Engine boost methods. The origin of the horses: how to force the atmospheric motor can it boost the engine
Power tuning is an increase in the power and pickup of the car by improving the engine (increasing the degree of compression and revolutions). A lot of legends walk on the engine forging, constant disputes are being conducted on the forums, but not everyone understands what exactly you want to get from your car, and how much it costs it, because to make the booster even the simplest engine (VAZ-2106, 2108 or "nine" ) It is quite difficult for them, you will have to contact the specialists.
All the improvements of the car units are related to the cost of time and money, and the safety of the owner of the car and others depends on the quality of work performed. Here are a few factors that need to be taken into account, thinking about tuning a motor:
Engine tuning axioms
Almost all gasoline and diesel engines are more or less suitable for forcing.Forsing can lead both a decrease and an increase in the engine of the engine, depending on which operations are made. The resource of any engine directly depends on the vehicle operation mode. If the machine is operated in normal, medium modes on good oil, the engine will serve for a very long time, and if it street Racing., Sorry.
For example, if you take the factory motor and tuning, collected "from scratch" in the specialized center of experienced masters, then under the same operating conditions, the second engine will be twice as much. This means that the resource of the tuning engine is about twice the declared by the manufacturer. The reason for this is that with mass production, there is simply no time to mess around with each engine, extinguishing the share of millimeters in the gaps, picking up pistons by weight. This is especially true for the Russian car industry, where the main task is not to ensure accuracy and reliability, but to "fit" produced products in the so-called "field of tolerances", and the field it turns out, in turn, is quite and quite wide.
After receiving a finalized (especially in the direction of a more dynamic driving), the engine, the car owner unconsciously begins to change the driving style, increasing the load on the engine and other vehicles of the car (the foot is pressed on the gas pedal). Few, and this, in turn, is able to ride calmly on the tuning vehicle, and this is, in turn, reduces the resource of the vehicle nodes.
Fores forced motor
The engine was a forced engine, and consequently, its wear dependes, first of all, on the degree of forsing, load, operating conditions and quality of fuel. The maximum load modes in everyday life are extremely rarely used and, as a rule, short time. Therefore, it can be safely argued that when tuning the engine resource is practically not changed. And, even on the contrary, it may change towards the increase. Engine finishing is, in most cases - individual highly qualified handmade, accurate fit, weighing, balancing of the engine. The most modern tool is used, the experience is constantly accumulated and technology is being studied. Of course, the quality of work in this case is not comparable to the conveyor assembly.
Mechanical boostering engine
Complete power tuning car - expensive pleasure: In addition to working with the engine, the gearbox, brake system, suspension will be required.
So, the question arises by itself: where to start refinement of the engine?
Let's start with torque. It can be "lifted" throughout the engine speed, increasing the engine's working volume (this operation is sometimes called "boring"). Power and torque in the zone of high or low revolutions can be "raised" by replacing the standard camshaft on tuning, with changed characteristics, "horse" or "lower", respectively.
There are many camshafts with changed characteristics. So what method of refinement to choose? As an example, take the standard "VAZ" engine, on the basis of which the tuning.
Forcing a small engine
On the small volume engine (1300cm3-1500cm3), get a good overclocking dynamics without a crazy engine promotion up to 6000-9000 rpm. Just impossible. You can collect, for example, the engine with a volume of 1600 cm3 (knees. Shaft with a course of 74.8 mm, piston 82.4 mm), and the camshaft put the "lower" with a small lifting of the valves, while the "ahead" camshaft gear is 2-4 degrees. In this case, the motor will be good to "pull" with low revs. On the engine of 1700 cm3 (knees. Shaft with 78 mm, piston 82.4mm) You can put camshaft with lifts from 10.93mm and higher. This equipment of the motor is considered the most successful. The engine has a good "moment" in the entire revolutions range and is good "spinning" to 8000 rpm.
Forcing "Medium" engine
The engine with a volume of 1800 cm3 (knees. The shaft with a course of 80mm, the piston is 84 mm) is more suitable for supporters of extreme driving or people who do not feel sorry in the near future, throw out its block of cylinders on the garbage. With such a litter, the torque allows you to "switch" to increased transfers even with small revs.
You can completely calmly install camshaft with a lifting valves from 12 mm.
During idle, certainly will not be stable, but tolerant. On average, you need to install 1000-1100 rpm. The engine is perfectly holding them. But the resource of such an engine, unfortunately, leaves much to be desired. There were cases when the crankshafts with such moves were broken in half.
Very substantial, if not the main, the role in the preparation of the engine is playing the refinement of the head of the cylinder block. Competently modified GBC provides an increase in engine power to 20-30%. (The fuel and air mixture, combustion of the mixture and removal of exhaust gases, are significantly improved.
You can install a zero resistance air filter, a separate exhaust manifold ("Spider" 4-2-1) and a direct-flow exhaust system, which will reduce losses at the inlet and release stages. In general, tuning intake and exhaust system is quite expensive, and the increase in power gives insignificant. But, under the condition of competent modified GBC, the car acquires a noble, "pure" voice.
And if you are just a novice fan street Racingaand on the capital expenditures on the engine tuning is not yet sure what is ready to spend , or is you just not satisfied with the dynamics of the car?
Engine chip tuning
Chip tuning - This is a change in the characteristics of the car engine by changing the calibration of the engine control unit program.
A program (algorithm) of its work is laid in the electronic control control of the injection and ignition. The microprocessor operation program is stored in the ROM (constant storage device) and is the actual data processing program ("Software" or PO) and one, two and three-dimensional tables with data (calibration). Calibrations for different engine operation modes (start, economical, power, idling, transitional) are different and applied depending on the mode in which the engine runs.
The control unit, receiving signals from different sensors, manages the operation of actuators to ensure optimal (according to developers) of the operation of the power unit. The required parameters for managing the actuators are calculated in accordance with the data obtained and the correction coefficients embedded in the ROM. By changing the ROM data (calibration), you can affect the operation of almost any actuator, whose work is managed by the ECU.
To obtain other power characteristics, you can change the installation of the ignition ahead, the magnitude of the injection time, turn off or change the mode of operation of systems controlling the toxicity of exhaust gases. In addition, it is possible to change the speed of idling, the most allowed engine speed and the mass of other parameters.
Increase engine power by additives
There is a simpler and economical version of the car engine tuning - "Restoring power tuning". The essence lies in the processing of the engine and the transmission nodes modifiers of friction "Edial". Our drugs allow you to increase the power and pickup engine and the transmission nodes. The result you will feel necessarily, especially if the car is already with a large mileage and the "glory" of the iron friend decreased noticeably. It disappears the need for many labor-intensive operations, which is significantly reflected in price. Such a power tuning is available to any car owner and it can be done on its own. You will not receive additional tens of horses under the hood, but a 3-5% increase in power is quite achievable.
The principle of action of the friction modifier edinal for the engine is well known: due to the special properties of the composition, the worn surfaces of the friction pairs are restored to the optimal dimensions, with such accuracy of the surface correspondence, it is impossible to achieve mechanical processing. The new working layer obtained by treatment is resistant to corrosion and has a low friction coefficient.
The use of the drug allows you to eliminate the wear of the engine, clean it from Nagara. And due to the properties of the resulting layer on surfaces of friction pairs, the engine power is significantly increased. This previously spent power to overcome friction goes to useful. An additional advantage of this drug is the protection of the engine when working at elevated revolutions, which is a positive effect on its durability.
Of course, this is not enough to become a mattable street rider, but getting pleasure from the increased dynamics of overclocking and increasing the threshold of maximum speed is guaranteed to be almost for all users of Edial auto chemicals. In addition, the use of the drug does not require additional investments in the "Advanced" of the suspension and the brake system. For real street racing fans, the use of protective-reducing drugs is not enough. But for a fan of a safe dynamic driving is what is needed.
Getting pleasure from the increased overclocking dynamics and increase the threshold of maximum speed is guaranteed for all users of the edium friction modifier. Especially noticeable changes in the processing of small engines, because They work at the limit of their powerful opportunities and the change in the dynamics of the engine is well felt well.
Effect of fuel on engine power
It is important to apply high-quality fuel to ensure its combustion in the chamber. For this purpose, the racers are used sports gasoline with a high octane number (more than 100 units). Mostly, such gasoline is obtained from the usual with the addition of alcohol additives, when combustion of which the combustion chamber rather quickly "overcomes" by Nagar.
There is a pretty good alternative - the use of active flushing of the fuel system EDIAL for a gasoline engine. The use of this additive provides additional engine power (from 3 to 5%). This is achieved by the increased completeness of the combustion of gasoline and changing the combustion mode of the fuel mixture. Those hydrocarbons that used to be thrown into the atmosphere before the engine or survived the catalyst, burned in the engine cylinders, giving it additional power and fuel savings. This fuel combustion process also provides cleanliness of combustion chambers, nozzles, valves and the entire graduation path.
Most car owners love speed. But not all cars are able to satisfy such a desire. As a rule, the reason for only one is a lack of power. Engine boost - a good way to eliminate it. Then the iron horse is able to turn into a purebred race, which will show the most enviable results. In addition, comfort will noticeably increase, as well as driving pleasure will be increased several times.
Engine boosting can be carried out in two ways: "brain firmware", as well as "surgical intervention". The first was called chip tuning. Here the engine settings simply change. The fact is that the manufacturer picks up a "golden middle", which allows you to develop average characteristics with all the revolutions and engine loads. Engine boost allows you to shift the maximum performance indicators closer to high speed. Thus, if earlier, for example, the maximum torque developed at 3000 revolutions, then after flashing it will be developed, for example, about 5000. This is done in order to increase the dynamics of overclocking, as well as the maximum speed.
But it should be remembered, the engine will lead to a serious power loss of "on the nizakh", although if such events are held, then, most likely, the operation is not planned at low revs.
The second way implies the boring of cylinders to a larger volume, a decrease in the combustion chamber, the installation of lightweight parts, refinement of collectors, power systems and lubrication. Consider all this separately.
Forcing the VAZ engine stands with this and start, as they all have a rather small working volume. An increase in volume can be obtained by installing with a large knee, which will lead to the loss of revolutions. An increase in the piston diameter either cannot be infinite because the block is completely cast from the cast iron. In addition, the honing of the walls can be carried out only on a certain thickness, after removing this layer, the use of cylinders will be impossible.
The installation of lightweight parts has a positive effect on the engine pickup, because their rotation and movement goes less energy. In addition, the installation of lighter parts of the valve mechanism reduces the speed of its reaction to the gas distribution phase, which is useful for ventilation and power system. The final can be reflected for collectors, because it is gases in fulfill all the work. Another air filter is also installed on the engine.
But, like all the improvements, there are its cons. For example, forcing leads to a serious reduction in its work resource. It is logical, because the big energy that is transmitted to the wheels is lacking more which is the heart of the car. In addition, it is worth thinking about the clutch, since it is not designed for high engine performance, and with proper forcing they can almost double them.
In the preparation of the material used photographic materials from Internet resources injector-VAZ, SVR Conversions, Team-RS, engines-VAZ.RU, Motoperom, CartiNing, OKB "Dynamics" and many others.
Some materials may be duplicated with the main content of the site. This is a very popular article. She, with bills (but, mainly without), stolen and placed on the good dozen "tuning" sites and in the automotive press of the state Ukraine. (I'm even somewhat flattered by stealing so much - it means that there is something. In this regard, I authorize free reprint without reference to the original source for all representatives of sexual minorities of passive tiPA).
You judge the quality of the "services" of such "tuningators" who themselves two words cannot associate that they offer people for considerable money. People, be alert! :
Digital digits of roller stand.
How many horses can be squeezed from 8 -kl. Serial motor 21083. Tests on the roller stand of the car VAZ 2108 - 17 .10 .2002 conducted with the participation of UNCLE SAM.
Initial data.
VAZ 2108
- Engine 1, 6, camshaft and GBC cross
- Sports receiver, 52 mm DZ, zero-resistance filter, free release
- Without flow meter, additional corrections for atmospheric pressure and pace. air.
- Oxygen sensor. DPKV - on the flywheel. Rollover limiter - 8500
- Standard KPP
What happened (data on the VSh from the rollers).
The maximum power of 126 hp at 7400 o and speed of 206 km / h. Naturally excluding CX, because There are no winds on the rollers :).
Standard Engine 212
Increased working volume
The most common option for increasing the working volume up to 1600 cubic meters. cm is an increase in the piston stroke to 74, 8 mm (standard - 71 mm) by replacing the crankshaft and pistons. There are several options here.
a) "Forged" pistons common sizes 82, 0, 82, 4, 82, 5 84, 0 mm of various classes. "Forged" pistons are both ordinary form and T-shaped. The latter is much easier by mass.
b) Standard pistons that have passed a special mechanical refinement.
c) the use of pistons 21213 with mechanical improvement and replacement of connecting rods under the "floating" piston finger.
In addition to the most common crankshaft with a piston of 74, 8 mm, there are still kV with a piston stroke 75, 6 (serial from 1, 6) 78, 79, 80, and even 84 mm. When using these crankshafts, you can get volumes from 1580 to 1862 cubic meters. cm, and almost all configurations can be fitted in the standard height unit. At the same time, naturally, the "grinding" of the engine suffers due to the non-neoprimal R / s.
The crankshafts themselves are produced in three "weight categories" - light, medium and heavy, from different blanks - 2112, 11183, etc.
In serial vehicles VAZ volume 1, 6 liters. Applied crankshaft 75, 6, 1, 5 liters. - 71 mm.
Owners 16th. engines (for which money does not matter can avoid this hemorrhoids and purchase the engine VAZ 21128.volume 1, 8 liters (100 hp, 160 nm) or volume 2, 0 liter and 118 hp
In Engine 21128, the mass of the crank-connecting mechanism is reduced by 190 grams., "High" block (above 1, 9 mm), original crankshaft, rods 129 mm long, lightweight pistons. According to the manufacturers, this modification does not bend the valve when the timing belt is cut.
For 8 V On the same ODP, a new engine 21084 is available in volume 1, 6 liters. 21084 is available on the ODP only in the carburethetor.
| Specifications | 21203 | 21128 | 21084 |
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 82 | 82 ,5 | 82 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 94 | 74 ,8 | |
| Working volume, cm³ | 1980 | 1580 | |
| Compression ratio | 10 ,6 | 10 | |
| Rated power, kW / ob. Min | 80 /5400 | 60 /5600 | |
| Nominal cr. Moment N * m, with rpm | 182 /3200 | 160 /? | 124 /3600 |
| Number of cylinders | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Valve drive | Hydraulician | Hydraulician | |
| Clutch / diameter mm | 21203 /215 | ||
| Schitun Length, mm | – | 129 | |
| Octane number of gasoline | Ai. 95 | Ai. 95 | Ai. 91 |
| KPP | 21203 , 2123 |
Elements of forced engine
Throttle valve
The throttle nozzle of the regular injection system has a diameter of 46 mm. To improve the filling of cylinders of the air - fuel charge, it makes sense to increase the damper diameter. There are most often 3 "tuning" size - 52, 54 and 55 mm. When self-improvement of the DZ body, keep in mind that a further increase in diameter increases sharply the chance to spoil the nozzle (very thin wall is easily destroyed) and consider the fact that the flap itself has a somewhat unusual form, just apparent. When installing the DZ, it is necessary to install the heat gap between the damper and the body of the nozzle, to eliminate the showering of the flaps (especially with the murderer temperatures) and provide a small air supply even with a throttle position of 0%.
IMHO, this feature makes sense only on the forced DVS and that, only in the "full hole" mode. The effect of "supelness", obtained from the use of such a damper - subjective and nothing but a large supply of air at a small opening of the DZ (similarly, if you are just stronger and grind to gas). Disadvantage - degree on very small chokes. The problem is solved simply - it is necessary to ensure a smoother and proportional discovery of DZ. This is solved by a small "tuning" cam drive DZ (from Dodgev-103) The use of this profile removes all minuses of control at low angles of DZ. True, the first pseudo disappears. Another negative factor is the quality of manufacturing "Togliatti" DP from the bazaars leaves much to be desired.
Air filter
As you have already noticed, almost all tuning innovations are connected with air and its passage along the way to the cylinders of your engine. It is important to ensure its unobstructed passage and a rather important element on its path is an air filter. The quality of the full-time filters of the domestic market is Sttit fakes and leaves much to be desired, so it is worth weighing your attitude to the car and decide whether to take a pretty expensive sports filter for him. The cheapest today is a JR filter (about 40 cu). K & N is often used by K & N. Do not forget that the resource of the signature sports filter with proper operation (that is, after every 5 -10 tkm using only branded materials) about 100,000 km.
Inlet receivers
An important intake configuration element. The volume greater than that of the standard, the volume allows, with proper design and configuration, smoothed air pulsations, in addition, in such a configuration, the length of the intake path is shorter, which allows you to get an additional moment on medium and high revs. To get a high moment on low revs, intake channels, on the contrary, should be longer. It would be optimal to change the length of the inlet channels depending on the revolutions. For example, up to 2700 - 3000 rpm. The long inlet path works, after - short. This decision was implemented on many foreign cars, the VAZ also developed an engine 11193 engine with a variable inlentic reservoir and phases of the GD, in 1998. On tuning medium-affiliated motors, the receivers of increased volume are installed.
Intake and final channels Must be carefully processed - the diameter (on the inlet, not designed to increase the release diameter, can be achieved at some opposite effect), all irregularities, influx, joints are removed - everything that is capable of slowing down the flow movement. Channels must be carefully stuck.
Some offices offer polishing - it is technically illiterate. By the way, not all "inconsistencies" in the GBC should be cut, some of them perform a rather important role, creating a backpressure or braking of the flow in the right place.
Valve It is advisable to use a larger diameter and / or lightweight. When promoting the engine Over 7000 rpm It is recommended to use more rigid valve springs or Schrick sports springs and modified (lightweight titanium) valve plates. 8 -kl. The engine is excellent "implanted" valves from BMW with a rod diameter of 7 mm. Also, inexpensive (on tuning standards) you can buy the shrick valve or make light titanium valves with a protective coating according to your drawing (for December 2003. The cost of one such valve is 21 USD)
If the use of standard valves is assumed - they must be most easily facilitated and fit. On the VAZ conveyor, there is no operation of ticking the valves, the chamfer on the valves and saddles is designed for "SPEA" during run-in.
Camshafts for tuning and sports Different with lifting and phase characteristic. The range of operating speed in which the camshaft gives the effect of increasing the filling of the engine is determined by the width of the valve opening phases and the wave (frequency) parameters of its gas tract, i.e. geometric parameters of intake and release systems. But the magnitude of this effect will be determined by the maximum lift, the "time section" of the opening of the valves and the parameters of their overlap, provided that the resistance of the gas path is adequately reduced. It is important to determine what purpose the engine is boosted and, based on this, choose a camshaft.
Currently, the range of the proposed camshafts is constantly expanding. The listing of alone "brands" is impressive - "Master", "STI", "Torgmash", "Dynamics", "Bragin", "Neddinskiy", "Stolnikovsky" ...
Exemplary phase characteristic of timing transactions when using tuning camshafts
Principle of increasing valve lifting with a standard camshaft
When the camshaft is replaced, it is extremely desirable (and in most cases it is necessary) the use of the so-called "split gear", because It is necessary to very accurately adjust the phase characteristics of the path, "catch its resonance". The device of such a gear is extremely simple - the possibility of smooth shift gear relative to the center, followed by fixation in the selected position. There are also "split" crankshaft pulleys.
For 8 -kl. VAZ engines produced quite wide range of shafts, for every taste. The most promising for the "urban battles" p / shafts with 49 -th 55th shafts, for racing - №62, then trees are purely sports, for rally and annular racing.
Undoubted interest is a new direction of the OKB Dynamics - P / shafts with nonplanim pushers - RX line RX for engine 21083. This technical solution allows you to implement a very large rise of the valves with a high opening / closing of the valve and a rather narrow phase characteristic. OKB "Dynamics" has a patent for this Timing profile, although such a technical solution is met on quite old innovers. OKB "Dynamics" produces 6 modifications RX: RX1 -RX3 for "household" engines and RX4 -RX6 for motor racing.
For 16 White Motor Modifications A total of three pairs of tuning shafts 38/34/44/38 and 50/4 (in the recent past, a rather successful pair 52/48 was produced, which was in the "household" line of the most extreme.), With a height Lifting to 9, 6 mm (serial 7, 6), the rest are clean. When installing shafts, it should be borne in mind that in the new (2003) of the CCC, they may touch the tides, and the higher the rise, the greater the likelihood. Therefore, it is necessary to check the "scrolling" of the shaft, and if necessary modify the GBC. .
Information on the topic:
one . Tuning and sports camshafts 16 V
2. Tuning and sports camshafts "STI"
3. Tuning and sports shafts OKB "Engine"
four . Tuning and sports shafts NPF "Master Motor"
four . Tuning and sports shafts "Dynamics"
five . A little about the quality of the "STI shaft"
Adjustment of the split gear (Vernier pulley).
Information from http://team-rs.ru
one . Mark both fixed and moving parts, standard label, according to the standard gear.
2. Install on the shaft, put on the belt and combine all tags (crankshaft, camshaft)
3. To control the intake and exhaust valve of the 4-cylinder: when combined labels should be overlap (the same input and exhaust valve). If there are no floors (i.e. one is open more than another), weaken the gear screws and turn the shaft relative to the outer part of the gear). To find the overlap - to put tags on the gear (as in paragraph 1). In this position, the shaft is at the point of overlapping and are accurately combined with crankshaft and camshaft. This conditional "0", from which adjustment is underway depending on the goals set.
If RV passes the label before the KV is a "advance", if later - "delay".
Fuel supply.
Fuel pressure control. I hope you do not need to clarify how it is important to maintain a constant fuel pressure in the ramp. And, if, with the usual urban riding a regular fuel pressure regulator, it is enough, a situation occurs in high revs when constantly open nozzles lead with a general pressure reduction in the ramp. As a result, a decrease in fuel feed, poor spray, failure in the calculations, etc. Therefore, when forceing the engine, it makes sense to increase the pressure on 0, 5 - 1 atm., Depending on the degree of engine forcing. Naturally, it is necessary to adjust the injection program to ensure the correct mixture composition. In the last "transitional" models and new engines of the VAZ volume of 1, 6 liters, a flavory system is applied, the RDT is in the tank assembly with the fuel pump and operates with a higher pressure of 3, 8 atm.
Injectors. When forceing the motor, the situation may well have the situation when performance (the amount of fuel transmitted) may simply not be enough. In this case, it will be necessary to replace nozzles to a more productive or setting the second row of nozzles. The second option is quite complicated and time consuming, although it is possible even on the standard block "January 5.1", therefore it is easier to install more productive nozzles, with a capacity from +15% to +50% (public nozzles from car gas is undesirable to apply Because they have one plus - great performance, all the rest are cons, and the most fat - the speed and nonlinear Har-ka at the beginning of the range, where the vase xx.) Characteristics of injectors
Firmware
Without a doubt that in order to get the maximum effect of engine convection, the corresponding adjustment of almost all injection calibrations is needed. Moreover, it is definitely necessary to fine-tapping calibrations on a particular car, as a result of which the firmware is obtained for a specific "iron", its configuration, driver and its car control style. The final adjustment of the engine and firmware is one phrase - the control of the air, the engine must remove the maximum possible amount of air without interference, the firmware must be configured to optimal fuel supply and the installation of the ignition angles in all modes of the engine. With the advent of serial versions of the firmware January 5 of the engineering block J5 ON-LINE TUNER , (And later and the J7 on-line TUNER) allowing on the go, in real time to remove calibrations this process becomes less than here. Previously, there were such systems only under the tuning and sports blocks "Corvette" firm ABIT. (St. Petersburg). In the process of setting the tuner problem, ensure the correct composition of the mixture - to 12, 6: 1 in power mode and 15, 5 -16, 5 in economical.
It would seem that it would seem simple, but in fact it is a thin and painstaking work - the composition of the mixture should be optimal in the entire range of engine revolutions. In addition, there are power enrichment modes, transient modes, etc. ... had to roll out a lot of hours with an engineering unit, constantly controlling the composition of the mixture. With a gas analyzer (ha), due to its large inertia, it is possible, but it is quite inconvenient to work. A large breakthrough is an application when configuring alfometrics - InnovateMotorsports broadband DC controllers (USA).
The exhaust system.
As a rule, the tuning cars install "spiders" 4 -2 -1 well-working in a rather wide range of revolutions. 4 -1 systems did not fit in civil tuning due to a very narrow range of efficient work. The principle of operation of such a release is based on the creation of discharge in front of the non-open outlet valve, which contributes to the best purge of the cylinder.
We have the most common "tuning" is the installation of the "sports" muffler. The most common (and naturally, the cheapest) is NEX products (IMHO - complete sucks) and Powerfull, less often meet Remus, Asso, sebing ... Clear from such a silencer can only be in a complex with a direct-flow "spider", branded main and an additional silencer with pipes of increased diameter (at least 55 mm for engine 1, 6 and higher). Otherwise - only deeply pathetic sound. Moreover, Powerfull produces the least "noisy" models, ASSO is the most aggressive and loud. PRO-SPORT. Offers "Banks" with the ability to adjust the "volume" +/- 10 dB using a removable liner. Well, a special interest causes a silencer Pro-Sport with an electric (out of the cabin) Volume control, from the standard to the "Super-Sport" (difference 30 dB). The sound of the exhaust is a matter of taste, I personally like the quiet "roar" is a large pot of Powerfull (center) and two-pipe (DTM) Remus. However, the price of the first 75 -80 USD, the second - more than 300 ..
Rows of the checkpoint, the main couple
The selection of the checkpoint and GP depends on the goals and engine capabilities. The table lists the main popular rows of budgetary serria.
| Row / Transfer | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Standard | 3 ,636 | 1 ,950 | 1 ,357 | 0 ,941 | 0 ,784 | |
| 21083 –05 | 2 ,923 | 1 ,810 | 1 ,276 | 1 ,030 | 0 ,880 | |
| 21083 –06 | 2 ,923 | 1 ,810 | 1 ,276 | 1 ,063 | 0 ,941 | 0 ,784 |
| 21083 –07 | 2 ,923 | 2 ,053 | 1 ,555 | 1 ,310 | 1 ,129 | |
| 21083 –08 | 3 ,416 | 2 ,105 | 1 ,357 | 0 ,969 | 0 ,784 | |
| 21083 –11 | 3 ,636 | 2 ,222 | 1 ,538 | 1 ,167 | 0 ,941 | 0 ,784 |
| 21083 –12 | 3 ,250 | 1 ,950 | 1 ,357 | 1 ,030 | 0 ,784 | |
| 21083 –18 | 3 ,170 | 2 ,105 | 1 ,480 | 1 ,129 | 0 ,886 | 0 ,784 |
On vehicles 2108 -09 -99 -15 serially installed GP with a gear ratio of 3, 9, to the "tenth" family - 3, 7. By installing on the car GP with a large gear ratio, it is possible to noticeably increase the dynamics on the bottoms, losing, though at the same time at maximum speed. As a rule, there are already ready-made "commercial" Rows of the CAT, with which the use of standard GP 3, 7 is possible; 3, 9; 4, 1, tuning GP - 3, 5; 4, 3; 4, 5; 4, 7; 4, 9 and 5, 1. The most important parameter when calculating the transmission is the overall gear ratio (GPP + GP) on each transmission.
A good example of an illiterate approach to the transmission calculation is the standard PPC of the front-wheel drive VAZ. As a result of inconsistency in turnover by 1 and 2nd gear, the latter experiences strong overload when switching, which displays it before others. When installing a series in the cars of 10 -to families, it is desirable to use 083 secondary shaft.
Transmission numbers and high-speed characteristics of different embodiments of "crossing" rows of gearboxes and GP can be calculated
Differential lock.
Differential blocking (elevated friction differential, self-locking differential). Unlike the standard differential, "blocking" allows you to redistribute torque from the unloaded wheels to a more loaded or from the wheel with a smaller coefficient of friction on a wheel with a good clutch with an expensive.
"Locks" are screw and disk. Screw - Quaife applied on civilian cars - do not require special maintenance and are often manufactured in "civil" versions (a low degree of blocking), convenient for the daily operation of the car. Such blocking increases the permeability and stability in turns, however, a certain skill is needed - the control of the car with blocking is different from the car with a standard differential.
On sports cars, disk type differentials are used capable of transmitting almost the entire moment on the loaded wheel. Such blockages are used mainly in motor racing.
Brake system
Tuning a car is generally more logical from the brake system, namely, from the front brakes, it is for them the main load during braking. It should not be forgotten that the intervention in the standard brake system is prohibited by traffic rules.
The automobiles of VAZ are possible installation of front ventilated discs with a diameter of 14, 15, 16 inches. It is better not to save on it and acquire branded discs and brake pads. Rear disc brakes - expensive pleasure, however, the effectiveness of braking becomes much higher.
Whatever the numerous staff of tuning firms that want to earn all the money immediately rear disc brakes can be made from the front "eighth" disks and calipers from Oak (VAZ-2108, VW) and a hydraulic or mechanical parking brake. Make and install such brakes simple enough.
It should be kept in mind that interference in the brake system is a serious solution that affects your safety prohibited by traffic rules. In my opinion, if the braking efficiency does not suit in any way, the most optimal use in front is branded ventilated perforated brake discs, rear - brake drums of increased diameter (from classic). Such those. The solution was applied to the VAZ 21106. Naturally the use of high-quality brake pads.
Suspension
Adjust the suspension to certain conditions correctly - the task is important and complex. Options for "universal" suspension simply does not exist. Winning in one always lose in the other. At the forced car, the suspension must be configured quite rigidly and as low as possible. The replacement or configuration is subject to shock absorbers, springs - sports or trimmed standard, or low-profiled springs with progressive characteristics, strut supports are replaced with a ball joint ("SC") or SS20 tuning supports. It should also be increased body rigidity using a special spacer. Suspension setting is a very complex and painstaking lesson.
Nitro Oxide System
This method of engine forsing is used for short distances racing and despite the huge amount of unrealing rumors does not represent anything new, revolutionary and supernatural. To force the engines for short races, where short powerful accelerations are required, a crude technical rush of nitrogen is used. The effect is achieved due to an increase in the combustion chamber of the amount of free oxygen, which can effectively ox the greater fuel.
To ensure maximum return of the engine, it is necessary to accurately observe the fuel / oxidizing agent ratio. In internal combustion engines, oxygen contained in the air is used as an oxidizing agent, which is approximately 20%. The amount of fuel supplied to the cylinder directly depends on the amount of air consumed. Excessive enrichment leads to the opposite result - the rich mixture is slowly and poorly burns due to the lack of an oxidizing agent. Ozhotock is approaching 35 -36% oxygen, therefore, by 15%, you can increase the fuel feed without reducing the efficiency of the combustion process.
It should be borne in mind that at the same time the engine temperature is sharply increased and the injection of zaksi is more than 15 -20 sec. Without the use of additional cooling tools are destroying for the engine. Currently, there are two types of injection "Nitros": the usual, when only zaksi is submitted in the intake manifold and the second when an additional feed is carried out by the finished fuel mixture. The second system is much more complicated and more efficient. In carburetor systems, the installation requires the installation of an additional fuel supply system, injector systems are recalled and may require installation of fuel injectivity with greater performance.
For those who are interested - you can read more detail here: http://larkon-auto.ru/tuning/motor/nitrus.htm
Fores for Forced Motors
The engine wear depends primarily on the degree of forsing, load, operating conditions and quality of fuel. The maximum load modes in everyday life are extremely rarely used and, as a rule, short time. Therefore, it can be safely argued that with the "civil" tuning, the engine resource is practically not changed. And, even on the contrary, it may change towards the increase. Engine finishing is, in most cases - individual highly qualified handmade, accurate fit, weighing, balancing of the engine. The most modern tool is used, the experience is constantly accumulated and technology is being studied. Of course, the quality of work in this case is incomparable with the conveyor assembly.
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http://tuningplus.narod.ru/articles/tun_pract/theory_paractics.htm.
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Engine boosting implies a set of measures to improve the indicators of the standard configuration of the power plant. Under the indicators mainly implies power, since it mainly is responsible for the accelerated dynamics of the car. Thus, the user, for a relatively low price, can achieve from a regular sports characteristics.
Force the engine, it is eliminated by energy losses that occur inside the motor leaving for friction and operation of additional equipment. To put this energy to increase the efficiency of the power plant, and increase its power as a whole. Forcing allows you to take advantage of all the capabilities of the motor incorporated at the design stage.
To increase the power of the unit, various methods use: change the standard parts of the motor to the improved; re-flashing electronic control unit; Foreign nodes and much more.
Refinement of the power plant
To begin with, it is worth noting that almost any engine is regardless of the type of fuel on which it works can be forced. If you go through the factory motor and take into account all the subtleties and nuances missing during the conveyor assembly, you can get an increase in power in the amount of 10-20%. The fact is that the mass assembly does not use individual setting and fit under each unit. The task of the conveyor is that the motor would hit the set of tolerances and landings.
In case of individual assembly, even the smallest errors are taken into account, to achieve maximum indicators when entering the injection of the engine. In addition, the parts and nodes are changed to more durable, capable of carrying out serious loads.
The minus method is a significant price and the need to replace other vendors of the car (brake system, gearbox, etc.).
Basic methods for force installation
Improving motor indicators due to the forcing is gaining increasing popularity. There are a number of firms conducted by the adjustment and upgrades of the aggregates immediately, after their exit from the plant conveyor. FROSING DVS, as a rule, due to some changes in its design, they can be attributed to them:
Changes in the head of the cylinder block
The refinement of the cylinder head plays one of the most important roles in modernization. Properly conducted work is capable of adding 20% \u200b\u200binstallation power. The forced engine not only demonstrates improved characteristics, as well as has an increased resource due to the larger filling of cylinders with a mixture, proper and full combustion of fuel, and removal of combustion products.
Since the combustion chamber is a place in which the main workflows of the power plant flow are, it is for its improvement a major work. From the combustion chamber, such processes as mixture formation, purge, ignition, burning are directly dependent. To improve them, the chamber is polished, increase intake and outlet channels, passage cross sections of the cylinder head, improve valve, collectors, etc.
Replacing the camshaft
A positive point in the application of such upgrades is the lack of need to change the operation of the installation. Such a constructive solution allows you to shift the power range relative to the operating conditions of the unit. Thus, on certain modes of operation of the motor, the phases of gas distribution will be changed, and the engine will receive power growth.
However, there are disadvantages, for example, on low rollers will be raised, whereas when high, the speaker will fall
Increased power plant
This forsing method is the easiest and most popular. For its implementation, you can resort to several actions: increase the diameter of the cylinders, or install a crankshaft having a greater move.
Increase the degree of compression
The method allows to significantly increase the efficiency of the power plant. The compression ratio directly depends on the delay in the closing of the inlet valve, as well as on the angle of opening the throttle valve. The process is achieved by installing a special camshaft, which allows to affect the gas distribution phases, expanding them.
The method ensures the increase in the power of the unit in the entire range of revolutions. In addition, it requires the use of another grade of fuel, with an enlarged indicator of the octane number.
Increasing the filling of cylinders
The principle of the method: reduce the aerodynamic resistance in the intake and exhaust system, in the channels of the head of the cylinder block. To increase the coefficient of filling cylinders, work is performed on the full replacement of the intake and release or modification.
In addition, the separate exhaust manifold is installed in parallel, the direct-flow exhaust system and the zero resistance air filter. As an example, a VAZ 2108 with a coefficient of 0.75 after refinement has a coefficient of 1.0 and higher.
The disadvantage of the method is its significant cost in relation to the increase in the power obtained at the output.
Reducing mechanical loss
The mechanical losses during the operation of the power plant include: friction losses, pumping losses, losses on the drive mechanisms of the motor.
The strongest friction occurs in the internal combustion engine cylinders. To reduce the power of one of the ways is the installation of pistons with a smaller skirt area. In addition, reduce the piston stroke, cavity the pistons and parts of the crystal connecting mechanism by weight, produce balancing. Pumping losses include power losses on air absorption.
At this point, all the systems of the unit work to overcome aerodynamic resistance. Having reducing it, you can get additional power savings.
Drives of the gas distribution mechanism, generator, pumps, etc. also require energy. Ideally, when forceing the power plant, it is all necessary to balance in order to reduce and uniform power distribution. Sometimes it is enough to use a change in the transfer ratio.
The installation of dry crankcase also has a positive effect on power saving. When the vehicle is moved, in the usual crankcase there is an oscillation of excess oil, which, falling on the crankshaft and other mechanisms, cause their imbalance. As a result, power losses on confronting it. Dry Carter minimizes these losses.
Motor tuning is a whole science, the thorny way of comprehension of which is associated with a variety of trials and errors. Place all many solutions in one article, as well as information that allows you to improve any engine is impossible. But to give a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat engine boost is, and what methods should be used to improve the dynamic characteristics of the car - quite feasible.
Defining forcing
Forcing (from English "Force" - force) DVS is an improvement in the power indicators characterized by torque and maximum power.
Conditionally, such an improvement is divided into work in two directions:
- modification of electronic settings, corrective time, the duration of the injection, the "survey" degree of sensor equipment and the nature of the executive devices;
- mechanical refinement of nodes and units affecting the work of the engine. This is a whole range of works on the modernization of the cylindrophneum group, CBC, intake and graduation systems. Further in the article, we will look at these components in more detail.
How starts and how the engine improvement is completed
The easiest way to improve the dynamics of the car is chip tuning. It is necessary to immediately specify that the effectiveness of this method depends on the computing power of the electronic motor control unit (hereinafter the ECU) and the type of software.
It is the ECU that controls the ignition and the moment of injection. The management program is recorded in the ROM (constant recorder) of the control unit. The engine control method depends on calibrations, which are written for all modes of the motor operation (idle, maximum load mode, etc.). It is a change in calibration that allows you to get an increase in power. Sometimes this indicator reaches 20%. You can achieve this even without loss of resource. This is explained by the fact that the factory register of the motor is largely compromise. Often even unnecessary due to environmental norms or marketing prerequisites.
How to improve "iron"
- motor details;
- inlet system;
- graduation system;
- fuel mixture preparation systems.
Let us dwell on all points in order.
Refinement "Heart"
In the circle of tuners, disputes on the correct sequence of work still do not fade. Therefore, we will simply give the transfer of possible methods of engine forcing:
- the refinement of the GBC, which can include increasing the cross section of intake and outlet channels, which will allow the motor to better breathe, replace the saddle, the installation of large valves, the stratification of the cylinder thickness, leading to an increase in the degree of compression;
- the engine block can be crushed to the desired repair size, which will increase the engine volume. In the case of gilped blocks, it is possible to install a sleeve with an increased inner diameter. This entails the installation of large pistons, as well as other rings;
- installation of camshafts that change the gas formation process in the combustion chamber. The change occurs due to the selection of cam shape, which affects the valve lifting value and the degree of overlapping. Depending on the setting, the camshafts can be lower (the machine is well accelerated from low revolutions), the rigging ("in full breasts" breathes only on high revs), as well as with averaged value. For example, the motor will issue a good moment on the "Nizakh", a good in the middle range of revolutions, but to plump on the "vertices";
- replacing the crankshaft on the product with a large radius of crank. The magnitude is worth picking up the length of the connecting rod. Foreign literature calls this ratio "R / S". A properly selected ratio can make the "Hind" motor or lower;
- installation of lightweight components of the CPG, flywheel. This solution allows the motor easier to gain momentum. For relief uses forged connecting rods and pistons. For highly "evil" motors, this is vital yet because the material used allows you to transfer large mechanical and thermal loads.
Inlet and edition
To increase the number of incoming air recommended:
- install, implementing cold air intake;
- pick up the optimal cross-section of the inlet system; Possible installation of an equestal intake manifold.
A separate clause during the forcing is the installation or a turbocomers. Each of the solutions has its advantages and disadvantages.
The finalization of the exhaust system begins with the installation of collectors called "spiders". The shape and length of the issue must be selected individually. The system section of the exhaust system should be increased. Mandatory to remove catalysts, soot filters.
Ignition
Forcing the old engines on which the ignition contact system is used, necessarily requires the refinement of sparking sites. The reason for this is that the spark in such systems is weak, and in high revs are not stable at all.
By solving this problem - in. Another better indicators can be achieved with a microprocessor sparking management system.
Fuel supply
It is logical that the increase in the number of incoming air leads to the possibility of filing a greater portion of fuel. This can be achieved by installing jets with a greater bandwidth, large nozzles in the case of injectionboxes, as well as a fuel pump of greater performance.
Final setting
If you have improved the "iron", it does not mean that you have conducted a competent engine forcing. Each change in the configuration requires setting and the corresponding firmware of the ECU. Best if the motor setting will be carried out online during the movement. Only in this case, you can get a really good result.
