Automotive design history and development. Car Design: Features, History and Interesting Facts

At the dawn, the emergence of automotive did not exist rules and restrictions on the safety of passengers and others. And many details for machines were created by masters manually. Number of cars which were produced it was much smallerthan in our time. Main material For the manufacture of cars was metal. All these factors strongly influenced the variety of car design of the past and their extraordinary appearance.

Until the mid-20s of the twentieth century in car design Forms of equestrian crews were guessed. Machines that were produced with the mid-20s to the mid-30s were performed in the Art Deco style. Car design echoed with the main associations about the car - dynamics, power and speed.

DUESENBERG MODEL J 1933

Streamline Moderne has come to the shift Art Deco. It was characterized by streamlined forms imposed on the impressive sizes of the car.

1939 Lincoln Zephyr Fastback

In the 50s, metaphorical forms of the body were characteristic of cars. They reminded the beginning of the cosmic era of humanity. In the lines of cars guessed elements of the design of aircraft and rockets.

Ford Thunderbird 1965.

In the mid-70s luxury and neoclassical style. The characteristic representative of this style is the four-door sedan of American production Marquis Brougham 1973.

By the end of the twentieth century, the engine design was changed, which resulted in a change in the appearance of the machine. Eighties Can be considered a revolution in the appearance of cars. Square forms came to replace more rounded. The laws of aerodynamics come to the fore when creating design. Cropling allowed to significantly reduce gasoline consumption, which was especially relevant (at the end of the seventies the world covered the second wave of gasoline crisis).

Ford Sierra 1982 and Audi 100 C3

Characteristic representatives of the new style are Ford Sierra 1982 and AUDI 100 C3. In the 90s, the basis of the design of the car remained the rounded shapes obtained in the 80s that became even thinner and smooth. This result was achieved through the use of computer design technologies, which in this period become massive.

In 1997, Ford Ka came out. In his design for the first time, the geometric style "New Edge" was used. This car was a new pioneer - "geometric" or "computer" body shape. By the end of the 1990s, the maximum roundness (biodiesign style) is replaced by a combination of rounded and faceted elements.

Ford KA 1997.

Thanks to the globalization of the automotive industry, the flaps, massive radiator grilles, pontoon blows have been deployed. The rationalism has entered into force, which stimulated the search for new, more convenient forms. Today, the car design is characterized by a safety tight, concern for ecology, as well as the influence of computer technology.

Klona specializes in. If you have in the field of automotive industry - contact us.

Today, after all evolution and adoption of safety laws, the design of the car leaves not a lot of maneuvers for change. There are certain branded featureswho are associated with the national origin of brands. French style light, little frivolous, german - discreet and proportional, Korean - bright with alive twisted lines. A mansion is postclaxic like mini or Fiat 500.

Creating a machine design: the ratio of reasonable with the possible

In the external car design, the mains are proportions. Incorrect approach is too long front or back of the machine. Wheels should be proportional to the general size and stand out visually, as the entire volume relies on them. It works not only from a technical point of view, but also with psychological. The more impressive support - the more confidence in it.

The complexity in creating an industrial design of a car for mass production is that models must correspond to the specified dimensions, engine size, wheels, the volume of free space in the cabin. There are many restrictions, any big change can lead to a car transition to another price segment. Another significant aspect that stands on the way in innovation - legislative restrictions. The height of the roof, the size of headlights and mirrors - the parameters that are due to the laws and safety requirements. Designers can not change them.

If we talk about compact mass cars, then when creating and producing a product, the main thing is the greatest savings when receiving maximum profits. First of all, it concerns the strict requirements for the engine and aerodynamics, and this factor in turn affects the design. A small engine involves the low power of such a car, due to which the wheels are reduced. The car itself becomes less.

During the work, the designers are constantly in finding new ways to improve the car. There is an initial vision of the best solution concept. It can be transformed while working on the machine. An important factor is the requirement to ensure as many spaces as possible in the cabin with small dimensions of the car. Create machine interior design is more complicated than the design of the appearance. Make the design of the car convenient and beautiful is difficult due to the solution of many issues related to ergonomics and practicality.

Industrial car design: look into the future

1. Modular car design. About this technology, people dreamed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its meaning is to "wear a car" to the universal platform-chassis. Thus, by purchasing one platform, you can get a few cars of different formats (sports car and crossover, for example). In 2002. year General Motors. Presented the concept of such a versatile platform for the car, and continue to work in this direction (Hi Wire and Autonomy concepts). It is expected that in the near future, this technology will become a reality and will be available to a person with an average income.

2. Paint and new generation enamel. Nissan. has long been experimenting with anti-vandal paint, model Murano. Same heals small body scratches. In the future, most automotive brands will take this technology for weapons.

3. Projecting data on the windshield. The technology that was developed for aviation is relevant for cars. By 2020 it is expected that serial cars will be equipped with full-color Hed-Up (from English - head to the top) systems. Ideally, you can project not only the data on the internal parameters of the car, but also navigation information about the surrounding objects. Data from night via devices will be displayed on the windshield. All this will allow you to completely change the design of the car's interior and the design of the machine dashboard. Now developing in this area lead Harman Interactive, Tesla, Toyota and BMW.

4. Hydrophobic windows. Another achievement of the future should be hydrophobic windows that repel water and prevent fogging. One of the first cars that uses this technology is Kia Cadenza 2014. In the future, this feature will be very common.

5. Machine without a driver. Google, Uber, Tesla, Apple, General Motors, Volkswagen, Audi, BMW, Volvo, Nissan - All of them are engaged in creating cars that will be able to move without the driver. Now there are two design directions: for use as a taxi and for standard use. The first are characterized by small dimensions and a more futuristic design. The second is not much different from other modern cars.

The car that was presented Google in 2014, was not equipped with a steering wheel and pedals, he designed for 2 passengers. The machine design is different from ordinary auto shape and size. The creators among the advantages of such transport are called the increase in road capacity due to the narrowing of the width of the road strips.

Cotors-drone Google (Double and Standard)

6. Era of plastic and carbon. Plastic is becoming more popular and will be used not only in the design of the car. Body panels, power chassis elements, tires, suspension springs - all these elements will produce from plastic. For example, U. Ford GT The frame is made of carbon fiber, and the body panels are from carbon. Bridgestone Corporation has developed a new design of automotive tires (similar developments and giant Michelin). They are made on the basis of plastic and they do not need air. Such tires are not afraid of punctures, weigh less, cost cheaper and can serve longer than ordinary tires.

7. New fuels. It has already been mentioned that the internal structure of the car affects its appearance. The easier the design of the car - the less gasoline it absorbs. In early 2016 Peugeot and Citroen Presented innovative development - a prototype of a car with a compressed air engine Air Hybrid. The machine looks neat and is extremely economical.

Industrial Design of Car Car: Review of the best solutions

BMW and unmanned car future. Vision Next 100. - Concept that was presented In early 2016. He must demonstrate how the car will change in the next hundred years. In addition to the modern appearance, its feature is the ability to work simultaneously in two modes - unmanned and standard. The design of the car on the plan of the creators can transform, adjusting to the driver. This occurs due to the presence of outside and inside the machine 800 movable triangular body elements. Thus, the car will be able to increase and reduce the width of the wheel arch.

Concept Cadillac WTF - a car with a nuclear engine. This car is working on Torie. According to the Creators, it is one of the safest radioactive elements. 8 grams of such a substance will enforce this car to work out all the life of the owner (service life - 100 years). The futuristic design of the machine resembles a space ship rather than just a vehicle movement and eroxates with the works of Salvador Dali.

The body shape is similar to a snake language or an arrow, which is splitted in the middle. The concept has 24 wheels, 6 each of the 4 sides. Thanks to the special approaches, the design turned out very flexible using the moving elements of the body the car will be able to transform by changing its shape. The reactor is located in the back of the machine. IN safety polls such a car remain unanswered. What will happen during an accident, how to spend crash tests? However, it is possible that this idea can become a reality in 50 years.

In January 2016, the concept of the LO RES car was presented, who created in the Netherlands. Its feature in appearance, which is very little similar to what is customary to be called a car. Car design - abstract structure and clean forms.

Students from the University of Einhovena in the Netherlands developed a meter prototype of a car, which operates on formic acid (which contains hydrogen). Ready full-sized prototype Students promise to show in 2017. It is worth noting that Audi, Toyota, and Honda presented their cars on hydrogen fuel, but this project will be cheaper to realize.

Features of car design: attention to detail

1. Digital Audi TT Ventilation Holes. In 2016, ventilation air ducts were equipped with digital technology. These are small LCD screens and regulators that can be adjusted temperature, air flows in the car.

2. The LEXUS LF-SA concept is made in the origami style. Attention is causing a radiator grille, which is similar to the attacking flock of pirands.

3. Ford GT diffusers which is installed in the back looks like a small nuclear reactor. Rear lights resemble a rocket engine nozzle that work for complete power.

4. Creators of Lincoln Continental 2016 Also paid attention to the lanterns, which in combination with chrome look incredibly bright. On the example of this car it is clear that it is possible to focus on the back of the car, and it will still look cool.

5. The concept of Nissan Sway with something similar to Lexus LF-SA. It can be compared to the hawk who attacks mining. The design feature of the machine is that the larger of Nakamura made a car similar to a large car, despite the fact that SWAY is a small car. This effect is achieved due to the unusual side waves on the body, which create a deceptive impression of large car dimensions.

6. In the design of Nissan Maxima 2016, the V-shaped roof allows you to achieve the effect of "Design Movement"When it seems that the car is moving, although it costs. This technique is often used when creating sports cars.

7. The interior design of the Volvo XC90 machine is characterized by a large number of sophisticated parts. For example, a glass knob switching knob, which for Volvo created the ORREFORS glass company (one of the leaders of the global glass industry).

8. It is now difficult to present the interior of the machine without the information screen. However, not all of them fit well into the interior design of the machine. In Fiat 500X 2016 Touch Screen Stylized under the old TV with two handles at the bottom. Such a retro design looks non-standard and very stylish.

9. The Interior of Jeep Renegade 2015 was engaged in Klaus Bouss. Thanks to it, the design of automotive seats, rear view mirrors, salon panels, rugs, central consoles and even the trunk is decorated with thematic patterns. According to the wizard, it allows you to draw attention to those places in the car, which we usually do not look.

10. Mazda MX-5 MIATA is made in classic design. And sticks the style of the brand. The originality of this model in rounds and the blowing wings of the machine. They are complemented by classical optics and at the end turned out not just a car, but the subject of art.

11. BMW I8 2014 can be called a masterpiece of the car design. This sports car is made in a futuristic style. He has dynamic shapes and clear lines. A car's chip is LED headlights with laser technology of red and blue colors. Due to the combination with the metal from them it is impossible to tear the look.

12. The concept of Nissan Gripz received the name "Emotional Geometry". The appearance is characterized by extraordinary lines, colors and a combination of various structures. They perfectly fit into the overall idea of \u200b\u200bdesign and beautifully flow the back optics of the car.

13. Supercar Ferrari 488 won the prize for the best design in 2016 According to prestigious Red Dot Design Awards. The design of the car resembles model 458 Italia and has partial references to 308 GTB. Thanks to a more advanced aerodynamic system (compared to 458 Italia), the car body develops by 50% more clamping force, and creates less air resistance.

The design of the car recognizes retro notes. Thanks to the expressive side air intakes, it is easy to spend parallels with a model 308 GTB, which was produced in 70-80 years. Other bright model elements are a large air intake, a wide front spoiler, a dupusur with active rear flaps.

The car interior is practically no different from previous models, but the designers equipped with new triangular ventilation holes climate control, the seats of a new sample and updated the interface of the information and entertainment system.

To create a design car, contact Klona. Thanks to our experience, professionalism and non-standard approaches, your car design will be unique!

Car design and its impact on sales: 10 approaches

Car design can be divided into 2 large aspects. The first is the design of the Showkars. When creating a lot of space for creativity, the audience is usually impressed by non-standard approaches and revolutionary ideas. For mass production, simpler and classic options are usually selected. People like to look at luxury futuristic cars on car dealerships, but they are not always ready to buy them. Usually customers are focused on practicality and intuitively prefer already familiar forms. There are trends in design, which are key, and to which designers are regularly returned.

1. TumbleHome. This term came from marine engineering and means narrowing the body of the upper part to the bottom. Now most models of cars hold this style. At the beginning of the twentieth century, this reception has not yet twisted from shipbuilding in the automotive industry. Therefore, the cars looked at all as now.

Example of non-compliance with the principle of TumbleHOME

2. Realistic design. Despite the progress in the development of new technologies and impressively beautiful cars with a futuristic design, it is not suitable for mass production cars. Buyers still with caustic referring to modern cars and too modern design, preferred more familiar appearance of the car.

3. Balance of realism. When creating a car for mass production, designers are trying to keep the balance between tradition and innovation. It is best for sale new models that are closest to familiar forms, but at the same time endowed with new qualities.

4. Squircle is a term that means a mathematical form - a hybrid of a circle and square. This form is very popular when creating car design. The most likely this approach is German designers.

Example use of the Squircle principle

5. Thick-to-Thin (from thick to thin). This rule is built on smooth transitions from one point different. This includes thinning lines, and transitions from dark flowers to light.

6. The direct lines of the body are the basis of the future appearance of cars. From them design depends by 65%. When it creates its main task is to search for a balance between rude and elegant. The designer applies every effort to do it without prejudice to the appearance of the car.

7. Smooth lines of the body. These lines create the style of a model range of each brand. Often, automotive companies use smooth elements of the body in all their models, which makes it possible to find out the silhouette of the brand even with poor lighting.

8. Visual madness. This technique helps the automotive companies to attract more attention. Stamps are associated with him Acura and Lexus. New models of these marks often look aggressively and shockingly. Professionals argue about the effectiveness of such approaches. It is said that such a design is quickly stitched, and, accordingly, you need great infusion for its frequent update.

9. Coca-Cola bottle style. The shape of a glass bottle of cola greatly influenced the design of cars. If you look at such a car in the profile, the lines resemble a bottle. In the center of the car, body elements (doors and wings) are already made than the front and rear part. For the first time, this technique was tested in 1963, when Studebaker presented the Studebaker Avanti model. They followed them, and Chevrolet Corvette, Pontiac Tempest and Ford Torino. Echoes of this style can still be seen in models Dodge Charger and Dodge Avenger, Dodge Challenger and Chevrolet Camaro.

10. Gigantantia (Land Yacht). This style originated in America of the 70s and is characterized by gigantic elements of the body. Such machines consume a lot of fuel due to greater weight and aerodynamic resistance. Fashion on large cars still exists and develops in parallel fashion for tiny economical smarts.

Lincoln - a car that is most associated with Land Yacht principle

Automotive design: controversial moments

There are design solutions, the purpose of which is not fully understood, and the benefits are ghostly. This usually concerns the design of the interior of the car and the technical stuffing of the machine.

1. Projecting on the road surface of the brand of the car when opening the door and LED backlight on car thresholds. This solution is rather a bellishment than in fact the desired function.

2. Control lamp on the ECO-mode dashboard. The ECO-mode panel helps the driver save fuel. The lamp lights up if you activate the save mode and starts flashing if the driver sharply change the ride style. With quickly pressing on the brake or gas, the light begins to flash, thus recommending the driver to change the ride style. But most motorists say that such a signal is irritating and distracting. In addition, it works postfactum, and a priori cannot help.

Chris Labrooy - Tales Of Auto Elasticity

3. The abundance of electronic gadgets and unnecessary functions. With the development of smartphones and social networks inside cars, more and more touch screens and additional functions are placed. At the same time, they still do not work very well, and many just distract from the main task - driving. They also contribute to the creation of emergency situations on the roads. These features include:

• night vision technology (with projection on the screen);
• integration with social media;
• additional navigation and infotainment systems.

The device of night via is a very important feature, but so far it does not work as it should. In most cars, night vision technology projects the image on the screen, which is below the windshield. It is inconvenient to look at him and dangerously, as distracted by social media driving. Buying a navigation system does not justify yourself, as the navigator is in any smartphone, and it works not worse.

Do not allow mistakes to help Klona. - The leader of the Ukrainian Industrial Design Market. Contact us to develop the design of the machine for your project. Forward, towards new achievements!

The site continues to acquaint you with the history of the automotive industry. A new series of historical articles is devoted to the development of the form of the body of a passenger car. In these publications, we will look at the main stages of the development of the automotive industry. It will be not only about the style of machines of different periods, but also about their social, cultural, engineering and technological features that directly influenced the body design.

To the great happiness in history, the first steps of the automotive industry are captured. Many since childhood heard and know the names of people, forever changed the world. The first one is Karl Benz, and the second is Gottlieb Daimler. They worked in Germany at the same time in neighboring cities. Both designed, built, tested and patented workable machines with an internal combustion engine. With the difference that Benz really was the designer of his three-wheeled carriage with a motor, and the daimler - the manager, under the guidance of which a talented engineer August Wilhelm Maybach (August Wilhelm Maybach) at first created the "Daimler Motorcycle", and later the first four-wheeled car. They are officially recognized by the "fathers" of the car.

The dates for the appearance of the first vehicles are also known. Patent No. 37 435, issued on January 29, 1886 by Karl Benz, and Patent No. 34,926 on a "single-mole" crew issued by Gottlib Daimler on April 3, 1885, and in 1886 - on a four-wheeled one. It is worth noting that the Benz car drove a little earlier, in the same 1886, against the 1888 Daimler.

Three-wheeled stroller with a Benz motor

What were the first cars? Their appearance was strongly influenced by the design of a bicycle and horse crew. Enough, reliable and well-worked, they are also associated with people with advanced technical achievements of those years. From crews, cars inherited the majority of body types.

Motorcycle and four-wheel car Daimler

Oddly enough, Benz and Daimler cars did not find popularity in their homeland. Residents of surrounding houses and villages scared loud cotton engines, and in general, they treated the new miracle of technology. We had to inventors to sell their patents to France, where the audience showed much more interest in the new "attraction". It is worth noting that no one really thought about the transport functions of the car in those years, belonging to him exclusively as to entertainment.

It is in France that the car begins to acquire the status of an individual means of movement, so it is not surprising that the French regime masters belong to many discoveries and innovations in Body-Building. For example, the first car with a closed body, which has become Renault Type B Coupe, or the technology of manufacturing body panels from aluminum alloys, which have been facing a wooden frame.

But back to the description of the appearance of cars of the end of the XIX century. The tall and unstable body of "voiureti" (in French "wagon") was an elegant steel tubular frame and a small wooden platform installed on it, located opposite each other. A low-power engine was often placed behind or under the seats. The wheels of the front and rear axle, due to the imperfection of the design of the mechanism of rotation, were different diameters, there was absolutely no means of protecting passengers from dirt, dust and bad weather.

Later, when cars began to be used not only as pleasure transport, but also for trips to quite long distances, appeared bent down the radius wings from thin wood, folding awnings and lighting lights. In terms, it turned out that the common type of landing "Visavi" is unsuitable for long-distance trips, and the front seats began to make 180 degrees rotating 180 degrees. With increasing speed of machines, the size, mass and power of the engine increased. It became more difficult to place it under the seats, besides, he demanded good cooling.

And here the real revolution was performed by the French company Panar-Levassor (Panhard et Levassor). In 1893, her chief designer Emile Levasor (Emile Levassor) offered a new type of car layout, which was destined to become "classic": the engine and cooling radiator are located in front, the torque was transmitted through the clutch mechanisms and gearboxes to the intermediate transverse shaft, and from it chains on the rear wheels. Looking a little forward, let's say that this design in 1898 was finalized by the young French engineer Louis Reno, replacing the chain drive with a cardan shaft, thereby bringing the layout of those years to what we have today.

Emile Levassor

The new design was to have a serious check. In July 1894, Levassor's car, equipped with a Daimler engine, went to the start of a 127-kilometer race Paris - Rouen. Emile Levassor, who personally managed the car, came to the finish line, dividing the first place with the car widely known now the brand of Peugeot, also equipped with a diverger engine. Racing at this time become not only the spectacular extreme entertainment, but also the source of useful information for engineers who tirelessly continued to improve the design of the car.

In the next competitions, on the route Paris - Bordeaux - Paris, held in 1895, Levassor won a well-deserved victory, passing a 1200-kilometer distance at an average speed of 24.5 km / h. When he stopped the car and stepped on Earth, he said: "It was real madness! I did up to thirty kilometers per hour! ". At the spot of the finish, in the Boulogsky forest, a monument was installed in honor of Levassor, on the medallion of which the image of the car was carved, the racer himself, a wetrated crowd, and his words entered into history.

Unfortunately, Paris race - Marseille - Paris 1896 became the fatal for Emil. Having hit an accident, he received severe injuries and dropped out of the struggle, and a few weeks later died.

In these races, cars with steam engines took part, as well as pneumatic tires. The result of their participation was the understanding that gasoline engines significantly exceed steam, but pneumatic tires, Dazhn despite the then-imperfection of the design, significantly reduced the mass of the car, increased the level of comfort, speed and durability of machines. In addition, they provided a reliable clutch of the wheels with an expensive.

Cars with classical layout were quite heavy, the management was noticeably more complicated and the owners had to give way to the wheel of professional chambers, and rear sofa rear sofa themselves. But the short wheelbase did landing and disembarking the rear row passengers is very uncomfortable, so I had to turn to the body of the type "tonny" (in French "barrel"), in which the passengers came across either through the door in the back board, or turning next to the driver's drive To free the passage to the rear branch of the body. Running forward Let's say that "tonno" became one of the last attempts to adapt the design of an old horse crew to a new type of vehicle. He came out of use at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, when cars became longer and obtained the wheels of the same diameter, which made it possible to get rid of many shortcomings of early layout schemes.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, almost all body studio "went out" from workshops on the manufacture of horse crews. Until 1903, automobile bodies, like carriers, were whole wooden, the metal was not used at all. At the same time, the share of consumers ordered by closed body, by this time increased significantly. They needed a doctor and business people who were forced to go on the road to any weather. Therefore, it is quite logical that, having a tremendous crew experience, the masters began to transfer traditional technologies and ways to lay a carriage closed body to car chassis, along the way, copying and shared style architecture. A bright example of this can serve as the body "Brogham" ("Brougham"), which was invented in the first half of the XIX century by the English Lord Bogam, who was widespread in the United States.

Equipment traditions were strong: passengers did not sit down next to the driver, in the dark, the body was highlighted with carriage lanterns, and the front rack of the roof continued down and visually separated the engine volume from the passenger compartment. These were the classic rules of the crew architecture, which no one wanted to break.

However, original, purely automotive layouts were started to appear. So, in about 1905, some manufacturers began to install engines not on canonical crews, but on peculiar trolleys, consisting of two longitudinal spars interconnected by several crossies. The engine, transmission and suspension were attached to the resulting frame. In other words, the car has become distinguishable two main parts: mechanical - "chassis", and the body that was installed as a separate, independent unit and was usually manufactured by a third-party manufacturer. And the side doors have not yet been and the front seats remained open from the sides.

On the basis of a single chassis to create a wide variety of modifications of passenger and even trucks. Handicraft production at this time quite peacefully got along with tastes of well-secured motorists, according to the old fashioned, to perceive the trip by car as a leisurely horseback ride, and a huge body height, partly caused by fashion for cylinders, did not confuse anyone for a long time. But constantly growing speeds gradually forced cars to become longer and lower. And in 1906, the next revolution took place in the global automotive bodywork - in England, welding technology of steel body panels was applied.

While in Europe there was a new type of car layout and new bodywork technologies were developed, in the USA from the beginning of the twentieth century, the main direction in the technique was to create a mass, cheap, individual vehicle. The OLDSMobile Curved Dash appeared in 1901 in this area, the demand for which has exceeded all expectations. The light open body of Oldmsmobil was fixed on a pair of long longitudinal springs connecting the front and rear wheels. The machine design was subordinate to the fashionable at that time the "Art Nouveau" style ("Modern") who attracted potential buyers. For the first two years, 3,000 cars were released and the release continued to grow.

AvtoDizayn is customary to call a preliminary, sketchy stage of creating a car model of its unique-individual artistic form. Automotive design is repelled from the specified conditions of rationalism and processability when creating cars. That, without which the car can not ride, as well as to meet the requirements of buyers and controlling bodies, should be provided in the sketch, drawings and in the metal in one form or another. It is necessary for the engine, wheels and other equipment, items and devices that ensure the comfort and safety of the driver and passengers.

Flight fantasies designers, their vision of the beautiful and adoption of fashion goes after and "strengthens" everything you need, functional and rational. But this is a bilateral process. The emergence of new forms, proportions, individual details gives impetus to the search for new technical solutions and materials, as well as the "recompose" of existing one.

Any manufacturer is more profitable to create and implement large things. It is beneficial and designers - nothing limits the flight of fantasy. But if there is a request for miniaturization in society, and large cars are implemented in small batches, then the company will change the vector of production.

History

Despite the fact that the cars began in a significant scale to be made from the end of the 19th century, and, therefore, there was any kind of their design (at least as an imitation of a carriage or wagon), it is believed that automobile and transport design as artistic design with theoretical justification and how The real business appeared in the North American states in the late 20s of the last century.

Ahead of all there was a concern "General Motors", which formed in 1926 the corresponding division. A year later, the "Cadillaca La Sal" was already released. Immediately at the end of World War II, the design in the field of the automotive industry began a victorious procession on European countries and Japan. After forty years, the design teams and departments were in all automakers, including the USSR. And in GM on this subject, more than a thousand four hundred specialists worked (in the Ford Concern - 875).

Western Avtodesign

In the first decades of the XX century, the appearance of the car acquires us the traits familiar and no longer a copy of the horse crew. There is a fierce struggle not only for the type of engine used (steam, electric or gasoline), but also the body type is "saloon" or open.

The automotive design of the 20-30s of the last century determined the workArchik Budd - this is a "streamlined form" (Streamline). In the 40s, the AR-Deco (decorative art) was strongly influenced. This is a mix of neoclassicism, cubism, constructivism. The design of cars embodied the rigor of forms, unusual geometric solutions and luxury decorations (rare types of bones, wood, as well as aluminum, silver, and so on).

With the advent of the "Cadillac" of the 62nd model in the United States, the new "Aerostil" originates (at that time, military aviation was at the peak of progress). She dictated the fashion. In England, his style is the "razor blade". A little later in the United States appears "finishing style", which spread throughout the light and existed even longer than "homeland". It is named so due to the presence of stylized fins of various fish or keel. The fins of various locations and form created a catchy appearance, but differed in extreme impracticality.

Fifteen years later, a "pseudoscient" style enters the fashion that finished the numerous class of car-pony (Pony Cars). In parallel, in the 70s, there was a struggle of "muscular" (cunning murderers) and "Motylkov". Muscle-Cars is 2 door models of the middle class with high-class engines. At this time, it was more attention to the safety of the driver and passengers. Muscular won the "moths", but those constantly appearing and, which is an alternative to "insidious killers," achieved significant security improvements.

The laws of aerodynamics began to dictate the fashion in the next decade. The streamlined, smoothed forms of cars reduce the resistance to the counterflow of air and give significant savings of fuel, which is becoming more and more relevant. In the last decade of the last century, the aerodynamic "era" continued, but the style of "biodizayna" was added to it. This is an imitation of natural streamlined forms, for example, the forms of the returned pebbles.

In the zero years of the current century, rational "computer" forms of cars are familiar - clearly allocated all 3 volumes. In parallel, the wave of the design "Nostalgic" - a car design with a slope of 30-50 years of the last century.

Currently there has been a gradual departure from the styles of the previous decade towards the complication of the outlines of the body and increasing passive security.

Russian Avtodizain

Automotive design in the USSR appeared much later than in the West. Until the 70s of the last century, a few automakers were officially worked as "Western Licensing". At the beginning of the second half of the XX century under the "wing" we created several interesting original domestic projects (Nami-013, "promising taxi", "Maxi"), but they were not implemented in production. Also failed to get into the current models of the bus groove - "tourist", although twice this concept bus received prizes of international exhibitions for innovation and peculiarity. A little different situation has developed at the Gorky Auto Plant, where in 1961 the design office was headed by B.B. Lebedev. Its projects of trucks, including a caterpillar, managed to implement.

Russian car design has always failed production, its nervousness and technical lag. The picture does not change in the current century, the global division of labor and cooperation, in almost all areas of production.

Design of the appearance of the car of the future

The design is quite difficult to predict, as it is impossible to predict all the incoming factors and the main thing - scientific discoveries. What is important now for body design? It:

• durability;
• ergonomics;
• safety;
• minimization of spending on production.

Everything can change dramatically with the introduction of such a factor as the invention of a new type of fuel and / or a propulsion. And here is most vehicles, for example, "torn" up and soar in the air, as it is often shown in fantastic films. Or is something else "more abrupt". The design of the aerobil will immediately change, like most of its principles.

If there will be no sharp changes, then, most likely, by the end of the century, the electric motor will finally win, and the final separation for vehicles for super-polishes (huge cities) and for the rest of the rest will occur.

Salon design

The design of the salons can be carried out by the car manufacturer, as well as after its purchase at any time, although most often it happens at the stage of preparation for operation in parallel with its tuning. If you leave behind the brackets, crazy ideas and a cardinal alteration, then the task of the postwig is to emphasize the style of the car (it's some kind of line) and / or the lifestyle of its owner. As a rule, there is enough refinement of individual details, but with bringing them almost to perfection in the Hi-End class. Inimitable texture and elegance change the feelings and to some extent the driver's globility and its passengers. And this is achieved, for example, just inserts from the skin of reptiles and ivory. Although not everything is so simple, and to create an appropriate atmosphere, you need a comprehensive impact of many factors.

Disks

Car Disk Design - an integral part of the car. It is not uncommon that the wheels standing as the same car, but in the second-hand state. For example, US products Nutek cost per four wheels - just under 25 thousand dollars. For sports cars, Savini discs are very good. Look modestly, but elegant, forged and incredibly lungs. For SUVs - large, solid design DUB discs from aluminum, which constantly receive awards at specialized exhibitions. Vossen, produced by special "low" casting technologies, look exquisite (chromium finishing on a black base) and innovatively, and are twice as cheaper than Nutek.

Chairs

The task of design of automotive seats is not only in making them appropriate forms and functions for greater ergonomics and security, but also in creating an appropriate interior, including with the help of covers on them. Material for their manufacture and finishing can be applied the most different. As they say, for every taste, color and size of the wallet (upholstery fabric, leatherette, genuine leather). The comfort and piquancy attach capes on the seats made of natural fur. Eco-eco passes air, but prevents the penetration of water.

The design of the sewing of automotive covers consists also in the decoration of the fabric from which they are sewn. Applied as modern technologies, for example, machine computer embroidery and ancient. Even in ancient China, the technology of decoration of tissues by applying a pile (flocking) was used. The volume of drawings and the game of colors are achieved by using the "Flock on Flock" method.

Boats and automotive design

Since many automotive companies produce small river and sea vessels and / or equipment for them, they are also engaged in their design. Affordable and futuristic look at the Toyota Ponam-31 boat is presented in the photo.

A very original model launches to the production of Lexus, but it is much more expensive, and not only because of the decoration (carbon, leather, wood). Causes admiration for its appearance. The luxurious yacht arrow460-Granturismo produced by Mercedes-Benz. The real works of art are Aston Martin or Bugatti yachts. And "persistent" at speed, oncoming wind and splashes in the face is the products of Cigarette Racing (up to 160 km / h) and Marine Technology Inc (up to 300 km / h).

Conclusion

So, we reviewed the history of automotive design. Now he is at the junction of high art and technical solutions, therefore, for the implementation of the appearance of "Geniyev", designer engineers are needed, which can already shift already on the technical language of the ideas of the groups and the "brainstorming". Pouring and detailed study and is the completion of the project.

Recently, there has been a tendency to arrive in the authodesign of female thought, logic and vision of problems (by the way, it is placed in the overall trend of the Company's development). As they say, let's see and swept that they will create. Or maybe it is for the better, as some experts talk about "sunset", while others are about the end of the automotive design.

In fact, is the designer work appearance similar as twins of cars, differing only in the view and layout of headlights, as well as other minor details? Automars are beautiful themselves, but very similar, and therefore faces. For mass production, this is good. But I want something else, new and unfinished.

The car design originated at the end of the 20s, in the USA. While required from the first designers? They needed to reduce the height of the car. From this it can be understood that the original design of the car was only aimed at raising universality Body, but in our time this industry has taken a completely different start. In those years, people did not pay much attention to the form and style of the machine, since they were more interested in the technical component.

Machines at that time were required quite often to ride the random, so they were attracted vompannekolesees and low body. The design of cars today includes two leading features: "Stremline" and "Brutalism". Streamline is the streamlined forms of machines. Brutalism is more sharp forms, simplified geometry. In modern times, people from cars are waiting for not just movement, but also individuality, character.

For people, the car has become a means of expression, a tint of status and style. Most owners begin to redo their iron pets, making these masterpieces. In this case, they seek designer services. In our market you can find a huge number of cars that have a unique design.

For example, Daewoo cars have their own unique design. The company was established back in 1967. During this time, the Daewoo car line has passed considerable changes and continues to modify.

At present, the interior is very popular, the design of the car from the inside is enjoyed. Internal car styling, interior, underwent new fashion, such as futurism. Its principles are worth the use of bright colors (very bright, striking) and the effect of pop art (this style uses an optical illusion). If the designers are well combined light and color, then the design of the car gives a greater opportunity to create conditions not only outside, but also inside it, and well-processed details are completed.
The modern design of our days is the ecological design of the car, because our machines are a source of pollution of the atmosphere. The individuality of the salon in such a car is the "green pavilion". It uses gamma colors: gray, white, green. Trends in modern times of automotive design can be called modesty of line and rigidity. On car workshops, business liners are increasingly present than colored cars, buses. New-fashioned tendencies are high-tech and minimalism, they brought them 21st century. And we all know well that the design of the car steps into one leg with time.

Cars have long become the usual phenomenon of our life. Having a car, at least in Russia, is a sign of involvement in the "middle class". And the better, the more expensive the car, and, accordingly, above the "class" of its owner.

And what attracts most of all in modern machines? Design! Who did not look for long thoughtful glances to any red Ferrari? Or who did not see the gaze passing by the BMW X6?

Design - Car Beauty, is one of the main "hooks" of car manufacturers, which is good "pecks" the buyer. Have you heard about the most popular car in Russia Hyundai Solaris? Many determined the reason for its success as the balance of reliability, modernity, good price ... No! He is just beautiful. Well, of course, relatively inexpensive. That is why they buy this car in large quantities, mainly in large cities. For design. Neither specifications nor notorious relative reliability here do not play roles. Here the Koreans of Russian motorists sat on such a "hook".

Let's try briefly trace the development of car design in the entire history of the active release of cars.

As you know, the first cars were not very beautiful. We are talking about the very first steam models on huge wheels and a small place for the driver's passenger. At first, no one thought. It was only necessary to prove that mechanical vehicles are capable of independent movement. They proved 50 years old - about the second half of the 19th century until the first decade of century 20. Really mass cars began to appear precisely 1910, who is early - by 1903-1905, who later - by the 20-30s. But it is this time that should be considered as the beginning of a modern car. And automotive design too.

Conditionally, you can divide the periods of the history of automotive design into three stages. I will try to come up with the names "from the ceiling."

First stage - " Classical" It can be determined by the next time interval: from 1910 to 1950. About. That is, at this time in fashion was predominantly one type of design. Yes, and many technical solutions were similar.

Second phase - " Progressive" He began from 1950 and ended around 1985-90.

Third stage - " Modern" As sometimes they say: "A good modern car." So, modern design takes its beginning around 1985, and continues to this day.

Perhaps a couple of years will come the fourth stage in a car design, which can be called as "promising" or "the design of the future".

Consider in more detail the representatives from each of the above-described car modes.

The "classic" stage of the automotive design well demonstrates tastes, and the values \u200b\u200bof the people of the beginning of the 20th century. Cars were large, with a large wheelbase (the distance between the wheels on one side of the body) had rounded shapes, smooth lines. The main feature of most cars of that time is round headlights and a massive vertical radiator grille.

From an interesting one should also mention that many cars were then without a roof, or with a soft folding riding. This type of body in our days is called "convertible" and similar cars, as a rule, fairly road and rare. But earlier, the convertibles were hardly more popular than cars with hard riding. It is possible to explain this fact by the fact that at the beginning of the 20th century the car was, primarily a means of luxury, and not movement. And they went to good weather in warm countries. So, it is known that cars took with him in the Crimea and there they actively traveled. Machines were placed in a special train car. Actually, the train as a means of movement by that time were much more popular, although by and large the railway and the prototype of the car appeared at about the same time.

Supplied ridiculous in modern standards by engines with a capacity of 20-40 horsepower. This is despite that the weight of the machines reached a completely decent 2-2.5 tons. But, oddly enough, even such weak motors could dispersed the car of those times to 60 km / h! And this is almost twice as much as the speed on which a horse is capable of a saddle.

By the way, in response to high demand in aristocratic circles, car engines were quickly improved. And already before. First World War appeared instances of cars with engines. Power of about 60 horsepower. Such power allowed the machines to accelerate already up to 100 km / h, which for the 1910s is very decent!

If you return to the design, then I repeat, the forms were rounded. Even so, something average between square and round. These machines did not need aerodynamics, so it was flat and high. Smooth wings, hood. High, long and narrow cars.

The second stage of design development began after. Second World War. "Progressive" called him because, compared with the preceding types of cars in the new type there was a number of changes.

The most striking example of cars of the second designer stage are Cadillac companies of the 50s of the 20th century. Such huge space ships on wheels with wings rear. A distinctive feature of cars of this stage was a huge hood with a large sink in front and the same huge trunk also with a huge sweat of the back. Compared to the "classic" machines, "progressive cars" were much wider, below, but at least they did not inferior to the previous class.

Smooth structures as if intensified. There were peculiar "wings" from behind - Fashion 50s. In general, the machines of this stage became more solid. If the first was brightly pronounced hood, the wings were pronounced on the sides, that is, the car clearly consisted of separate parts, the "Cadillaci" of the 50s began to resemble a one-piece box, where the wings merge with the hood in the whole. And in general, the forms have become more rectangular. And the further, the less "round" remained and the more became "square".

At this time, the engines were added in power (from 40 to 100 hp), which allowed the machines to keep 80 km / h as normal speed and accelerate up to 150 km / h. Another feature of these time is a very soft suspension. So "Cadillaci" literally floated over the road and therefore they were compared with yachts.

Also, the vivid representatives of this designer class are Soviet cars: the Vazovskaya "Classic", "Volga" and representative zila.

The third "modern" stage began somewhere in the mid-80s. From this point on, cars become predominantly driven by the front axle

Due to the fact that the car by the end of the 20th century became a thing of universal consumption and ceased to be the subject of luxury, the cars decrease sharply in size. Class classes began to be accurately traced: from subcompact, (class A) to a representative class (e class of Mercedes).

Compared to the "progressive" design, the design of cars has become more concise. All parts of the body smoothly flowed one to another. Some sharp lines remained in the past. The hood of cars of the most popular classes (medium and business class) remained large enough, but the trunk decreased sharply in size. Massive bumpers have also appeared, which, again, merged with the general appearance of the machine into one.

Motors at this stage have achieved unprecedented values \u200b\u200bfor previous times: 70-90 horsepower has become the norm, but the engine has appeared, developing 200 and more "horses". Accordingly, dynamic machines are dramatically improved. They began to sharply accelerate and the speed of 120 km / h from the maximum turned into cruising. "MAILDER" on other models increased up to 200 km / h. For this reason, modern cars began to pay attention to aerodynamics. The body began to have a smooth form without a pronounced "flat" front. Of course, there were classes where the flat front persons remained in the ranks - for example, but the general trend is obvious.

What can be said about the design of future cars? It is worth noting such a tendency, the appearance of the most prestigious machines appears in more accessible classes over time. So huge rounded limousines of the 30s turned into over the popular Volkswagen Beetle and others like it. Mass machines, such as Fiat 124 (VAZ 2101) and others, gradually become huge "Cadillaci". Etc.

Which cars today are most prestigious? Sports! The very "Ferrari" and "Lamborghini". It is very likely that it is such a look that will be in the car of the future. A similar look: ideal aerodynamics, almost imperceptible hood, a powerful back, big wheels ... Probably, the engines in 300 horsepower will also become the norm.

Highlighting three classes of automotive design, do not be considered them fixed. These are just common features. Inside each class, change occurred over time. So in the first grade gradually cars were collected, decreased, modern outlines appeared. So comparing the car of 1910 with the 1940s machines, you will understand the difference. But this is generally one stage. Rounded and large. Next, "Space" Era. Machines are wide and largely round gradually become more and more square (compare VAZ 2101 and VAZ 2107). Well, and a modern stage: from laconic bodies with a minimum of bends, with simple lines we switched to sophisticated lines in various parts of the machine (VAZ 21099 and Lada Vesta). The general principles remained the same: a relatively long hood, a relatively short trunk (for sedans) and front-wheel drive.