» »

NGK ignition candles: types, labeling, resource, selection features. What are the features of the Japanese NGK ignition candles, and how to properly make a car? Ignition Candles NGK 11 for which cars

09.11.2019

Marking, applied to NGK spark plugs, contains important information About the features of candles, their properties and functions.

On each candle from the NGK assortment, and the packaging is applied a combination of letters and numbers, giving necessary information About the candle: a calil number, dimensions, type of thread, the magnitude of the interelectrode clearance, information about the materials, as well as structural features.

NGK uses 2 standard encodings to marking their candles. There are also some special designations.

The first standard inscription contains 7 parameters indicated by the example:

B P R 5 E S -11

1. Thread diameter / hexagon
A - 18 mm / 25.4 mm
B - 14 mm / 20.8 mm
C - 10 mm / 16.0 mm
D - 12 mm / 18.0 mm
E - 8 mm / 13.0 mm
AB - 18 mm / 20.8 mm
BC - 14 mm / 16.0 mm
BK - 14 mm / 16.0 mm
DC - 12 mm / 16.0 mm

2. Structure
P - with a protruding insulator
M - Compact Candle
U - type with superficial discharge or additional spark gap

3. Obcoming resistor
R - with a resistor
Z - with inductive resistor

4. Kalil number

5. Thread Length
E - 19 mm
EH - 19 mm (total length), with partially sliced \u200b\u200bthreads 12,7 mm
H - 12,7 mm
L - 11.2 mm
F - conical dense landing (A-F - 10.9 mm; B-F - 11.2 mm; B-EF - 17.5 mm; BM-F - 7.8 mm)
Empty - Compact Candle (BM, BPM, CM - 9.5 mm)

6. Constructive features
B - SAE fixed contact nut (CR8EB)
CM, CS - obliquely performed side electrode, compact type (insulator length: 18.5 mm)
G - Race Ignition Candle
GV - Race Ignition Candle (Central Special V-Type Electrode from Gold and Palladium Alloy)
I, IX - Iridiyevoe electrode
J - 2 side electrodes of special shape (elongated, obliquely executed)
K - 2 side electrodes
-L - Intermediate Gallery
-LM - compact type (insulator length: 14.5 mm), used for lawn mowers
N - Special side electrode
P - Platinum Electrode
Q - 4 side electrodes
S - Standard Type (Central Electrode: 2.5 mm)
T - 3 side electrodes
U - type with a semi-surface discharge
VX - Platinum Ignition Candle
Y - central electrode with V-shaped notch
Z - Special design (central electrode: 2.9 mm)

7. Elephant clearance

-8 - 0.8 mm
-9 - 0.9 mm
-10 - 1.0 mm
-11 - 1.1 mm
-13 - 1.3 mm
-14 - 1.4 mm
-15 - 1.5 mm

The second standard inscription contains 6 parameters indicated by the example:

P F R 5 A -11

1. Type of spark plug
D - candle with increased reliability of ignition, with a particularly thin electrode
I - Iridium Candle
L - elongated threaded part
P - Platinum Candle
S - candle with increased reliability of ignition, square platinum insert
Z - Candle with speaker spark gap

The above designations can be combined, for example: ilfr ..., plzfr ...
The presence of the letter "L" is prioritizing with respect to all other letters denoting the length.
For example:
Candle with sealing ring: FR5AP-11 (thread length 19.0 mm); LFR5AP-11 (Thread Length 26.5 mm)
Candle with conical dense landing: RTR5S-13 (thread length 17.5 mm); PLTR6A-10G (Thread Length 25.0 mm)

2. Diameter, Thread Length, Seal Type / Hex
KA - 12 mm, 19.0 mm, O-ring / 14.0
KB - 12 mm, 19,0 mm, Sealing Ring / 14.0 Bi-Hex
MA - 10 mm, 19.0 mm, O-ring / 14.0
Na - 12 mm, 17.5 mm, conical dense landing / 14.0
F - 14 mm, 19.0 mm, sealing ring / 16.0
G - 14 mm, 19.0 mm, sealing ring / 20.8
J - 12 mm, 19,0 mm, sealing ring / 18.0
K - 12 mm, 19,0 mm, Sealing ring / 16.0
L - 10 mm, 12.7 mm, sealing ring / 16.0
M - 10 mm, 19.0 mm, sealing ring / 16.0
T - 14 mm, 17.5 mm, conical dense landing / 16.0
U - 14 mm, 11.2 mm, conical dense landing / 16.0
W - 18 mm, 10.9 mm, conical dense landing / 20.8
X - 14 mm, 9.5 mm, sealing ring / 20.8
Y - 14 mm, 11.2 mm, conical dense landing / 16.0

3. Obcoming resistor
R - with a resistor

4. Kalil number
from 2 (analog "9" at DENSO) - hot candles, slowly dispel heat, isolator and electrodes are heated stronger
Up to 10 (Analog "31" at DENSO) - Cold candles, quickly disperse warmth, isolator and electrodes are heated weaker

5. Constructive features
A, B, C ... - Special features
I - Iridiyevo Electrode
P - Platinum Electrode

Z - Special design (central electrode: 2.9 mm)

7. Elephant clearance
Empty - standard clearance (motorcycle: 0.7-0.8 mm, car: 0.8-0.9 mm)
-7 - 0.7 mm
-9 - 0.9 mm
-10 - 1.0 mm
-11 - 1.1 mm
-13 - 1.3 mm
-14 - 1.4 mm
-15 - 1.5 mm
-A - without a sealing ring
-D - special coating of the metal case
-E - special resistance
-G - side electrode with copper core
-H - special thread
-J - 2 side electrodes
-K - protected from vibration side electrode
-N - special side electrode
-Q - 4 side electrodes
-S - special sealing ring
-T - 3 side electrodes

Spark plugs NGK.

The Japanese company NGK is the world's leading manufacturer of parts and parts of the ignition systems for car engines internal combustion. NGK has plants and their branches for the release of components of ignition systems in all parts of the world. Branch of Candle Systems Ignition and Incandescent NGK Spark Plug organized 8 shopping centers, 11 production factories and 14 trading branches on all continents. These enterprises are directly related to the sale of various types of carpeurs produced by NGK. Swells NGK are quite economical for the price and provide good characteristics ignition. Sports NLC are available in various series. The NGK Standart line has a nickel electrode and an inexpensive price. Iridia series NGK Iridium of various types with an iridium electrode 0.6mm or 0.8mm with a price of 350 rubles and above can be used to 100000km mileage without replacement. Platinum motor vehicles NLC Platinum various lines with prices from 250 rubles are also rather durable.

The Japanese company NGK, in Russian abbreviation NLC, refers to the leaders for the production of spark plugs. Their products are characterized by high quality, and also has a long service life of the candles. Celebrations reviewers suggest that the NGK spark plugs, despite their design and modification, are excellent for any type of gasoline power aggregate. Therefore, the products of this company will be discussed below.

General characteristics

This manufacturer operates on the market for a long time, and well known for developing spark plugs for power units of famous automotive companies. The ignition candle from NGK passes hard testing, so the presence of defective products in one batch is practically absent.

Due to the fact that technical progress and development do not stand still, today the NGK candles have the following specifications:

  • resistance to harmful environments, work part of products that work directly in the combustion chamber are performed from various metals, and other materials with resistance to high temperatures, loads, as well as the effects of harmful chemical compounds arising from the combustion of the fuel mixture;
  • big resource of work, depending on which materials are made of electrodes, the maximum service life of the candle can reach more than 160 thousand mileage kilometers, and the minimum 15,000;
  • low cost, even copies made of precious metals do not have a big cost, so products of this company affordably car enthusiasts with minor income;
  • optimal calic numbernot for anyone that the ignition elements that are installed on modern power units contain such technical characteristics as a calil number, and depending on it, the candles are cold or hot, if the caliper number of candles and the power unit will not match each other, then the motor can simply come into disrepair.

It is important to remember that there are analogs of such products that are issued by other companies under license NGK. They do not differ from the original ignition elements, but the quality and service life may be lower.

NGK Product Marking

Due to the fact that the company is engaged in the production of spark plugs for various types of power units, it developed an individual classification of its products that can be found on the official websites of the company, or printed catalogs.

The NGK Ignition Candles Marking consists of Latin letters, as well as digital designations, the decoding of which is provided in the attached table:

In order to sort out such marking, consider products that have such digital and letter notation - BPR6ES.

The first letter B means that the product has a diameter of the thread and hexagon with a diameter of 14 millimeters / 20.8 millimeters.

The second letter P says that the candle has a protruding insulator, and the designation R says that the product has a noise-eyed resistor.

Figure 6 refers to potassium indicators, according to the above marking, such a candle relates to moderately hot ignition elements. Latin marking E says that the length of the thread is 19 millimeters, and s indicates that the candle has a standard design.

Here is a description of specific products with a certain marking.

Therefore, having on the hands of the technical data of the power unit, the driver is to make sure that the Ignition Candle of NGK BRR6ES has a standard design with moderate gyl ratibility and is suitable for its power unit or you need to choose other products.

What you need to pay attention to is at the time of the tightening. It is determined by an effort with which the candle should be screwed into the cylinder block so that it does not collapse or prompt from strong vibration. Depends on the maximum rotor of the motor, which are indicated in the technical documentation of the machine.

It is important to remember that when choosing these elements, you must turn to that part of the table, where the caliper is indicated. If the engine's technical documents indicate a certain calil number, the driver is obliged to remember that it is possible to choose a candle with a higher calibration rate, and it is definitely prohibited with a smaller.

Spark plug types manufactured by NGK

Products of this company are diverse. Consider that it offers motorists.

The classification of its ignition elements is two types:

  • metal from which the electrodes are made;
  • number of lateral (lower electrodes).

Consider each option in more detail.

To date, the electrodes of this company are made from nickelchrome alloy, as well as precious metals. The first option refers to budget options, so available to any motorist.

The second option is characterized by the fact that the candles have electrodes from precious metals, working longer, have the function of self-cleaning, save fuel, and also increase engine power.

Of particular interest is the products having electrodes from platinum. Platinum candles have a claimed mileage of more than 50 thousand kilometers, as well as racks to high temperatures, and create a white (most powerful spark), suitable for any types of motors even those that work on gas.

A separate place is occupied by iridium spark plugs. They can serve to 160 thousand mileage kilometers, save about 8% of fuel, and are suitable even for the most powerful (sports) motors. Their price is somewhat higher, but taking into account the fuel economy, the overpayment will be subtracted after several months of operation.

But the motor will always work as a clock.

We now turn to the question about the number of electrodes.

Immediately need to say that the standard ignition elements have one side (lower) and upper (central) electrodes. NGK has invented how to increase its product life, and for this, the following technical innovations have been developed:

  • the presence of dug in the form of the letter V on the side electrode (which divides its surface into two parts), this is done to ensure that the spark obtained, first sought at one half, and after it is encircled (formed a nagar), went to the second half, By increasing the service life twice;
  • the equipment of the working part is two, three or four side electrodes, it is also a technical cunning, which is based on the fact that when you fail one side electrode, the spark will look for another, so it will remain as powerful.

Here is such a modification in the NGK ignition candles.

Speaking about which spark plugs are better for a particular motor, it is safe to say that this parameter depends entirely on the technical data of the most power unit.

NGK is a recognized leader in the production of ignition elements for gasoline force aggregates. When choosing its products, you need to pay attention to its labeling, as well as technical requirements To the candles installed by the engine manufacturer.

Each motorist knows well that the selection of spark plugs must be made by the parameters recommended by the manufacturer. Today in retail There is a huge selection of sparking. In this article we will look at spark plugNGK, selection by car which will be described in detail.

Variety of candles NGK.

History and modernity

Japanese company NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd To date, it is among the leading enterprises that offer consumers high-quality parts for DVS. Like other goods of Japanese production, the sparking of the NLC deserved respect for motorists and remain very popular. They are reliable, have excellent characteristics and long service life.

The company began its work as a small workshop in the 19th year of the last century, and today it is a major production that has its own companies in different countries World. The company has accumulated a huge experience in designing and developing automotive parts. At the same time, great attention is always paid to the improvement of products manufactured and improving their operational parameters.

The manufacturer continuously works on an increase in the range of its products and improving their quality.

NGK ignition nomenclature row

The catalog of sparking of this brand is very diverse - offered candles of various types and structures having different characteristics . And so that car owners it is easier to navigate, get candles in full compliance with the stated requirements and not run into the fake (which, by the way, have recently a lot), we offer a brief overview of the products. It will help to do the best choice According to the car brand and provide high-quality engine operation of your car.

NGK (V-LINE series) are created for the correct operation of modern motors with strongly depleted fuel. These sparking agents contribute to reliable sparking, which means fire in the cylinder block of the engine.

The main feature of products of this species It became the highest reliability in the process of operation at various modes, regardless of the quality of the fuel assembly.


Candles ngk.

The main range of NGK SZ

To improve the quality of products on production, high-quality types of materials are used and innovative technologies are used. The V-LINE series includes 9 types of candles having different parameters. Each type has features.

In the series are presented products having one electrodewhich are committed to perfection with the best developers of the company. Making minor changes made it possible to achieve more efficient functioning of spark plugs. The electrode (central) applied a notch in the form of the letter V. Because of this, the potentials are redistributed to the edges, on which the concentration of the vapor of the working mixture is significantly larger. This forms a spark.

Production of SZ with multiple electrodes Based on duplication, it actually improves reliability. This ensures the formation of sparks under different operating conditions. The number of electrodes on the sides depends on the type of SZ and varies from two to four. They are located around the electrode in the central part. Candles of this design are less clogged, they have increased operation.

Elements with a key electrode of a cone-shaped shape having a navel from rare and precious metals are becoming increasingly popular.

Attacks are made on electrodes located with side. For the attack take iridium or platinum - these metals increase the term of the correct work of sparking.


Types of candles NGK.

As mentioned above in the nomenclature list of products available, there are 9 types of spark plugs:

  1. Standard ignition elements with one electrode. Great suitable for cars different marks and models. A notch in the form of the letter V contributes to the redistribution of potentials to the edges. It provides uninterrupted fire freezing.
  2. More complex multi-electrode products are created according to the duplication principle. It provides stable sparking, even when refueling is not enough high-quality fuel.
  3. Sparking agents that have additional spark gaps are designed for use in the setting with high soot.
  4. Candles having a semi-sliding surface discharge, contribute to a cold start, even if a large amount of Nagar accumulated on the insulator.
  5. The hybrid sparkingman combined the semi-sliding surface discharge and platinum tip.
  6. Iridiya candles Ignition NGK. Iridium is a very durable type of material that has increased resistance to erosion from the formation of a spark. The working resource of such elements of inciting 2 times more than a similar indicator in simpler modifications.
  7. Elements with platinum attacks on the electrodes have a constant power on the entire period of operation.
  8. Special SZ for sports / racing cars withstand high load, pressure and temperature. Thanks to the side electrodes having an annular view, the spark does not break through, but is fed to the main electrode.
  9. SZ with marking NGK LPG Laserline is made exclusively for engines that work on gas. A structural feature of such products is the presence of platinum inserts on the electrodes, as well as the tip from iridium. This makes a candle resistant to elevated temperatures when burning gas. A special coating ensures the protection of the housing / copper core on the main electrode from overheating.

NW marking and decoding

NGK elements have an individual packaging, and their identification is made on labelingBrought on the housing. Her knowledge much simplifies the choice of car brand. We decipher the marking by taking the basis of a specific example:

PFR5A - 11.

  • Letter (P) Indicates Product Type: D - High Reliability, I - Candle with Iridium, L - Thread Extlong, P - Platinum Sleep, S - Platinum Product high reliability, Z - candles with a speaker spark ring located on the skirt. Letter notation is often combined in a variety of combinations.
  • An alphabetic symbol (F) is a thread characteristic and key required for screwing / unscrewing.
  • The symbol (R) is the presence / absence of a resistor, overwhelming interference.
  • A digital symbol, in this case, 5 - a gawax (2-13, "hot" candles is determined from high to low - 2 indicates the highest indicator).
  • An alphabetic symbol (a) indicates features in the design;
  • The number (11) is the value of the size of the gap between the electrodes (7 - 0.7mm, 9 - 0.9mm, 10 - 1.0mm, 11 - 1.1mm, 13 - 1.3mm, 14 -1.4mm, 15 -1.5mm).

NGK Ignition Candle Device

The specified characters in the marking may be added additional parameters of certain SZ features. For example: a - product, without a sealing ring; D is a corrosion treatment case; G - product with additional side copper electrodes; H - Special carving and other.

What is important to know about nz ngk

Read more about the advantages and minuses of SZ NGK

About Products NGK, mainly there are positive responsesSince all products have the highest quality. But besides that there are advantages that are distinguished by some modifications of the ignition elements of this brand. Including:

  • platinum and iridium sparking are provided with insulators made of special ceramics (alumina). This is the best dielectric with increased conductivity and durability;
  • corrugated tip insures spark overlap;
  • increased thermal conductivity, ensures the removal of thermal energy, ensuring the protection of the candle from overheating;
  • the increased strength of the insulator is the protection of the candle from deformation with temperature drops;
  • constructive tightness of candles;
  • the core made of copper is designed to provide an elevated gallinal indicator and an increased resource. It has increased thermal conductivity and low resistance;
  • products are highly resistant to the formation of soot;
  • the swallow thread "Cold" rollers simplifies the capture of the elements.

Compared with similar products from other manufacturers NGK products are distinguished by a large period of service, the highest efficiency in sparking, and is also characterized by special strength and quality.

Products under the brand name NGK fully comply with international standards and regulations of manufacturers of all models of machines. For each power unit, sparking agents are selected in accordance with the marking.

The original or a fake?

Since products manufactured by NGK enjoys in high demand recently, many fakes appeared on the market. We will analyze how to recognize the original and distinguish it from fakes:

  1. The packaging of original products has a high-quality sizing, paint is not erased, the edges of the slots are distinguished by the accuracy and smaller cropping. Clear marking is well read.
  2. A high quality ceramics is used as an insulator in original products.
  3. The main electrode is accurate in the center, has a core from copper. On an insulator, forming a spark, there are no contamination. Electrode with side smooth.
  4. The original has a rolled, not rifled thread. The presence of jar and irregularities on it indicates a fake.
  5. The nut on the terminal is fastened very hard. It will turn it out, putting enough effort.
  6. The logo on falsification, as a rule, has errors.
  7. The code is applied to the hexagon of the original product.

Original and fake

Destinating falsification from original ignition elements NGK is very easy - you only need to carefully look at some major features.

Service life and cost

Deadline for the effective work of ignition elements NGK It may be different and depends on the specific modification. For products in the "ordinary" version, it is approximately 20 thousand kilometers. In turn, the iridium products quietly depart 80 thousand. For the period of the service, the conditions in which the products are operated, the quality of the working mixture, climatic conditions, and so on. It is necessary to periodically verify the state of the SZ, in order to make their replacement in a timely manner.

Buying ngk products do not think about savings, Having preferred cheaper options. So you may run into a fake, which will serve for a short time or with minimal efficiency.

Original sparking NGK have the best price and quality ratio!

Civilization of the appeal of our driver with the engine roots goes into a deep scoop when the main mothers of car care were "a good knock will come out", "pull to the final", "wire and the tape will save auto-adventure." Culture is produced over the years and powerfully depends on the availability of spare parts, finance and, most importantly, knowledge. Maximum bottomless knowledge in each trifle, each valve and each relyushka. Despite the fact that spare parts are now simply in bulk and rarely die from hunger, just trouble with knowledge. Such a significant little thing as a spark plug may be so strongly affected by the engine work, the more modern that it will seem fantastics for many. Nevertheless, we will try to figure out in which kinds of candles, find out what, how much and what candles should be purchased with the next replacement.

Spark plug resource

Like and any device and device, the candles also have its drawbacks. They are mainly connected with unstable and poor-quality sparking and low resource. On average, the candle will be able to bear no more than 30 thousand, and this suggests that every 8-9 months have to change them. If this is not done on time, sparking sparks, fullness of the combustion of the fuel and air mixture, so I began to grow the flow of gasoline and the power began to fall. Yes, and this is not all, it is possible to give a tent of the negatives, which are formed due to the wear of the candles. Candle, paint, is just two electrodes and insulator. Again, roughly, the faster the electrodes will burn, the worse. The first contradiction arises here. The fact is that the smaller the electrode area, the sphere is more powerful and more intense. The discharge point key is the most efficient. Powerful spark is a complete and stubborn combustion of gasoline, the radios of the engine as a whole, high output power. Therefore, to the material, from which electrodes are performed, the constructors look very intently and until recently only nichrome could provide a sufficient service life of the candle. It melts at a temperature in the range of 1500 ° C, though the temperature inside the combustion chamber always pulss up to 2.5-3 thousand degrees. Naturally, in such hellish conditions, nichrome electrodes do not extend long and fade with a frequency of 20-30 thousand km. It is possible to fight this, but only increasing the mass of the electrodes, more precisely, the area of \u200b\u200btheir surface, then burnout comes out slower, but also sparking is more sluggish. That is why manufacturers offer candles with three side electrodes - they only affect the resource, and the spark, which was, such and remains. A lot of increasing the mass of the electrodes in some cases leads to elementary flaps of ignition, since the spark becomes cooled and unable to pour a working mixture. If we talk about high-breasted engines, sports or downloaded, then there is generally an unsightly picture. If the mixture is still ignited in normal order, then with a sharp pressure of pressure, when the gas pedal to the floor, its jump can reach 15-22 atm. with standard 5-8 atm. In this case, the power, the amount of harmful compounds in the exhaust increases, is quite natural, the fuel consumption increases. But the way out of this would seem to be a deadlock situation was found ten years ago.

Iridiya NGK Ignition Candles

Why do Iridiyev and why NGK is explained simply enough. About 90% of all candles, what cars are completed on the conveyor and 80% of all the parts of the world of spare parts market in the world, made japanese companies NGK and DENSO. The last is a subsidiary of Toyota, and the first to cooperate with utilitars with all the leading car manufacturers. That is why they should believe in the first place, although this does not mean that Bosch or Brisk is worse. They are different. NGK opened the first candlence in 1936, in Europe, found themselves after 1946, and today their candles are put on the Ferrari conveyor, Honda, Bentley, Rolls-Royce. Precious metals The fundamental company is interested in ten years ago and today continues to study the use of generous metals in the ignition candle. The precious machine is fascinating, first of all, a high resource. This is simply explained. Iridium has a melting point of 2454 degrees, platinum 1769, and nickel is only 1453 degrees. The standard temperature of the candle does not exceed 700-900 ° C, and we have already complained about the differences and sharp temperatures. Consequently, the higher the melting point of the metal and the more difficult the circumstances in which this metal melts, the less likely to erosion, then to eat the burnout of the electrodes. If so, then there is an opportunity to make an electrode with a minimum area, and this will give a powerful spark. Thus, the diameter of iridium or platinum electrodes in the Candle of NGK BCPR6EIX-11 and DENSO (DENSO) VQ20 is only 0.5 mm. This microscopic tip is fixed on the electrode with laser welding. It was noted that the smaller the electrode area, the electrostatic field, which is created between the electrodes, is stronger, the more powerful spark, less electricity is necessary for the formation of a spark. In addition, the front of the flame on iridium or platinum candles does not apply to where the electrode has a cone shape and expands to the base. But this is not all the advantages of iridium or platinum candles. To eat such a concept as self-cleaning from Nagara. As a rule, it begins in the temperature limits of 260-300 ° C, and in candles with the use of precious metals, an additional cleansing from a car can be released due to the special groove between the electrode and the insulator. Another same characteristic of the touch, on which you can learn the candles NGK - a V-shaped duct on the central electrode, which contributes to the displacement of the oppression front closer to the working mixture. The filled withdrawals also has a candle of the idiot IK20, but on the side electrode.

Faithful selection of candles by car

Spill or late, but the moment comes when the replacement of the candle is needed, how much of its resource would be. Then the question arises about the selection, as NGK produces a lot of models of iridium or platinum candles. The candle grade is severely determined by the type of motor, or rather, the calil number of ignition. The engine highlighted a certain number of heat and in each specific type of motor it is different. So, the engine with a turbine can unscrew up to 7000 rpm, while it is for a regular VAZ motor 5000 rpm - ceiling. Consequently, the cylinder ignition and the brand of the candle must respond temperature regime inside the combustion chamber. Judging by the reviews, candles NGK BCPR6ES11 have not bad on the VAZ. The resource of these candles was found three times greater than the ordinary candle, but the price is consistently high - near ten dollars apiece. Economically, iridium or platinum candle is equally more profitable than usual not only because of the high resource, but also because of the advantage when the motor is launched on the frost, there is no need to shoot candles to clean them, the clearance in such candles is not regulated, but remains stable.

Detailed video about candlelight NGK

When choosing spark plugs, it is very important to listen to the manufacturer's recommendations of both the engine and candles, and strictly observe the recommendations that relate to the brand, the gap between the electrodes and the moment of tightening the candle.