The Khakass are what a language family. Indigenous peoples of Siberia: Khakass
The traditional occupation of the Khakass was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. They mainly bred horses, cattle, and sheep. Sheep were preferred with thick skin and coarse wool, usually black (hara khoi). They kept poultry, but only for the eggs. No poultry meat was consumed.
Hunting occupied a significant place in the economy of the Khakass (the Kyzyls and Koibals were considered the best hunters). Only men were engaged in hunting. Women were prohibited from touching any weapons, as well as from slaughtering or skinning animals. They hunted fur-bearing animals, deer, elk, deer, roe deer, bears, birds, beavers, otters. Musk deer were especially valued (because of the gland in males, which produces an expensive substance - musk, used to prepare medicines). Not all Khakass were engaged in fishing, but mainly the Kyzyls and Sagais.
Since the times of the Kyrgyz Kaganate (9th century), the ancestors of the Khakass knew about plow farming, for the needs of which they built quite complex irrigation structures and irrigation systems. The main crop was barley. In the 19th century They also sowed wheat, oats, winter rye, buckwheat and millet. Industrial crops include hemp and flax. Khakass women and children were engaged in gathering (Adam's apple, saran, wild garlic). The men took part in collecting pine nuts.
The main occupations and lifestyle of pastoralists dictated the development of certain types of home crafts, such as dressing hides, skins, rolling felt, lasso weaving, weaving (from nettles, hemp, flax and wool). The Khakass knew how to make birch bark boats, dugout boats from poplar, and made ceramic dishes. The blacksmith and jewelers were held in high esteem.
From the point of view of the social structure of the population, the population was divided into two main groups: the Chayzans - princes and the Kharachi - the mob. Chayzans maintained a large apparatus of officials (tuzumer): the yarguchi administered justice according to the norms of customary law, and also collected taxes. The main executors of princely orders were chazools. The head of the principality (beg) also maintained squads (hozon). At the end of the 19th century. - beginning of the 20th century Khakass society was dominated by a small family, which lived in one yurt and consisted, as a rule, of parents and their children. The head of the family was a man who managed property and the progress of household work (the exclusive right of the head of the family did not apply to women’s activities and responsibilities).
Upon reaching marriageable age (usually 17-22 years), only in exceptional cases did someone not marry. A man could get married at any age, but before his marriage he was treated by adults as a child, and by children as a peer. He did not make independent decisions if his father, grandfather or older brothers were still alive. Marriages within the same seok (clan, literally translated as “bone”) were prohibited until the seventh generation.
There were several forms of marriage. The most common was the abduction of a girl (tutkhyn), often with her prior consent, with the obligatory payment of a dowry. In the lullaby form, or collusion (sablyg toi - “marriage by honor”), parents matched children from 3-5 years old. In this case, no bride price was paid, but since the engagement, 2-3 times annually, the boy’s parents sent valuable gifts to the girl’s parents. In addition, the boy spent several weeks in the house of his future wife and took part in all household chores. Among the poor part of the population, a common form of marriage was marriage by labor (kizoge kirgen) - the bride's parents, who had no sons, accepted into the house a poor son-in-law, who worked for his father-in-law for several years. After his service, he had the right to build a separate yurt for himself and start a farm.
Marriage dowry - kalym (khalyn. halyg) - was a prerequisite for marriage. No less important was the dowry, which in value could not be less than the bride price. The dowry was considered the property of the wife. In the event of her death, property and livestock returned to her parents' family. But all the offspring from the livestock, as well as the children, remained with the husband. The same thing happens when a husband gives his wife a divorce.
When his son married, his father allocated him a share of the property (“ulus” translated from Khakass as “share, part”; it is interesting to note that the word “ulus” began to mean “settlement, settlement”). Relatives on his father’s side also allocated him cattle. The youngest son, having married, always remained to live with his parents. He was considered the keeper of the family hearth (eyes) and received two shares of the inheritance - his own and his father's. Married sons lived with their father for some time after the wedding. Traditional rules required each family to have its own home. The father set up a yurt for the family, often near his own. Usually it was staged when young people had children and parents made sure of the strength of the young couple’s relationship. In the newlyweds' house, the first fire was made from coals taken from the hearth of the husband's parents. The separated sons and father worked together to herd and maintain livestock, which made it possible to support all types of work without unnecessary losses.
The woman (ipche) was responsible for all the housework, as well as raising children. A woman has been subservient to a man all her life. At first she was controlled by her father, then by her husband. She was considered an “unclean” creature, so she was not supposed to climb sacred mountains, swim in revered lakes, ride a sacred horse, pick up sharp objects, sit on a man’s clothes, rise above a man, etc. She was considered a paying soul and did not own mowing and arable land. The wife could not inherit any property, had nothing but her dowry, and was economically dependent on her husband.
The man was the heir to family and ancestral values. Relationships were counted only through the male line. In the event that a wife could not give birth to a son for several years, the husband had the right to take another wife, and if the second did not give birth, then he took a third. Children from all three wives were considered legitimate. Each of the wives was given a separate yurt and their own household. Typically, polygamy was practiced only among the bais.
Khakassians
KHAKASSES-s; pl. The people who make up the main population of Khakassia, partly Tuva and the Krasnoyarsk Territory; representatives of this people.
◁ Khakas, -a; m. Khakaska, -i; pl. genus.-juice, date-scam; and. Khakassian, -aya, -oh. X. tongue.
Khakassians(self-name - Khakass, outdated name - Abakan or Minusinsk Tatars), people in Khakassia (62.9 thousand people), a total of 79 thousand people in Russia (1995). Khakass language. Believers are Orthodox, traditional beliefs are preserved.
KHAKASSKHAKASSES (self-name - Tadar), people in the Russian Federation, the main population of Khakassia (65.4 thousand people). In total there are 75.6 thousand Khakass in the Russian Federation (2002). In pre-revolutionary literature, they were known under the general name of the Minusinsk, Abakan, Achinsk Tatars or Turks, who were divided into five tribal groups (Kachins, Sagais, Beltirs, Koibals and Kyzyls), within which the division into clans was preserved. These groups became part of the Russian state in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Anthropologically, the Khakass belong to a transitional form from the Ural type to the South Siberian: among the northern groups (Kyzyls, part of the Sagais), the racial traits of the Uralians predominate, and among the southern (Kachins) - the South Siberian type.
The Khakass language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai language family. It is divided into four dialects: Sagai, Kachin, Kyzyl and Shor; on the basis of Kachin and Sagai, a literary language was formed and writing was created (in 1928 in the Latin alphabet, since 1939 in the Cyrillic alphabet). Khakassian language is considered native by 75% of Khakassians. In 1876, it was announced that the Khakass would join the Russian Orthodox Church, but most of the believers adhere to traditional shamanistic beliefs.
The ethnic composition was formed in the 17-18th century based on the mixing of the Yenisei Kirghiz with the Turkic, Samoyed and Ket groups. Although the bulk of the Kyrgyz were brought into the Dzungar Khanate in 1703, the remaining Kyrgyz who returned in the second half of the 18th century became the basis for the formation of the nation. According to the 1897 census, there were 12 thousand Kachins, 13.9 thousand Sagais, 8 thousand Kyzyls (whose basis were groups of Siberian Tatars and Kazakh Argyns who settled in the Altysar ulus in the 16th - early 17th centuries), 4.8 thousand Beltirs (descendants immigrants from Tuva who settled at the mouth of Abakan, hence their name “Ustinets”). The process of consolidation, which began in the 18th century, ended in the 20th century, when the Khakass received national autonomy and a common name.
The traditional occupation of the Khakass is semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The Khakass kept horses, cattle and sheep. Hunting (mainly among the Kyzyls) in the Sayan taiga (for musk deer) occupied a significant place in the economy. Agriculture (the main crop is barley) became the predominant sector of the economy by the end of the 19th century. In autumn, the taiga population of Khakassia collected pine nuts. In some places, the Khakass began to raise pigs and poultry.
The main type of Khakass settlements were aals - semi-nomadic associations of several households (10-15 yurts), usually related to each other. The main type of dwelling is a non-lattice yurt. The traditional clothing of the Kachins has become widespread among all Khakass. Since the beginning of the 20th century, purchased fabrics have become widely used. Following Russian fabrics, elements of Russian peasant and urban clothing began to penetrate into the costume of the Khakass, and in areas of close proximity to Russians, the wealthy population completely adopted Russian peasant clothing.
The main food was meat in winter and dairy in summer. The Khakass prepared soups and broths with boiled meat. The most popular was cereal and barley soup. Blood sausage is popular as a holiday dish. The most common drink was ayran made from sour cow's milk. Ayran was distilled into milk vodka. It was used on holidays, for treating guests and during religious rituals.
The Khakass attached great importance to public prayers. They prayed to the sky, mountains, water, and the sacred tree - the birch. The Kachin people prayed to heaven on Mount Saksar in the Abakan steppe. During prayer, an odd number of white lambs with black heads were sacrificed. Women and children were not allowed to participate in the ceremony. The Khakassians had a cult of “theses” - family and clan patrons. Most ritual actions were performed with the participation of a shaman.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
See what "Khakas" is in other dictionaries:
Tadarlar ... Wikipedia
- (obsolete name Abakan or Minusinsk Tatars) people in Khakassia (62.9 thousand people), a total of 79 thousand people in the Russian Federation (1991). Khakass language. Khakass believers are Orthodox, traditional beliefs are preserved... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (self-names Tadar, Khoorai) a nationality with a total number of 80 thousand people, living mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation (79 thousand people), incl. Khakassia 62 thousand people. Khakass language. Religious affiliation of believers: traditional... ... Modern encyclopedia
KHAKASSES, Khakassians, units. Khakas, Khakass, husband. The people of the Turkic linguistic group, constituting the main population of the Khakass Autonomous Region; former name Abakan Turks. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
KHAKASSES, ov, units. as, a, husband. The people who make up the main indigenous population of Khakassia. | wives Khakassia, I. | adj. Khakassian, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (self-name Khakass, outdated name Abakan or Minusinsk Tatars), people in the Russian Federation (79 thousand people), in Khakassia (62.9 thousand people). The Khakass language is a Uyghur group of Turkic languages. Orthodox believers are preserved... ...Russian history
Khakassians Ethnopsychological Dictionary
KHAKASS- the people of our country, who have inhabited the taiga territories of Southern Siberia in the valley of the Middle Yenisei near the cities of Abakan, Achinsk and Minusinsk since ancient times. In Tsarist Russia, the Khakass, like a number of other Turkic peoples, were called Minusinsk, Achinsk and... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Khakassians- KHAKAS, ov, plural (ed Khakas, a, m). The people who make up the main indigenous population of the Republic of Khakassia within Russia, located in the southeast of Siberia, partly of Tuva and the Krasnodar Territory (the old name is the Abakan or Minusinsk Tatars);... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
The people living in the Khakass Autonomous Okrug and partly in the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Number of people: 67 thousand people. (1970, census). The Khakass language belongs to the Turkic languages. Before the October Revolution of 1917 they were known under the general name... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Khakass (self-name Tadar) are a people in the Russian Federation, the main population of Khakassia (63.6 thousand). In total there are 72.9 thousand Khakass in the Russian Federation (2010). In pre-revolutionary literature, they were known under the general name of the Minusinsk, Abakan, Achinsk Tatars or Turks, who were divided into five tribal groups (Kachins, Sagais, Beltirs, Koibals and Kyzyls), within which the division into clans was preserved. These groups became part of the Russian state in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Anthropologically, the Khakass belong to a transitional form from the Ural type to the South Siberian: among the northern groups (Kyzyls, part of the Sagais), the racial traits of the Uralians predominate, and among the southern (Kachins) - the South Siberian type.
The Khakass language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai language family. It is divided into four dialects: Sagai, Kachin, Kyzyl and Shor; on the basis of Kachin and Sagai, a literary language was formed and writing was created (in 1928 in the Latin alphabet, since 1939 in the Cyrillic alphabet). Khakassian language is considered native by 75% of Khakassians. In 1876, it was announced that the Khakass would join the Russian Orthodox Church, but most of the believers adhere to traditional shamanistic beliefs.
The ethnic composition was formed in the 17-18th century based on the mixing of the Yenisei Kirghiz with the Turkic, Samoyed and Ket groups. Although the bulk of the Kyrgyz were brought into the Dzungar Khanate in 1703, the remaining Kyrgyz who returned in the second half of the 18th century became the basis for the formation of the nation. According to the 1897 census, there were 12 thousand Kachins, 13.9 thousand Sagais, 8 thousand Kyzyls (whose basis were groups of Siberian Tatars and Kazakh Argyns who settled in the Altysar ulus in the 16th - early 17th centuries), 4.8 thousand Beltirs (descendants immigrants from Tuva who settled at the mouth of Abakan, hence their name “Ustinets”). The process of consolidation, which began in the 18th century, ended in the 20th century, when the Khakass received national autonomy and a common name.
The traditional occupation of the Khakass is semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The Khakass kept horses, cattle and sheep. Hunting (mainly among the Kyzyls) in the Sayan taiga (for musk deer) occupied a significant place in the economy. Agriculture (the main crop is barley) became the predominant sector of the economy by the end of the 19th century. In autumn, the taiga population of Khakassia collected pine nuts. In some places, the Khakass began to raise pigs and poultry.
The main type of Khakass settlements were aals - semi-nomadic associations of several households (10-15 yurts), usually related to each other. The main type of dwelling is a non-lattice yurt. The traditional clothing of the Kachins has become widespread among all Khakass. Since the beginning of the 20th century, purchased fabrics have become widely used. Following Russian fabrics, elements of Russian peasant and urban clothing began to penetrate into the costume of the Khakass, and in areas of close proximity to Russians, the wealthy population completely adopted Russian peasant clothing.
The main food was meat in winter and dairy in summer. The Khakass prepared soups and broths with boiled meat. The most popular was cereal and barley soup. Blood sausage is popular as a holiday dish. The most common drink was ayran made from sour cow's milk. Ayran was distilled into milk vodka. It was used on holidays, for treating guests and during religious rituals.
The Khakass attached great importance to public prayers. They prayed to the sky, mountains, water, and the sacred tree - the birch. The Kachin people prayed to heaven on Mount Saksar in the Abakan steppe. During prayer, an odd number of white lambs with black heads were sacrificed. Women and children were not allowed to participate in the ceremony. The Khakassians had a cult of “theses” - family and clan patrons. Most ritual actions were performed with the participation of a shaman.
Khakass(self-name tadar, plural h. tadarlar; obsolete - Minusinsk Tatars, Abakan (Yenisei) Tatars, Achinsk Tatars listen)) are a Turkic people of Russia living in Southern Siberia on the left bank of the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. The traditional religion is shamanism, many were baptized into Orthodoxy (often by force) in the 19th century.
Subethnic groups
The Telengits, Teleuts, Chulyms, and Shors are close to the Khakass in culture and language.
Tribal division
The number of Khakass in Khakassia in 1926-2010
The total number of Khakass in the Russian Federation, compared with the census data of the year (75.6 thousand people), decreased and amounted to 72,959 people according to the results of the year’s census.
Language
According to another classification, it belongs to the independent Khakass (Kyrgyz-Yenisei) group of Eastern Turkic languages, to which, in addition to Khakassians also include Shors (Mras Shor dialect), Chulyms (Middle Chulym dialect), Yugu (yellow Uighurs) (Saryg-Yugur language). They go back to the ancient Kyrgyz or Yenisei-Kyrgyz language. In addition to this, to Khakassian similar in language (although they belong to the Western Turkic North-Altai group) are the Kumandins, Chelkans, Tubalars (and the Kondom Shor dialect, and the Lower Chulym dialect), as well as (although they belong to the Western Turkic Kyrgyz-Kypchak group) - the Kyrgyz, Altaians, Teleuts, Telengits.
Anthroponymy of the Khakass
Material culture
Spiritual culture
Folk games and competitions
Some Khakass folk games and competitions:
Physical anthropology
The Khakass are divided into two anthropological types of mixed origin, but generally belonging to the large Mongoloid race:
- Ural (Biryusa, Kyzyls, Beltyrs, part of the Sagais)
- South Siberian (Kachins, steppe part of the Sagais, Koibals).
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Notes
Literature
- Bakhrushin S.V. Yenisei Kirghiz in the 17th century. // Scientific works III. Selected works on the history of Siberia in the 16th-17th centuries. Part 2. History of the peoples of Siberia in the XVI-XVII centuries. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1955.
- Kozmin N. N. Khakassy: historical, ethnographic and economic essay of the Minusinsk region. - Irkutsk: Publishing house. Irkutsk scientific section workers of Rabpros, 1925. - X, 185 p. - (Local history series No. 4 / edited by M. A. Azadovsky; issue V). - Bibliography in note at the end of each chapter.
- Baskakov N. A. Turkic languages, M., 1960, 2006
- Tekin T. The problem of classification of Turkic languages // Problems of modern Turkology: materials of the II All-Union Turkological Conference. - Alma-Ata: Science, 1980 - P. 387-390
- Languages of the world. Turkic languages, Bishkek, 1997
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An excerpt characterizing the Khakass
From eight o'clock the rifle shots were joined by cannon fire. There were a lot of people on the streets, hurrying somewhere, a lot of soldiers, but just as always, cab drivers were driving, merchants were standing at the shops and services were going on in the churches. Alpatych went to the shops, to public places, to the post office and to the governor. In public places, in shops, at the post office, everyone was talking about the army, about the enemy who had already attacked the city; everyone asked each other what to do, and everyone tried to calm each other down.At the governor's house, Alpatych found a large number of people, Cossacks and a road carriage that belonged to the governor. On the porch, Yakov Alpatych met two noblemen, one of whom he knew. A nobleman he knew, a former police officer, spoke heatedly.
“It’s not a joke,” he said. - Okay, who is alone? One head and poor - so alone, otherwise there are thirteen people in the family, and all the property... They brought everyone to disappear, what kind of authorities are they after that?.. Eh, I would have outweighed the robbers...
“Yes, well, it will be,” said another.
- What do I care, let him hear! Well, we are not dogs,” said the former police officer and, looking back, he saw Alpatych.
- And, Yakov Alpatych, why are you there?
“By order of his Excellency, to Mr. Governor,” answered Alpatych, proudly raising his head and putting his hand in his bosom, which he always did when he mentioned the prince... “They deigned to order to inquire about the state of affairs,” he said.
“Well, just find out,” shouted the landowner, “they brought it to me, no cart, no nothing!.. Here she is, do you hear? - he said, pointing to the side where the shots were heard.
- They brought everyone to perish... robbers! - he said again and walked off the porch.
Alpatych shook his head and went up the stairs. In the reception room there were merchants, women, and officials, silently exchanging glances among themselves. The office door opened, everyone stood up and moved forward. An official ran out of the door, talked something with the merchant, called behind him a fat official with a cross on his neck and disappeared again through the door, apparently avoiding all the looks and questions addressed to him. Alpatych moved forward and the next time the official exited, putting his hand in his buttoned coat, he turned to the official, handing him two letters.
“To Mr. Baron Asch from General Chief Prince Bolkonsky,” he proclaimed so solemnly and significantly that the official turned to him and took his letter. A few minutes later the governor received Alpatych and hastily told him:
- Report to the prince and princess that I didn’t know anything: I acted according to the highest orders - so...
He gave the paper to Alpatych.
- However, since the prince is unwell, my advice to them is to go to Moscow. I'm on my way now. Report... - But the governor didn’t finish: a dusty and sweaty officer ran through the door and began to say something in French. The governor's face showed horror.
“Go,” he said, nodding his head to Alpatych, and began asking the officer something. Greedy, frightened, helpless glances turned to Alpatych as he left the governor’s office. Unwittingly now listening to the nearby and increasingly intensifying shots, Alpatych hurried to the inn. The paper that the governor gave to Alpatych was as follows:
“I assure you that the city of Smolensk does not yet face the slightest danger, and it is incredible that it will be threatened by it. I am on one side, and Prince Bagration on the other side, we are going to unite in front of Smolensk, which will take place on the 22nd, and both armies with their combined forces will defend their compatriots in the province entrusted to you, until their efforts remove the enemies of the fatherland from them or until they are exterminated in their brave ranks to the last warrior. You see from this that you have every right to reassure the inhabitants of Smolensk, for whoever is protected by two such brave troops can be confident of their victory.” (Instruction from Barclay de Tolly to the Smolensk civil governor, Baron Asch, 1812.)
People were moving restlessly through the streets.
Carts loaded with household utensils, chairs, and cabinets continually drove out of the gates of houses and drove through the streets. In the neighboring house of Ferapontov there were carts and, saying goodbye, the women howled and said sentences. The mongrel dog was barking and spinning around in front of the stalled horses.
Alpatych, with a more hasty step than he usually walked, entered the yard and went straight under the barn to his horses and cart. The coachman was sleeping; he woke him up, ordered him to lay him to bed and entered the hallway. In the master's room one could hear the crying of a child, the wracking sobs of a woman, and the angry, hoarse cry of Ferapontov. The cook, like a frightened chicken, fluttered in the hallway as soon as Alpatych entered.
- He killed her to death - he beat the owner!.. He beat her like that, she dragged her like that!..
- For what? – asked Alpatych.
- I asked to go. It's a woman's business! Take me away, he says, don’t destroy me and my little children; the people, he says, have all left, what, he says, are we? How he started beating. He hit me like that, he dragged me like that!
Alpatych seemed to nod his head approvingly at these words and, not wanting to know anything more, went to the opposite door - the master's door of the room in which his purchases remained.
“You are a villain, a destroyer,” shouted at that time a thin, pale woman with a child in her arms and a scarf torn from her head, bursting out of the door and running down the stairs to the courtyard. Ferapontov followed her and, seeing Alpatych, straightened his vest and hair, yawned and entered the room behind Alpatych.
- Do you really want to go? - he asked.
Without answering the question and without looking back at the owner, looking through his purchases, Alpatych asked how long the owner was supposed to stay.
- We'll count! Well, did the governor have one? – Ferapontov asked. – What was the solution?
Alpatych replied that the governor did not tell him anything decisive.
- Are we going to leave on our business? - said Ferapontov. - Give me seven rubles per cart to Dorogobuzh. And I say: there is no cross on them! - he said.
“Selivanov, he got in on Thursday and sold flour to the army for nine rubles a sack.” Well, will you drink tea? - he added. While the horses were being pawned, Alpatych and Ferapontov drank tea and talked about the price of grain, the harvest and favorable weather for harvesting.
“However, it began to calm down,” said Ferapontov, drinking three cups of tea and getting up, “ours must have taken over.” They said they won't let me in. This means strength... And after all, they said, Matvey Ivanovich Platov drove them into the Marina River, drowned eighteen thousand, or something, in one day.
Alpatych collected his purchases, handed them over to the coachman who came in, and settled accounts with the owner. At the gate there was the sound of wheels, hooves and bells of a car leaving.
It was already well after noon; half the street was in the shade, the other was brightly lit by the sun. Alpatych looked out the window and went to the door. Suddenly a strange sound of a distant whistle and blow was heard, and after that there was a merging roar of cannon fire, which made the windows tremble.
Alpatych went out into the street; two people ran down the street towards the bridge. From different sides we heard whistles, impacts of cannonballs and the bursting of grenades falling in the city. But these sounds were almost inaudible and did not attract the attention of residents in comparison with the sounds of gunfire heard outside the city. It was a bombardment, which at five o'clock Napoleon ordered to open on the city, from one hundred and thirty guns. At first the people did not understand the significance of this bombing.
The sounds of falling grenades and cannonballs aroused at first only curiosity. Ferapontov’s wife, who had never stopped howling under the barn, fell silent and, with the child in her arms, went out to the gate, silently looking at the people and listening to the sounds.
Semi-nomadic cattle breeding is a traditional occupation of the Khakassians. They kept horses, cattle and sheep. Hunting occupied a significant place in the taiga, in the Sayan Mountains. Agriculture (barley, and to a lesser extent millet and wheat) was known before the arrival of the Russians. And from the beginning of the 20th century. it becomes the predominant branch of the economy. In autumn, the subtaiga population of Khakassia collected pine nuts. Among the crafts, blacksmithing, leather dressing, felt making, and weaving were developed.
In the 20th century Industry developed rapidly in Khakassia, many Khakassians mastered non-traditional occupations, workers and intelligentsia appeared.
A round yurt (ib), covered with birch bark in summer and felt in winter, is a traditional dwelling for cattle breeders. Starting from the middle of the 19th century, with the transition to a sedentary and semi-sedentary lifestyle, a stationary polygonal wooden yurt with a pyramidal roof spread. From the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Russian log hut began to be used.
The traditional settlement of the Khakass (aal) consisted of 10-15 yurts and several outbuildings, erected without a special system. Currently, the villages have a street system and do not differ from Russian villages and villages.
Among the Khakass, the most common costume was the Kachin costume. By the beginning of the 20th century. they made extensive use of purchased fabrics. Men wore wide, untucked shirts, belted with a sash, women wore the same cut, but long, toe-length dresses (everyday ones were made of cotton fabrics, festive ones were made of silk). The back hem of the dress was longer than the front. We used bright colors with the exception of yellow. Details of the dress were decorated with floral patterns. Only widows belted their dresses.
Swing robes (men's and women's) were made from cloth (everyday), from corduroy or silk (for holidays). Winter sheepskin coats were decorated with embroidered floral patterns on the back. Married women always wore a sleeveless vest (sigedek) over their festive costume. Girls braided their hair in many braids, married women - in two braids.
Women wore a scarf on their heads, tied in a special way - with a fold on the forehead. There were several types of fur hats (men's and women's). Among the decorations, the pogo is especially famous - a crescent-shaped chest decoration with rounded edges and an ornament embroidered with beads and mother-of-pearl buttons, as well as braided decorations-pendants made of coral.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Following Russian fabrics, individual elements of Russian peasant and urban clothing began to penetrate into the Khakass costume, and in areas of close proximity to Russians, the wealthy population began to completely adopt Russian peasant costume.
The main food of the Khakassians was meat dishes in winter and dairy dishes in summer. Soups (cereals, barley) and various broths with meat were prepared. One of my favorite dishes was and remains blood sausage. The most common drink is ayran, which is prepared from specially fermented cow's milk. Milk vodka (airan aragazi) was made from ayran. It was used on holidays, for treating guests and during religious rituals. The wild plants consumed included saran bulbs, kandyk, pine nuts, wild onions, berries, etc. Large dumplings with nut filling were considered a delicacy.
