In recent years, people have begun to think seriously about the ecology of the planet. And automakers are willingly supporting this trend by creating cars that run on environmentally friendly fuel. As for electric vehicles, they are not being seriously considered yet. The same cannot be said about hybrid cars, which are becoming increasingly popular.

What is a hybrid car. Pros and cons of a “hybrid”.

What is a hybrid car? The word hybrid comes from the Latin “hibrida”, which means cross. That is, an organism that is obtained by crossing genetically different parental forms. In our case, the parent forms are , and an electric motor. In one sentence: a hybrid car is a car powered by an “electric motor – internal combustion engine” system, which is highly efficient. This unit can be powered by both traditional fuel and electricity from batteries.

Each engine has its own specific function. For example: if the car is stopped, for example in a traffic jam, or moving slowly, the electric motor will work. When the car picks up speed, the gasoline engine comes into play.

Advantages of hybrid cars.

The main advantage of hybrid cars is that they are very economical. As a rule, their fuel consumption is 25% less than that of traditional cars. And in conditions of constantly rising gasoline prices, this point is the most important.

The next most important point is environmental friendliness. Hybrids cause less damage to our eco-system than conventional cars. This is achieved through more rational fuel consumption. Also, when the car comes to a complete stop, the gasoline engine stops working, giving the initiative to the electric motor. That is, during shutdowns, virtually no carbon dioxide emissions occur into the atmosphere.

Unlike electric vehicle batteries, in hybrids, batteries can be recharged from a gasoline engine. Which makes its power reserve quite large. In addition, it lasts longer without refueling with gasoline.

Many people think that hybrids are much inferior in performance to traditional cars. This is wrong. All the necessary characteristics (power, acceleration from zero to one hundred and so on), they are no worse.

Hybrid cars perform best in the city cycle, in which there are very frequent stops and the engine works a lot when idling. Practically, in the city it works like an electric car. If we talk about the mixed cycle, then they have no special advantages.

Toyota Prius is the most popular “hybrid” in Russia.

As already mentioned, if the car is stationary, it goes into electric motor mode. Which gives almost complete silence.

Well, the hybrid car is refueled with ordinary hydrocarbons, that is, gasoline. Everything is done in a standard way, just like with traditional cars.

Disadvantages of hybrid cars.

Nothing is perfect, and it also has its downsides. And the main one is that repairing hybrid cars is much more expensive than repairing a car with a traditional configuration. This is explained by the complexity of the engine design.

Also, due to the complexity of the design, it is difficult to find professionals who can repair the engine.

The batteries that come with hybrids can self-discharge. In addition, they cannot withstand large temperature changes and their service life is quite limited.

In addition, it is not yet known how used batteries affect the environment. Therefore, their disposal is a problem.

Despite the fact that hybrid cars still have more advantages, they are not yet popular in Russia. One of the reasons for this is the price. The cost of the most popular hybrid in our country, Toyota Prius, is from 1,200,000 rubles. And this car is the cheapest hybrid. Also, for the mass buyer they plan to release a Russian development of a hybrid car, the so-called “E-Mobile”. Its price can range from 350,000 rubles. However, this project was closed.

The BMW ActiveHybrid X6 is the most powerful hybrid car available today.

In connection with the fight for the environment, buyers all over the world are encouraged to purchase hybrids. Thus, in the USA there are a number of tax incentives for owners of such cars, and even free parking spaces. Our country is also planning to introduce similar laws. In particular, reducing duties on the import of hybrid cars.

Engines running on hydrocarbons will slowly but surely lose their positions. And hybrids are one of these steps. However, as long as their prices remain at the same level, there will be little demand for them.

The increase in the number of vehicles in the world and a number of environmental problems that humanity has faced over the past couple of decades have led to serious changes in the automotive industry.

They are dictated, first of all, by significantly tightened environmental standards and increased fuel prices, due to which automakers are forced to look for ways to reduce the amount of toxic emissions and overall fuel consumption in cars.

At the same time, despite the emergence of electric vehicles and the development of vehicles with fuel cells, the only effective way today is the creation of cars with hybrid engines - the easiest way to “fit” into economic standards and offer the consumer an easy-to-use product.

We will try to talk about what the market for “hybrid” cars is today in this material, because today many potential buyers have no idea what a hybrid car means and what advantages it offers.

Hybrid cars - what are they?

The principle of a vehicle built on a hybrid circuit is very simple. It is based on the principle of a conventional gas generator, when the vehicle’s power unit rotates the generator and charges the traction battery.

Video - how a hybrid car works:

In turn, the battery energy allows the car to move for some time exclusively on electric power with “zero” toxic emissions. After the energy in the batteries runs out, the gasoline engine starts up again, which allows you to continue driving and at the same time replenishes the charge in the batteries.

It must be said that along with this scheme, there is another one called plug-in hybrid. In it, the battery is charged not only from the motor, but also from a regular household electrical outlet, and its capacity is sufficient for traveling short distances (usually about 30-40 kilometers). In fact, this means that you can get to work and back without using a gasoline engine at all (and, accordingly, without wasting fuel).

Advantages of cars with a hybrid engine

Surely many will ask the question, why even “fence a garden” with batteries, electric motors, batteries and an internal combustion engine? What does a hybrid power plant offer?

Before answering this question, it’s worth remembering when a “traditional” car uses the most fuel. It is known that the maximum consumption (and, accordingly, the toxicity of emissions) occurs during the acceleration stage to cruising speed, as well as in urban driving with frequent acceleration and deceleration.

Video - how you can improve a hybrid car:

Thus, the electric drive in cars with a hybrid power plant comes into operation precisely in these modes. When the battery is fully charged, the “hybrid” begins to move on electric power, and when a certain speed threshold is reached (depending on the model, it ranges from 20 to 40 kilometers per hour), the internal combustion engine comes into action.

At the same time, the widest range of “hybrids” from Toyota is presented directly in Japan and the USA. On the domestic Japanese market, cars are sold under the Toyota brand, and in America, traditionally, Lexus is the most popular (in Russia, it must be said, the majority of hybrid cars are also sold under this brand).

The Japanese market should rightfully be considered the most saturated in terms of the number of hybrid cars from Toyota. The company launches all the latest models on it, on which it “tests” technologies that should go into series on “global” models.

The attitude of the domestic population towards hybrid cars is ambiguous. One part of car enthusiasts welcomes hybrid new products and pays special attention to them as to our planet. The second part of car enthusiasts retells to each other a lot of legends regarding the performance properties of hybrids, without having solid facts that would confirm the veracity of these myths. In this article we will try to understand in detail all the details that relate to the operational properties of this type of car. Also, using a comparative analysis, we will find out which hybrid car is better.

Energy-saving technologies are the way to save money

One of the main problems that concerns humanity is the preservation of the environment. Reducing exhaust emissions from cars helps solve this problem. Particularly effective measures to preserve the environment are given by methods that are economically beneficial to consumers. For economic reasons, the consumer buys environmentally friendly products and thereby saves the environment. The policies of the world's leading countries are aimed at reducing excessive consumption of energy resources, and overall, it is more profitable for the consumer to use energy-saving technologies.

Hybrid cars have a great future

In recent years, car manufacturers have seen a bright future in hybrids. Almost every world-famous manufacturing company has begun to develop and launch its own models of hybrid cars. Honda and Toyota were pioneers in this industry. Currently, there are a huge number of models of hybrid cars, which allows you to make a choice for every taste and select a model for certain operating conditions.

The demand for hybrid car models is gradually but confidently growing, which allows experts and analysts of the automotive market to predict further growth in the production and sales of hybrids. Another reason why car enthusiasts are increasingly giving preference to hybrids rather than internal combustion vehicles is the increase in state duties on car models with large engine capacities.

What is a hybrid car

It is commonly called hybrid, in which the power unit has two energy conversion technologies, and not one, as in traditional models. Most hybrid models combine an internal combustion engine and an electric one. But hybrid car models are different. Using some technologies, both engines jointly drive the wheels, others provide for only one motor to be connected to the wheels, the second simply transmits energy.

Video about how a hybrid car works:

Another technology is that the driver, at his discretion, turns on one or another engine, depending on the needs and the current situation. This option is most common among the world's leading automobile manufacturers. A car equipped with this technology has a number of advantages. The driver can turn on the electric motor in situations in which fuel consumption increases significantly. In the urban cycle, especially in traffic jams, the internal combustion engine. Its power in such a situation is not particularly important, because the car does not drive at high speed and does not require dynamism. In this case, it is advisable to turn on the electric motor. This will help you save a lot.

Now let's try to consider the advantages of hybrid cars.

High price - an advantage that pays off in several years

The price of cars increases not only depending on the quality of the equipment, but also on the size of the car. After all, it is much cheaper to equip a small vehicle than a large car. The larger the car, the more fuel it consumes - that's a fact.

The economical option provides a high level of savings. Let's take, for example, . The petrol version consumes 9.5 liters in the urban cycle and 6.7 in the suburban cycle. The hybrid version has significantly lower fuel consumption, 5.5–6 liters per hundred kilometers. Here a logical question arises: will the economical version be able to pay for itself, and if so, in what period of time? It should pay off based on its cost. The fact is that the hybrid version costs 3-4 thousand US dollars more than the classic one. Referring to the latest expert research, it takes approximately five years to return the money spent when purchasing a Toyota Camry Hybrid.

For people who use a car only to travel to and from work, buying this kind of car may not be economically feasible, because after five or six years the car owner may want to buy a new car. For motorists who use a vehicle to earn money, the economical version is suitable, it will pay for itself in just a few years, and in the future will allow the owner up to 50% in urban driving. The Toyota Prius C is perfect for this kind of driving.

Low power is the path to high savings

Let's take a closer look at the Toyota Prius C. Most car enthusiasts claim that this model is very slow. Yes, this is true, but the car does not have high dynamic characteristics in order to achieve more efficient savings. During the urban driving cycle, special power from the car is not required. Let us remember that many modern car models with internal combustion engines have an economical mode, which is designed to further save fuel, for example. Toyota Prius C, on the contrary, has a “powerful” mode, in which the car becomes much more responsive to the driver’s actions.

If you pay attention to the more powerful models of hybrid cars, we can state that they are almost in no way inferior to their gasoline counterparts. Take, for example, the Lexus GS450h, which has high dynamic and. The 338 horsepower engine allows the driver to feel real speed. For lovers of dynamic driving, the designers have provided car owners with the Sport S mode.

Recently, even Porsche presented to the public the Panamera S sports hybrid sedan, which reaches speeds of up to 100 km/h in just 5.7 seconds. The maximum speed is 270 kilometers per hour, and this with a fuel consumption of only 10 liters per hundred kilometers in the urban driving cycle. It seems to us that such dynamic and speed characteristics are sufficient even for cars with an internal combustion engine.

Weird looks are a thing of the past.

The times when hybrid cars had a rather strange, and in some cases funny, appearance are long gone. Now, car manufacturers are trying to design hybrids to match gasoline models. That is, the hybrid will look like the gasoline version. This applies, first of all, to the Toyota Camry. Other car manufacturers create hybrids that feature unique exterior designs. For example, the updated Ford Fusion has a delightful design and is reminiscent in appearance.

Hybrid cars aren't just for city driving

The first models of environmentally friendly cars were adapted exclusively for urban conditions. Domestic car enthusiasts cannot forget this fact. Most of them still believe that hybrids are only suitable for city driving, but this is not the case. Technological progress does not stand still for a minute. Developers of electric motors are constantly working to improve them. Batteries can now hold a charge much longer than they could just a few years ago, and new electric motors can reach quite high speeds. A striking example of this is the updated Ford Fusion, which has all the necessary characteristics for long intercity trips. It can travel up to one hundred kilometers using only the electric motor, and given the fact that when completely discharged, you can connect a gasoline engine - this is excellent performance for a hybrid.

The best hybrid cars

What is the best car today? There is no clear answer to this question. We would like to highlight three of the best, in our opinion, hybrids.

So, let's summarize. Hybrid cars have made significant strides over the past few years. Their speed and dynamic characteristics fully satisfy modern conditions of urban and suburban driving. In combination with economical hybrid engines, this will satisfy the needs of domestic car enthusiasts.

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What hybrid cars can you buy in Russia and for how much?

In the specialized literature you can find a lot of information about hybrid cars; several years ago they even claimed that they were the future. However, if you analyze the statistics for the USA and European countries, you can see that approximately 3-4 percent of all cars here are hybrid. Moreover, survey results, as well as market analysis, show that many motorists are abandoning hybrid cars and returning to cars with.

You can talk a lot about the fact that hybrids are more economical - indeed, they consume from 2 to 4 liters of fuel per 100 km. But with high electricity prices, the savings are not so noticeable.

Their environmental friendliness can also be questioned - to produce the same electricity, they still have to burn gas and coal, as a result of which the atmosphere is polluted. There is also a problem when recycling batteries.

However, hybrids are popular among certain segments of the population, and sales of the most famous hybrid car, the Toyota Prius, have already exceeded 7 million units.

Let's see how things are with hybrid cars in Russia, what models can be purchased, whether there are domestic developments, and most importantly, how much it will all cost.

If approximately 400 thousand such cars have been sold in Europe since 2012, then in Russia the number is in the thousands - about 1200-1700 hybrids are sold annually - that is, less than one percent.

In Europe, there are entire programs advertising such cars; their cost is almost the same as that of vehicles with conventional engines. In Russia, no one is particularly interested in giving up gasoline and switching to electricity - this is understandable, given such oil deposits.

Well, there is another good reason - hybrids are much more expensive. In addition, in order to fully enjoy the capabilities of hybrid engines, you need to have a developed infrastructure of specialized gas stations, which, unfortunately, we are experiencing problems with.

True, a design feature of any hybrid is that during braking or when driving at dynamic speeds, the generator generates enough electricity to refuel the batteries. This charge can then be used when driving at low speeds, for example in city traffic jams.

But on pure electricity, a hybrid can only travel so many kilometers - from two to 50.

Whatever the situation, it is still possible to purchase several models of hybrid cars in Russia.

Toyota

Toyota Prius is the most famous and popular hybrid; more than seven million of them have been sold so far. In Moscow car dealerships you can purchase this car in three trim levels:

• Elegance - from 1.53 million rubles;
• Prestige - 1.74 million;
• Lux - 1.9 million.

For comparison, the compact Toyota Verso minivan, which belongs to the same class as the Prius, will cost 400 thousand less. But the main advantage of the Toyota Prius is its efficiency: the car consumes 3.7 liters per 100 kilometers. Technologies were also used to minimize consumption in the urban cycle.

Lexus

You can find several hybrid cars in the Lexus lineup:

• Lexus CT 200h (from 1.8 to 2.3 million rubles) - hatchback, fuel consumption is 3.5 outside the city and 3.6 in the city;
• Lexus S300h (from 2.4 million rubles) - sedan, consumption - 5.5 liters in the combined cycle;
• Lexus IS 300h - a sedan, costing from two million, consumption - 4.4 liters A95;
• GS 450h - sedan, cost - from 3,401,000 rubles, consumption - 6 liters;
• NX 300h - from 2,638,000 rubles, consumption - 5.4 liters;
• The RX 450h is another crossover that will cost from three and a half million and consumes 6.3 liters on the combined cycle.

Lexus has always focused on the Premium class, which is why prices are so high here, although a closer look at these cars shows that the money will not be paid in vain.

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The cost of a new car is 4.7-6 million rubles. It requires about 8 liters of fuel in the urban cycle. The battery is charged by regenerating braking energy. The car is actively sold not only in Russia, but also in neighboring countries; for example, it can be found in car dealerships in Kyiv and Minsk.

Premium class car. You can purchase it for 7,667,708 rubles. The power of the main engine is 330 hp, the electric motor is 97 hp. The car accelerates to hundreds in five and a half seconds. Unfortunately, there is no information about fuel consumption, but it can be assumed that people who shell out that kind of money don’t worry too much about this question. Porsche car lovers can also order delivery of the Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid crossover for 4.5-5 million.

BMW i8 is a sports car that costs 9 and a half million rubles. Thanks to the hybrid engine, consumption is only 2.5 liters, which is for a 5.8-liter engine with 170 hp. really little. The maximum speed is limited to 250 km/h, and the sports car accelerates to one hundred kilometers in 4.4 seconds.

Mitsubishi I-MIEV

This is not a hybrid, but a car with a single electric motor. Such cars are also called electric cars. This electric car will cost 999 thousand rubles. Its sales are not progressing very successfully - approximately 200 cars per year in Russia.

In 2012, it could be purchased for three and a half million. There are also many advertisements for used hybrids for sale. When choosing them, special attention should be paid to batteries, since they are the weak point of such cars. If you are interested in the new Touareg with a hybrid engine, you need to contact official dealers and order delivery directly from Germany.

Well, another one is a representative of the American automobile industry, large and powerful. It has a six-liter diesel engine and automatic transmission. The cost is about three and a half million.

If we talk directly about domestic hybrid cars, then there is nothing special to brag about here: there are several models of city buses (Trolza 5250 and KAMAZ 5297N). Such cars were produced before - in the 60-70s.

Hybrid cars - just 20-30 years ago, the massive appearance of such cars on the roads seemed like a statement from the realm of science fiction. But now it is becoming a reality, as the percentage of those who prefer this type of transport is growing. And given that it is gradually falling, the growth in popularity will continue.

Terminology and operating modes of hybrid cars

Hybrid cars are a type of vehicle that is driven by a hybrid powertrain. This means that this installation uses 2 or more energy sources. Accordingly, a similar number of motors are needed that are capable of transforming energy into mechanical energy, and the designation “hybrid engine” used is terminologically incorrect, since it does not reflect the essence.

It has been proven that a car can be equipped with engines oriented to different types of energy. However, the serial production of hybrid cars is focused on equipping models with a combination of a standard internal combustion engine and an electric motor. A prerequisite for a car of this type is the highest quality of elements.

Video: Hybrid cars

In addition, the production of hybrid cars also implies the introduction of the latest developments into its design, aimed at reducing consumption and reducing emissions. Typically, such innovations are represented by the Start-Stop system, variable valve timing, antifreeze heating using exhaust gases, a recuperative complex characterized by reduced rolling resistance, and an electric drive for options (power steering, pumps, air conditioning, etc.). In addition, hybrids have optimized performance.

Operating modes depend on the driving parameters of the machine.

Start and low speed

Under these conditions, only the electric motor functions - energy from the battery goes to the power supply, which redirects it to the electric motors, and they drive the wheels.

Movement

During a quiet ride, energy comes from the gasoline engine and electric motor. It is divided directly between the drives and the generator, which activates the electric motors. If there is excess energy, it is used to charge the battery. In this case, acceleration is carried out mainly due to the internal combustion engine, and the energy from electric motors only optimizes the process.

During braking, kinetic energy is generated, which is automatically transformed into electricity, and then, bypassing the BUE, is sent to the batteries.

Types of Hybrid Cars

It directly depends on the layout of the power unit connection:

Types of Hybrid Cars

1. parallel connection;
2. sequential;
3. parallel-serial version.

Parallel connection implies the use of automatic couplings in the design of the machine, through which the electric motor, internal combustion engine and transmission are combined into a single complex, and for the first time such an arrangement was used by Honda engineers when they developed the IMA system. In this case, the electric and gasoline engines are located so that they are able to function independently of each other, and the electric motor itself is located between the transmission and the internal combustion engine itself. Such cars have a low-power electric motor, the output of which usually varies within 20 kW, but it is enough to guarantee dynamic acceleration. In addition, it also acts as a generator and starter.

Most often, a similar arrangement is found on Volkswagen Touareg Hybrid, BMW Active Hybrid 7 and others. At the same time, they are characterized by several possible operating modes: this can be the operation of gasoline and electric motors in tandem, as well as an option with driving exclusively on electric power. In addition, the driver can activate a mode in which the electric motor battery will be recharged while the internal combustion engine is operating (generator mode). Recharging can also occur by activating the braking system (regenerative).

One of the representatives of hybrid cars is the Volkswagen Touareg Hybrid.

Provided the motors are connected in a series arrangement, the gasoline engine is constantly connected to the generator. The battery is charged through it, as it powers the electric motor. The car itself moves due to the functioning of an electric motor. In this case, the models are equipped with lithium-ion batteries, which can be recharged from a regular network after the ride is completed. This type is focused on maximum environmental friendliness, because the gasoline engine only works when necessary.

A similar arrangement is typical for the Ampera models from Opel, Volt from Chevrolet and others. Of course, their electric range is extremely small - only about 60 km, and even then only if all unnecessary energy consumers are turned off. But driving while recharging the generator from the internal combustion engine takes much longer - about 500 km.

There are also hybrids with a series-parallel design used on them, which involves the interaction of an electric motor and a gasoline engine through the installation of a gearbox (planetary). In addition, there is a generator to recharge the batteries. It is noteworthy that the use of this scheme makes it possible to direct up to 100% of the power to the drive wheels from each of the power units.

This technology is typical for models, Ford Escape Hybrid and some others, but it is worth recognizing that the trendsetter in this direction is Toyota with its HSD-type technology, which other manufacturers focus on.

Thus, such a layout includes an installed gasoline engine and an electric motor, combined through various mechanisms with a planetary gearbox, as well as a generator, also working in conjunction with the gearbox.

In this case, we can talk about several modes of system operation. For example, if it is necessary to sharply increase output, the forced mode is activated, when both the electric motor and the gasoline unit operate at maximum, and the energy for the electric motor comes from the battery. You can move entirely on electric power, which is suitable for lovers of such driving, as well as those who are committed to preserving nature. In this case, the internal combustion engine is completely deactivated.

Driving along the highway at the same pace (cruising option) implies the joint operation of both units, but not all the energy from the internal combustion engine goes to the wheels - part of it is redistributed to the generator and then goes to the electric motor. It is also possible to recharge the batteries if necessary. This reduces emissions.

During braking, the recuperation mode is activated, and the electric motor itself acts as a kind of generator, and the gear (solar type) begins to rotate in reverse, which slows down the car. It is possible to travel in an economical mode, when the energy flow to the generator comes from the battery. Due to this, the operation of the gasoline engine slows down. And most importantly, the torque remains the same, while the engine’s appetite decreases. If the battery is completely discharged, you can activate its recharging mode through the operation of the generator and internal combustion engine.

Advantages of hybrid cars

They lie in the fact that the use of hybrid circuits allows for significant environmental friendliness, but without serious sacrifices on the part of traction, power reserve and similar aspects.

Video: How a hybrid car works.

This was resolved through the following steps:

• operation of the power unit under optimal conditions - the Miller cycle is usually taken as the standard;
• equipping the machine with a less powerful internal combustion engine, which automatically leads to a reduction in its volume and consumption;
• introduction of a regenerative braking system - this will protect the brake pads from premature wear;
• During a stop, the power unit stalls and does not idle.

In addition, such cars, in comparison with pure electric cars, use batteries of reduced capacity, and this makes the process of recycling much easier and cheaper.

However, despite a slight increase in the popularity of such cars, one should not assume that the time is approaching when hybrid cars will replace those running on traditional fuel. According to statistics, over the past 15 years, hybrids have been able to conquer only about 3% of the automobile market. Therefore, we should not expect the beginning of mass demand for such machines, at least in the next 15-20 years.

Representatives of the hybrid car class

About 15 models of hybrid cars are currently sold in Russia. It is noteworthy that these are exclusively Japanese and German models. Thus, Audi presents the Q5 2.0 TFSI Hybrid. There are several models from Lexus – CT 200h, ES 300h, IS 300h, NX 300h, RX 450h and GS 450h. Toyota sells the Prius model, Nissan offers the Pathfinder 2.5 CVT Hybrid, Mitsubishi sells the 2.0 PHEV in Russia, Infiniti settled on the Q50 3.5 Hybrid and QX60 2.5 Hybrid, and Mercedes-Benz presented the C-class C 350 e and E-class E 300 CDI sedan AT Hybrid.

Bottom line

As you can see, the popularity of hybrid cars is growing. Many still do not believe in their reliability, but time proves otherwise. In addition, the cost of models with such power units is noticeably higher than traditional ones.