m | |
| 22N | EXPORT OPTION 22B with right-hand control | |
| 22nu | Tropical version 22N | |
| 23 | Special machine with an engine V8 and automatic KP | |
| 23A. | Special machine with engine V8 and mechanical KP | |
| 23A1 | Specially equipped version 23a | |
| 23b | Export option 23. |
Interior
| GAZ-21. | |
| Specifications: | |
| body | 4-door sedan (Modification of GAZ-22 - 5-door wagon) |
| Number of doors | 4/5 |
| number of seats | 5 |
| length | 4770 mm |
| width | 1695 mm |
| height | 1620 mm |
| wheelbase | 2700 mm |
| Front track | 1410 mm |
| Packed back | 1420 mm |
| ground clearance | 190 mm |
| Volume of trunk | 170 L. |
| Engine location | Front of longitudinal |
| engine's type | Carburetor, 4-cylinder, with aluminum cylinder block and cast-iron wet sleeves, topless smelting |
| engine volume | 2432 cm 3. |
| Power | 65/3800 hp at rpm |
| Torque | 167/2200 N * m with rpm |
| Valves on cylinder | 2 |
| KP | 3-speed with synchronizer of the 2nd and 3rd transmission |
| Front suspension | Independent, lever-spring |
| Rear suspension | Dependent Spring |
| Shock absorbers | |
| Front brakes | Drum |
| Brake rear | Drum |
| Fuel consumption | 9 l / 100 km |
| Maximum speed | 120 km / h |
| Years of production | 1956-1970 |
| type of drive | rear |
| Curb weight | 1460 kg |
| Acceleration 0-100 km / h | 34 seconds |
GAZ-21 "Volga" - Soviet passenger car with Sedan Body. Until 1965 was called GAZ-M21 "Volga". Serially produced since 1956 (until 1958 in parallel with GAZ-M20 "Victory") in 1970. The total volume of production of GAZ-21 of all modifications of 638798 copies (according to the serial number of the latter from the car conveyor). Became the most successful car of domestic development for all the years of the existence of the USSR.
History of creation
The development of the car began in 1952. At first, the work was carried out over two independent projects of GAZ-M21 "Star" and GAZ-M21 "Volga". The first project was the artist John Williams, the second - Lev Eremeev. In 1953, layouts of two cars were built. The project of Williams looked more advanced, but the machine of Yeremeyev more corresponded to the realities of that time. The further development of the future car adopted the Lion Eremeev project. In the same 1953, A. Nevzorov was appointed the leading designer GAZ-M21, which worked under the top of the main designer of the Gorky Automobile Plant N. Borisov.
At the end of the winter or early spring of 1954, the first prototypes of the future "Volga" were prepared and entered preliminary tests. On May 3, 1955, three cars - the cherry-red (prototype 1), blue (prototype 2) and white (prototype 3) - left the gate of the Gorky plant and went to state acceptance tests. Together with them, there were other domestic cars and foreign cars of the same class as "Volga". All prototypes differed from each other in detail, two of them were equipped with an automatic transmission, one - mechanical.
Cars were tested in a wide variety of road conditions and showed good results. The new car was more economical and dynamic "Victory", exceeded the dynamics of obsolete winters, reliability and passability overwritten overseas analogs. In addition, "Volga" was favorably different from the car of foreign production by harmonious design.
Photo: In 1954, the construction of prototypes of GAZ-21 began
In May 1955, the Gorky Plant was released another, the fourth copy of the Volga. He was transferred to the Murom Radio Plant for debugging the A-9 radio receiver, which was equipped with a car (in some embodiments). In the summer of 1955, all prototypes, in addition to the first, were slightly modernized, having received a new grille of the radiator (with a star).
The first series of five cars was collected at the plant in October 1956. On October 10, 1956, the first three "Volga" came from the factory gate, which can be called serial. Five new cars joined the prototypes 1.2 and 3 to take part in the comprehensive tests at the end of 1956. These five serial cars were equipped with engines from GAZ-M20, forced to 65 hp. For installation on the export version of the Jeep GAZ-69. Cars equipped with mechanical transmissions. The final tests of "Volga" took place in taxi in conditions of intensive exploitation, which made it possible to quickly eliminate many "children's diseases" of the new car.
Modifications of gas-M21 within the framework of "issues"
The car GAZ-M21 "Volga" of the first "release" - was made from 1956, until November 1958. Until the end of 1957, it was completed with a lower engine with a working volume of 2.42 liters (2420 cc. Cm), with a capacity of 65 hp. With 3800 revolutions per minute. Borrowed from the "Victory", this engine was forced by increasing the working volume (boring cylinders) and the degree of compression. In total, 1,100 copies of Volga were released with such a motor.
GAZ-M21G - in addition to the forced engine from the GAZ-M20 "Victory" was equipped with a rear axle with shortened semi-axles and their covers. A distinctive feature of all machines of the first "issue" is the electrical equipment of electrical equipment.
Gas-M21B - a car with a forced engine from "Victory", a modification for a taxi with a simplified finish. GAZ-M21 - produced since 1957 with the new ZMZ-21 engine engine of the Volga motor plant (specially built for the release of "Volgovsky" engines). The engine had a working volume of 2.445 liters and power in 70 hp The engine was a topless, entirely aluminum (the main parts - the crankcase, the cylinder block, nozzles) and for its time was distinguished by many progressive solutions. Also, an automatic three-stage gearbox with a torque converter was installed on the modification under the M21 index.
GAZ-M21B - serial car with ZMZ-21 engine.
GAZ-M21A - taxis with the engine ZMZ-21 (based on GAZ-21B).
GAZ-M21D - export modification with forced to 80 hp Engine and mechanical kp. The design is complemented by a belt chrome-plated molding.
GAZ-M21E - export modification with an engine 80 hp and automatic kp.
The gas-m21 car of the second "release" was made from 1959 to 1962. "Release" 1958-1959 consider transitional. Changes were introduced gradually and dealt with the design of the body, an increase in the wheel arches of the front wings, changes in wiring ("ignitions" in 1960, the "minus" began to be supplied on the body, which reduced the current losses and the intensity of metal corrosion). The total production of cars of the second "release" was 160 thousand copies.
Gas-M21I - basic model.
GAZ-M21A - taxi.
Gas-M21 - car with automatic automobiles. It is not known whether he was in reality (there is no information about this).
GAZ-M21E is another modification with the ACP, released by a very limited series.
GAZ-M21U - Modification "Suite" with improved finish, but with a conventional engine.
GAZ-M21K - export modification with an engine 75 or 80 hp and additional elements of finishing (chrome inserts). The gas-m21 car of the third "release" was made from 1962 to 1970. The car obtained a new grille of the radiator from 37 chrome vertical plates. The figure of the deer and molding disappeared from the hood (the deer was not always installed on cars of the second "release" - he was removed from security reasons). The number of chrome decorative details was reduced. Body lines have become smoother and harmonious. From the production line removed the modification with the ACP, the lever shock absorbers were replaced by telescopic, it was increased to 75 hp. Motor power for basic serial modification. The total volume of production of the third "release" was 470 thousand copies.
Gas-M21l is the main serial sedan.
GAZ-M21L - export modification.
GAZ-M21U - Modification "Lux", was distinguished from the serial car with moldings on wings.
GAZ-M21T - a modification of a taxi with separate front seats. Passenger front seat was evolving, freeing the place to transport the cargo.
In 1962, gas-m22 was created on the basis of GAZ-M21 and put on the car-M22 body with the "Universal" body. He was produced in various versions - as a "civilian" car of general purpose, as ambulance, car accompaniment airports for airports and so on.
At the same time, a small series of GAZ-23 cars was released - a high-speed modification of GAZ-M21 with a power unit from GAZ-13 "Seagull" (ACP, 8-cylinder engine with a capacity of 160, and later 195 hp). This car was intended for power structures (in particular, the KGB) and was released in the amount of 608 copies.
In 1965, the "Volga" of the Third "release" has undergone the last modernization. The heater was improved, a slightly changed body design. At the same time, the letter "M" disappeared from the models index (that is, Molotov, until 1957, the Gorky Automobile Plant named after Molotov was called. The main modifications of "Volga" began to be denoted as:
GAZ-21 - Basic option.
GAZ-21C - export modification with improved finish and package. Engine with a capacity of 85 hp
GAZ-21US - model with improved finish for the domestic market and partially for export. Engine 75 hp
GAZ-21T - modification for a taxi.
GAZ-21TS - export taxi (supplied to many countries of the world, including Finland, GDR).
In 1968, the first small batch of cars of the new GAZ-24 model was released (by circuit technology). Until 1970, both models were produced in parallel. On July 15, 1970, the release of GAZ 21 of all modifications was discontinued.
Features of the design - Disadvantages and advantages
The number of car-21 vehicles is extremely large. In fact, under the general name "Volga" gas produced different cars similar and on basic characteristics. For example, GAZ-23, built on the aggregates of GAZ-13 "Seagulls" possessed high-speed characteristics, which are characteristic of modern passenger cars. And the gas-m21 of the first experienced issues was not much different from the same high-speed characteristics from the serial gas-M20 "Victory".
In the design of the "Volga" of all "issues" there were many archaic even for those years. In particular, telescopic shock absorbers (instead of lever) came to "Volga" with a lot of intake. Automatic KP never passed (Soviet automakers so could not master its mass production). Hydraulic brakes and steering is not equipped with amplifiers, the control of the heavy machine required the driver of physical effort. The parking brake of the central type (drum brake, similar to the wheel device, was installed on the KP shank and affected the drive shaft on the host rear axle) was ineffective and unreliable. When you try to emergency stopping car in the parking brake, the latter broke. Until 1960, Volga was equipped with a centralized lubricant system - a special pedal. This decision was applied to foreign (German) cars of the 30-40s. Finally, the three-stage MCP had a synchronizer only for two higher gears, which for the second half of the 60s was a completely obsolete solution.
However, there were current discoveries. Designers "Volga" managed to create a car that attracts attention to the impeccable design and forty years after the production of the machine. The high strength of the body - due to the exact miscalculation of the power elements, the numerous myths about the "thick metal" spawned, from which body details of the car allegedly stamped (in fact, the metal was used as in foreign automatic road).
"Volga" was distinguished by high corrosion resistance - due to the special processing of the body "phosphating". The quality of the color of the body of cars of the first and second "issues" is such that some of them do not require repainting to today. Separately, you should mention the ZMZ-21 engine, produced in a huge amount of modifications. He found applied on Soviet minibuses, was installed on the boat, exported abroad. The modification of this engine - UMP-451MI - was installed on high-passability cars UAZ-469, which were in service with the Soviet army.
The high quality of the manufacture of GAZ-21, especially the second and start of the third "releases" (cars of the first "release" remained very little), the high degree of unification of parts with gas and UAZ cars, the impeccable reputation of a reliable car led to the fact that the market of cars of this brand exists and today. Cars are restored, supported in humiliated state, resell and find new owners. True, only a relatively small part of the GAZ-21 owners uses these cars for a daily ride. These are mainly the exhibits of private collections or machines for episodic trips and walks.
Magazine "Driving" about GAZ-21
New in the car "Volga"
As you already guessed, it will be about the most elegant, attractive and prestigious car model, which was available to Soviet citizens since 1956. This car was produced in various variations of engine performance, body design and salon and was used as a passenger car, a police car, the KGB of the USSR and of course a taxi (remember the plot of the "Taxi to Dubrovka"). This car had the body sedan and serially produced at the Gorky Auto Plant. Guess his name?
Right, it is a car GAZ 21 "Volga". The entire history of this car is conditionally divided into three periods or three series of release. The initial name of the car was GAZ-M21. (the plant wore the name of the hammer), then the letter "M" disappeared. Who remembers the corporate deer on the hood? The deer, by the way, also finally disappeared in the "third release series" (1965-1970), this glittering the notable design element is not for security reasons. Although it looked very stylish.
Main modifications of the machine GAZ 21 "Volga".
In the period from 1956 to 1965, quite a lot of vehicle modifications were produced, and they differed quite strongly. The machines of the first issues until 1957 were completed with a modified engine from the car " Victory"(Power 65 hp), all such cars were manufactured by 1100 pieces. Gas-M21G car In addition to the engine from " Victory", Got a rear axle with shortened semi-axles from the car" Winter". The "chip" of all cars of the first series is considered to compound the plus wire of the power supply with the car body. For a taxi produced a model GAZ-M21B.where the cheapest interior decoration was used. Since 1957, the ZMZ-21 engine is put on the Volga, which was specially designed for gas 21.The ZMZ-21 engine was distinguished by a number of progressive solutions, it provided a capacity of 70 hp, was a topless and almost aluminum. Thus, already with the engine ZMZ-21, the serial car was named gas-M21B, the car for a taxi was called gas-M21a, the export modification was named gas-m21d. In the export version of GAZ-M21D, a manual transmission (KP) and a forced engine developing craving up to 80 hp was installed. The export modification of Gas-M21e was characterized by the installed automatic CP and also had an engine with a capacity of 80 hp.
The release period of the "second series" of Machines GAZ 21 is considered from 1959 to 1962, and during the time about 160 thousand cars are already produced. The manufacturer's factory gradually made changes to the design and they concerned mainly body design, increasing wheel arches of the front wings, changes in the polarity of electrical wiring. The car body in the machines since 1960 is already connected to the overall wire (minus) of nutrition. This made it possible to reduce metal corrosion and reduce current losses due to the design. The basic model began to be called gas-M21 and new modifications appeared, such as gas-M21U with leather interior trim (luxury modification) and gas-M21K export option, sometimes in a two-color body version and with additional decorative chrome body elements.
The power of the engine GAZ-M21U was 75-80 hp
From 1962 to 1970, cars "Third Series" were made. In total, about 470 thousand cars were made. Machines "Third Series" had a radiator grille from 37 chrome vertical plates. A deer figurine finally disappeared from the hood, the total number of chrome decorative elements was reduced. In the serial model, the engine 75 hp, the shock absorbers became telescopic, the body lines slightly changed. They became more harmonious.
The main models of the third series are:
- "Volga" gas-m21l - 4-door sedan, mass serial.
- Volga GAZ-M21U - Modification "Suite", improved interior decoration and moldings on wings.
- Volga GAZ-M21T - a car for a taxi, the front seats are separated. Passenger front seat on the right of the driver is foldable, and in its place you can place an additional luggage.
Brief characteristic of the machine GAZ 21.
- The number of seats (along with the driver) - 5;
- Dimensions (length * width * height) in meters - 4.77 * 1.80 * 1.62;
- The Third Series of Machines had a length of 4.83 meters. Height is determined without load.
- Base (distance between axes) - 2.7 meters;
- Kialose front wheels - 1.41 meters;
- Rear wheelbarrow - 1.42 meters;
- Clearance - 190 mm;
- Fuel type - gasoline AI-72;
- Fuel consumption 100 km - from 9 to 13.5 liters;
- The three-band tubing radio receiver with illuminated scale in the cabin.
Of course, now owners machines GAZ 21. Rarely use them for everyday ride. Although in small settlements there are such people. Today it is a collective and fairly expensive car. Cars with genuine factory details and interior elements are especially expensive.
The designers of the Gorky Automobile plant managed to create a dream car of many Soviet people. Even today, 45 years after the departure from the conveyor last machines GAZ 21.The flawless design of this car stops the look and attracts attention. It is a pity, of course, that for most Soviet people this car, and remained a dream forever.
Publication date: 2012-12-2015, 21:41
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