Russian language: everyday communication (levels A1 - C2). Russian language: everyday communication (levels A1 - C2) Exam format in the Russian language of everyday communication

Goals:

• Educational: activate knowledge on the topic “Vocabulary”; ◦ teach how to use words correctly, taking into account their lexical meaning and norms of lexical compatibility.
• Educational: develop the ability to listen to the teacher, the ability to analyze and generalize.
• Educational: work on personality development: development of attention, logical thinking, independence, imagination.

During the classes

I. Teacher's word.
Observing the living word in everyday life, at meetings, lectures, the speech of schoolchildren, especially in its written expression (creative works), and finally the language of periodicals, radio and television, indicate that in speech there are many errors and deviations from modern literary norms. Paronymy is one of the sources of “difficulties” in literary speech.
Paronyms ( from Greek para “near” + onyma “name”) are words with the same root, different in meaning, but similar, close in sound.
The paronymic series consists of related words that belong to the same part of speech, as well as having common grammatical features (in particular, participles and adjectives), for example: vagabond And wandering, fever And hotness, smoky, smoky And smoking, put on and dress.
There are many such words in the Russian language, and their use in speech is associated with certain difficulties: imagine - provide, toast - health resort, guaranteed - guaranteed, secretive - secretive, spare - thrifty, memorable - memorable, neighboring - neighborly, pleasing - obsequious, successful - lucky and so on.
Errors in the use of paronymic words are primarily due to the fact that these words have a certain similarity in sound, morphemic structure (they have the same root), and grammatical features (these are words of the same part of speech). The root gives them a common lexical meaning. Nevertheless, these words have different meanings, which must be taken into account when using them in speech.
For example, if you need to find an error in the use of words eternal And century old, then you need to try to formulate their lexical meaning, and then try to determine what the difference between these meanings is.
Age-old – living, existing for centuries, for a very long time.
Eternal - endless in time, having neither beginning nor end; unchanging, constant; not ceasing to exist, perpetual, having no term; constantly existing, found in nature.
The difference in the lexical meaning of these words is clearly manifested in their compatibility with other words. So, adjective century-old correlates with a noun century and is used with words that name something that lives for a very long time, centuries: century-old oak – oak, living for centuries, centuries, centuries-oldtraditions - traditions that have existed for a very long time (century, centuries). Adjective eternal associated with the concepts of infinity in time and constancy.
Mixing paronyms is a very common lexical error. However, it does not at all follow from this that paronymy should be viewed negatively. Back in the 80s of the 19th century, Nikolai Vyacheslavovich Krushevsky (Russian-Polish linguist, specialist in general and Indo-European linguistics) wrote in his book “Essay on the Science of Language”: “It is generally inherent in a language to renew and replenish its composition due to those factors , which, at first glance, seem destructive, although they are, in turn, highly beneficial for the language... They and only they constantly provide the language with new material, without which no progress of the language, neither structural nor even more material, is conceivable, lexical".
Paronymy provides rich material for “decorating” speech. Paronyms are used in poetry, prose and journalism as a means of enhancing the expressiveness and effectiveness of the text, along with synonyms, homonyms and antonyms.
When paronyms “collide” within the same phrase or paragraph, the semantic as well as stylistic features of each of the compared words are more clearly revealed. This is how E. Yevtushenko used paronyms conviviality And idleness:

I'm worried about the futility of meetings,
That neither the heart nor the mind,
And she didn't conviviality, A idleness,
In my guest house.

In the story “Days and Nights” K. Simonov compares verbs recall And remember so that Saburov’s state of mind becomes clearer to the reader: Did he remember Anna these days? No, he didn’t remember - he remembered her, and the pain did not go away. Wed. in “Quiet Don” by M. Sholokhov: From the door of the barn, which stood at the end of the yard, an old woman came out, hunched over, bent by life and experience..
Paronyms are widely used in various genres of journalism, in newspaper headlines, for example: Service, not service; Duty and position and etc.
It is customary to distinguish paronomases from paronyms themselves (from Greek. para “near” + onomazo “call” – words that are similar in sound but have different roots: injection – infections, clarinet – cornet and etc.
Paronyms are fundamentally different from synonyms. When considering synonyms, the main attention is usually paid to their semantic similarity, and when comparing paronyms, the emphasis is on their semantic difference.
Task A2 tests the ability to correctly use words, taking into account their lexical meaning and norms of lexical compatibility.

Samples of Unified State Exam test tasks
In which sentence should the word SWAMPY be used instead of the word SWAMPY?
1) From the plain came the bitter almond smell of SWAMP flowers.
2) Fleeing from persecution, we crawled on our stomachs for half a day along the SWAMP lowland.
3) He lit a sconce over the table with a SWAMP-colored silk cap and began to write in a thick notebook.
4) Black SWAMP mud flew from under the wheels.
Answer: 2

II. Training exercises.
Exercise 1. Explain the difference between the words below (use a paronym dictionary for reference.
Smoky - smoky - smoky - smoking, assimilate - master, main - capital, gifted - gratuitous, vital - everyday, gambling - playing - gaming, lyrical - lyrical, memorable - memorable, hidden - secretive, typical - typical, herbaceous - herbaceous, efficiency - effectiveness.
Exercise 2. Use paronyms in combination with the adjectives and nouns given in brackets.
Searches - machinations (enemy, museum exhibits, secret, hidden, outrageous); subscriber – subscription (concert, library, young, expired); diplomat - diploma holder (young, prim, competition); advisor - advisor (secret, unsolicited); economical - economic (faculty, car); executive - performing (level, sheet, manner, organ).

Exercise 3. Select the desired word or phrase.
1. The (ardent, furious) fisherman woke up in him.
2. He hoped for a (successful, lucky) catch.
3. The water (intolerantly, unbearably) glitters in the sun.
4. The (economical, economic) effect exceeded our expectations.
5. This house (represents, provides) something like a castle.
6. A (horse, horse) detachment was moving along the road.

Exercise 4. Match the words with paronyms.
Deep, heroic, humane, varnishing, recognition.

Exercise 5. From the words given below in brackets, choose the ones you need.
1. The girl was (wearing, wearing) an autumn coat.
2. (Subscription, subscriber) does not answer.
3. All summer there was (intolerable, unbearable) heat.
4. (Forest, wooded) lakes are very beautiful.
5. (Predatory, predatory) destruction of the forests of the region led to the formation of ravines.
6. The library has a list of (advisory, recommended) literature.
7. The city’s (residential) stock is not growing.
8. There are no more (incorrigible, incorrigible) poor students in our school.
9. For the first course - (turtle, tortoise) soup.

Exercise 6. Make up phrases or sentences with paronymous words introduce And provide.

Exercise 7. From the given paronyms, select the desired word.
1. The regiment reigned militant – militant mood.
2. Increasingly rare mushroom – fungal diseases of sown seeds and young plants.
3. This enterprise has not created any stock of vegetables for processing. Conservation– canning they are made from supplied raw materials, as they say, from wheels.
4. Many of our films received confession – appreciation both our viewers and abroad.
5. City shook – shook it off the numbness of everyday life.

Exercise 8. Determine which sentences contain errors associated with mixing paronyms.
1. The needle crystals of snowflakes sparkle in the sun.
2. We came to a wooded lake.
3. This was the most memorable event in my life.
4. Dawn cleared up the mountainous shores and opened the sea along the entire horizon.
5. This person likes to tempt fate, a participant in all dangerous transitions, in a word, very risky.
6. Grasshoppers are chirping, unbearable heat is hanging over the meadow.
7. There were a lot of people at the assembly point, but work had not yet begun.
Answer:
There were errors in the sentences:
1. (Instead of the word needle should have been used needle-shaped).
2. (Instead of the word wooded should have been used forestry).
3. (Instead of the word mindful should have been used memorable).
5. (Instead of the word risky should have been used risky).
7. (Instead of the word assembly should have been used team).

Exercise 9. In which example is the lexical meaning of a word defined? right?
1. Arboretum - a garden or park in which various types of trees and shrubs are grown for scientific and experimental purposes.
2. A bill is a long-term investment of capital in any enterprise or business.
3. Debate – the point of view from which facts, phenomena, issues are considered.
4. Heraldry is a branch of science that studies the history of coins and medals.
Answer: 1

Exercise 10. Which of the following words means “verbal, oral”?
1. Epistolary.
2. Verbal.
3. Epic.
4. Applied.
Answer: 2

III. Training test.
1. In which sentence, instead of the word EFFECTIVENESS, should the word EFFECTIVENESS be used?
1) THE EFFECTIVENESS of Russian methods of training cosmonauts is recognized throughout the world.
2) The jury unanimously noted the EFFECTIVENESS of the choreographic group’s performance.
3) Each invention of the young scientist surprised with its simplicity and EFFECTIVENESS.
4) THE EFFICIENCY of capital investments in agricultural production became visible very soon.

2. In what sentence should the word HUMANITARIAN be used instead of the word HUMANITARIAN?
1) The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which a person’s spiritual life and physical health depend.
2) A HUMANE attitude towards children means, first of all, an understanding of the child’s spiritual efforts, a respectful attitude towards these quests and unobtrusive help.
3) Cooperation between countries is constantly developing and strengthening in the HUMANE sphere.
4) HUMANE laws are possible only in a mature society.

3. In which sentence, instead of the word SAVING, should the word SAVING be used?
1) For him, apparently, this was the only SAVING argument.
2) At this time, a RESCUE boat arrived and began lowering divers under the water.
3) At the height of the beach season, the work of RESCUE teams is especially intense.
4) Several seconds passed, and lifebuoys flew from the ship one after another into the sea.

4. In which sentence, instead of the word FULL, should we use the word SITNY?
1) A FULL wolf is more humble than an envious person.
2) Hay in a stack is FULL feed for livestock.
3) A FULL ONE does not understand a hungry person.
4) A FULL belly is deaf to learning.

5. In which sentence should the word SELECTIVE be used instead of the word SELECTED?
1) His first gun was a matchlock, for which he paid thirty SELECTED sables.
2) Just three months ago, this athlete made his debut as a soloist at the SELECTIVE regional stage.
3) Peter was accompanied by a hundred SELECTED soldiers.
4) To bake this type of bread, only SELECTED wheat was taken.

6. Which of the following words means “sluggish, indifferent, in a state of deep indifference”?
1) ascetic
2) skeptical
3) cold-blooded
4) apathetic

7. The meaning of which word is incorrectly defined?
1) FACADE – the rear side of the building.
2) INCIDENT – incident, occurrence.
3) PRECEDENT - a case that occurred previously and serves as an example or justification for subsequent cases of a similar kind.
4) INERTITY – inactivity, immobility.

8. The meaning of which word is incorrectly defined?
1) RENEGATE - a person who betrayed his beliefs and went over to the enemy camp; apostate, traitor, traitor.
2) EXPORT – import of foreign goods into the country.
3) PARITY – equality, equal treatment, equal position.
4) RARITY - rarity.

9. The meaning of which word is incorrectly defined?
1) COLLEGIAL – carried out by a group of people.
2) NOTORIOUS - widely known, deserving of positive evaluation.
3) SUMMARY – briefly summarize.
4) COMFORT – household amenities; something that creates convenience.

10. In which sentence is it appropriate to use the verb PAY?
1) ... the expenses for the business trip were covered by the publishing house.
2) For the work, the director promised ... goods produced at the factory.
3) The Motherland owes...immortality to those who gave their lives to it on the battlefield.
4) The goods received were followed... as quickly as possible.

Training test.

IV. Homework assignment.Make up sentences with synonym words distant-distant, desired-desirable, icy-icy, royal-royal, obvious-obvious.

V. Summing up the lesson.

WHAT DOES THIS TASK TEST? TASK A 2 – THIS IS A TASK ON PARONYMS THERE ARE WORDS THAT: ARE SIMILAR IN FORM, BUT STILL DIFFERENT IN SPELLING, SOUND AND MEANING. THESE WORDS ARE CALLED PARONYMS. FOR EXAMPLE, POLE - POLICY, SUBSCRIBER - SUBSCRIPTION, EFFECTIVE - EFFECTIVE. ! DO NOT BE CONFUSED WITH HOMONYMS! (SAME IN SOUND, DIFFERENT IN MEANING: FOR EXAMPLE, BOW (WEAPON) – BOW (PLANT), ENVIRONMENT (DAY OF THE WEEK) – ENVIRONMENT (HABITAT)

WHAT TO BE? THIS TASK DOES NOT RELY ON KNOWLEDGE OF ANY THEORY. YOU MUST USE YOUR INTUITION AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANGUAGE THAT YOU HAVE AS A NATIVE OF THIS LANGUAGE (THE YOU HAVE BEEN SPEAKING IT FROM CHILDHOOD AND YOU SHOULD KNOW WHICH WORD IN TASK A 2 IS USED WRONGLY).

ADVICE 1 TO COMPLETE THIS TASK SUCCESSFULLY, YOU JUST NEED TO PRACTICE. DO TASK A 2 (AND ONLY IT) IN A ROW IN ALL OPTIONS IN YOUR COLLECTIONS! THE WORDS THAT WILL confuse you are repeated from test to test, and sooner or later you will automatically remember what kind of catch might be hidden in one or another example.

ADVICE 2 WHEN YOU DO THIS TASK, MAKE YOURSELF UP WITH EACH OF THE HIGHLIGHTED PHRASES AND UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF EACH WORD USED? FOR EXAMPLE, YOU HAVE THIS: “THIS WAS AN EFFECTIVE PERSON.” WE TAKE “EFFECTIVE” AND MAKE PATCHINGS WITH IT (WE COME UP OURSELVES): EFFECTIVE WORK, EFFECTIVE MEDICINE. WE UNDERSTAND THAT THE WORD “EFFECTIVE” MEANS: “SOMETHING WITH AN EFFECT.” IT IS USED WITH INANIMATE NOUNS. BUT WITH “MAN” IT’S BETTER TO USE “EFFECTIVE”, THAT IS ONE THAT PRODUCES AN EXTERNAL EFFECT, HAS AN EFFECTIVE LOOK.

ADVICE 3, JUST IN ANY CASE, REMEMBER SEVERAL PARONYMS (what if they happen to be the same!): SUBSCRIBER – the one who enjoys the right to something. SUBSCRIPTION – a document confirming this right.

VERBS TYPE “WHITE – WHITEN”, “BLACK – DARK”, “GOLD – GOLD”: ON -ITE: THE OBJECT ITSELF PRODUCES AN ACTION (IT ITSELF WHITES, BLACKENS, BECOMES GOLDEN) ON –ITE: SOMEONE PERFORMES AN ACTION ON THE OBJECT (IT MADE WHITE, BLACK, GOLD).

This material will help you prepare for task A 2. You need to know: what are paronyms, a paronymic pair; the ability to differentiate the lexical meanings of words; understand what words each of the guys goes with. An algorithm for completing the task is given; examples of phrases with which various paronyms are used are given. The practical part and the “Test Yourself” practice test will check your level of mastery of this topic. A parenim dictionary of the Russian language is also presented.

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Unified State Exam

TASK A 2

Paronyms (from par – “near” and onyma – “name”)– These are words with the same root, belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings.

For example:

• Secretive (“hidden”) – secretive (“restrained, not revealing plans, thoughts”);
• Master (“master something”) – assimilate (“having understood, remember properly”).

Paronymy - one of the sources of “difficulties” of literary speech.

Have different lexical combinations with different words

Values

Errors in the use of paronymic words are primarily due to the fact that

- these words have a certain similarity in sound,

- they have the same root,

- These are words of one part of speech.

For example, if you need to find an error in the use of words eternal and age-old, then you need to try to formulate themlexical meaning, and then try to determine what the difference between these meanings is.
Age-old – living, existing for centuries, for a very long time.
Eternal - endless in time, having neither beginning nor end; unchanging, constant; not ceasing to exist, perpetual, having no term; constantly existing, found in nature.
The difference in the lexical meaning of these words is clearly manifested in their compatibility with other words. So, adjective century-old correlates with a noun century and is used with words that name something that lives for a very long time, centuries: century-old oak – oak, living for centuries, centuries,centuries-old traditions -traditions that have existed for a very long time (century, centuries). Adjective eternal associated with the concepts of infinity in time and constancy.

He is an economical person.
(Right: He is a thrifty man.)

For the evening I wore the most beautiful dress.
(Right: I wore the most beautiful dress for the evening. )

Here are your skates: put them on and catch up with me.
(Right: Here are your skates: put them on and catch up with me.)

It is customary to distinguish paronomases from paronyms themselves (from Greek . para “near” + onomazo “call” – words that are similar in sound but have different roots:injection – infections, clarinet – cornet and etc.

PLEASE READ ALL OFFERS CAREFULLY;

DETERMINE THE LEXICAL MEANING OF EACH

WORDS-PARONYMS;

DETERMINE WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THESE VALUES.

SELECT SYNONYMS;

CHOOSE WORDS THAT CAN BE COMBINED WITH

PARONYMS.

If the meanings of words remain unclear to you, turn to explanatory dictionaries.

subscriber - subscription:
Moscow telephone network subscriber
interlibrary loan; subscription to the pool, museum, conservatory; concert subscription

artistic – artistic:
artistic life, fate; artistic abilities, inclinations
artistic child, artistic pose, artistic behavior

lordly - lordly:
manor's house, manor's estate, manor's children
lordly bearing, posture, demeanor

swampy - swampy

swampy smell, fog; swamp water, vegetation, birds; swamp flowers, boots

swampy forest, shore, soil; marshy soil, valley, road, terrain

everyday - everyday:
weekday
everyday mood; everyday environment, clothing; everyday facial expression; everyday voice

great - majestic:
great writer, composer, artist, performer, thinker
majestic panorama, majestic architectural ensemble, majestic building, majestic ruins

eternal - age-old:
eternal human values, eternal problems, eternal shawl on shoulders, permafrost, eternal peace, eternal fire
ancient oaks, ancient grove, ancient forest; centuries-old traditions, customs

aqueous - watery:
water surface, surface; water stadium, sport; water space, water procedures, aqueous solution
watery algae stems; watery soup, jelly; watery eyes; watery mass

military - military:
military man, military industry, military parade, military factory, military production, military affairs
military rank; military valor, honor; military unit; military duty

hostile - hostile

hostile reception, action, look

enemy bullet, defense

high - high-rise

high mountain, price, assessment; high ceiling, growth, harvest

high-rise building, construction; altitude number

clay - clayey:
clay dishes; clay shard, pot; clay hearth; colossus with feet of clay
clay soils, clay shale, clay soil

humane - humanitarian:
humane profession, position, humane attitude, decision, society, humane law
humanitarian sphere, science, problem; humanities research, humanitarian disaster

guaranteed – guaranteed:
warranty card, warranty workshop
guaranteed success, guaranteed rights, working conditions and pay, guaranteed vacation

effective - valid:
effective help, effective means, effective measures, effective force
travel ticket valid for 10 days; real fact, real life

businesslike - businesslike:
business attire, conversation; business meeting, business letter, business connections, business circles
businesslike gait, businesslike appearance, businesslike manners

efficient - businesslike:
efficient person, advice; good offer
businesslike gait, businesslike behavior, businesslike manners

democratic - democratic:
democratic government, democratic system, democratic party, democratic views
democratic style, democratic clothing; democratic club, restaurant; democratic society, environment

diplomat - diploma holder:
speaks like a diplomat, behaves like a diplomat, professional diplomat
winner of the competition

kind - kind:
kind person, kind smile, memory, kind face, kind look
good furniture, material, good house

gullible - trusting

gullible child

rainy - rainy

rain air, flow; rain drop

rainy day, evening, month; rainy morning

single - single:
a single position on the problem, a single form, a single opinion, a single technological process
isolated case, isolated phenomenon, isolated exception

everyday - vital:
everyday problem, everyday little things
life interest, path; vital indication for surgery; life luck, drama, tragedy

hard - cruel:

hard mattress, character, strict discipline

violent man, cough, argument, violent fight

bestial - brutal:
animal tracks, animal sense, animal ornament
brutal appetite; brutal murder, crime; brutal facial expression

earthy - earthy:
earthen beds, earthen hill, earthen embankment, earthworks
sallow complexion, sallow face

evil - malicious:
evil look, person, voice, intent; evil stepmother, wife; evil eyes people
habitual truant, violator, defaulter

informational - informative:
information carrier, information program, information technology
informative report, informative message, speech, informative article

engineering – engineering

engineering faculty, approach, engineering profession, engineering, engineering troops, personnel, calculations

engineering diploma, house, son, labor, eye; engineer cap: engineering responsibilities, traditions, words

skillful - artificial:
skilled craftsman, goldsmith, pianist, magician, skilled speaker, skillful finishing, work
artificial cheerfulness, joy, cheerfulness; artificial fabrics, artificial stone, laughter, silk;

stony - rocky:
stone house, cliff, stone architecture, structure, heart, facial expression, stone fence
rocky road, earth, valley, soil, desert, path; rocky shore, ravine; rocky bottom

business traveler - traveler:
an employee sent to Moscow; live in a hotel like all business travelers; businessman from Novgorod
travel certificate; travel money

comfortable - comfortable:
comfortable situation, atmosphere, setting, role
comfortable apartment, furniture; comfortable car, plane, ship, train

colorful - coloring:
colorful landscape, still life, language; colorful picture; colorful, bright summer colors
coloring matter

icy – ​​icy:
ice slide, ice voice, ice wind
ice battle, ice palace

wooded – forested

wooded island

forest thicket, berry, grass, path

personal – personal

personal car, personal opinion

personal origin, personal potential

mighty - mighty:
mighty oak, mighty torso; powerful chest, figure; mighty shoulders
powerful state, powerful government, powerful influence

intolerant – intolerable:
intolerant attitude, intolerant act, intolerant behavior, intolerant behavior
unbearable stuffiness, pain, heat

ignoramus - ignoramus

ignorant - ill-mannered, rude person

ignorant - a poorly educated, little-knowing person

put on - put on:
dress a child, a sick person, a toddler
put on a dress, suit, glasses, jewelry

practical - practical:
practical person, practical step; practical housewife, wife, mother
practical classes, practical life, practical skills

submit – provide:
present for an award, introduce the groom to his parents, represent interest
provide opportunities, provide documents

act - misdemeanor:
noble act, selfless act, manly act, worthy act, perform an act
commit an offense, an unfortunate offense, serious punishment for an offense

timid – frightened

timid child, hare, look, gesture

scared bird

well-fed - satisfying:
well-fed man, well-fed children, well-fed cat, well-fed wolf
hearty lunch, hearty dish, hearty food

effective - effective:
effective method, method, effective solution
spectacular woman, spectacular costumes, spectacular picture

1. Determine which words can be used in phrases:

Telephone network

subscriber

subscription

1. ... in the pool

subscriber

subscription

1. ... capabilities

artistic

artistic

1. ... child

artistic

artistic

1. ... house

lordly

lordly

1. ...posture

lordly

lordly

1. ... day

weekday

everyday

1. ...the setting

everyday

everyday

1. ...thinker

great

majestic

1. ... architectural ensemble

great

majestic

1. ... Problems

eternal

centuries-old

1. ... Oak trees

eternal

centuries-old

1. ... smooth surface

water

watery

1. ... soup

water

watery

1. ... Human

military

military

1. ... rank

military

military

1. ...workshop

guaranteed

warranty

1. ...success

warranty

guaranteed

1. ... dishes

clay

clayey

1. ... shore

clay

clayey

1. ... disaster

humane

humanitarian

1. ...attitude

humanitarian

humane

1. ... ticket

effective

valid

1. ... help

effective

valid

1. ... talk

businesslike

business

1. ...gait

business

businesslike

1. ... advice

efficient

business

businesslike

1. ... cloth

democratic

democratic

1. ... state

democratic

democratic

1. professional...

graduate

diplomat

1. ... competition

graduate

diplomat

1. ... Human

solid

Kind

1. ... costume

solid

Kind

1. ... position

single

united

1. ...case

single

unit

1. ... little things

vital

everyday

1. ... path

worldly

vital

1. ... footprints

animal

brutal

1. ...appetite

animal

brutal

1. ... voice

malicious

wicked

1. ...truant

malicious

wicked

1. ... carrier

informational

informative

1. ...master

artificial

skillful

1. ... diamond

artificial

skillful

1. ... shore

stone

rocky

1. ... architecture

stone

rocky

1. ... specialist

seconded

business trip

1. ... identification

seconded

business trip

1. ... atmosphere

comfortable

comfortable

1. ... hotel

comfortable

comfortable

1. ... language

colorful

coloring

1. ...substance

colorful

coloring

1. ... voice

ice

ice

1. ... skating palace

ice

ice

1. ... oak

powerful

mighty

1. ... state

mighty

powerful

1. ...attitude

intolerant

unbearable

1. ... pain

intolerant

unbearable

1. ... dress

put on

put on

1. ...child

put on

put on

1. ... mistress

practical

practical

1. ... class

practical

practical

1. ...to the reward

introduce

provide

1. ... privileges

introduce

provide

1. worthy...

act

misdemeanor

1. annoying...

act

misdemeanor

1. ... Human

well-fed

satisfying

1. ... dessert

well-fed

satisfying

1. ... exercise

efficient

spectacular

1. ... woman

effective

spectacular

1. In which sentence, instead of the word EFFECTIVENESS, should the word EFFECTIVENESS be used?
1) THE EFFECTIVENESS of Russian methods of training cosmonauts is recognized throughout the world.
2) The jury unanimously noted the EFFECTIVENESS of the choreographic group’s performance.
3) Each invention of the young scientist surprised with its simplicity and EFFECTIVENESS.
4) THE EFFICIENCY of capital investments in agricultural production became visible very soon.

2. In what sentence should the word HUMANITARIAN be used instead of the word HUMANITARIAN?
1) The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which a person’s spiritual life and physical health depend.
2) A HUMANE attitude towards children means, first of all, an understanding of the child’s spiritual efforts, a respectful attitude towards these quests and unobtrusive help.
3) Cooperation between countries is constantly developing and strengthening in the HUMANE sphere.
4) HUMANE laws are possible only in a mature society.

3. In which sentence, instead of the word SAVING, should the word SAVING be used?
1) For him, apparently, this was the only SAVING argument.
2) At this time, a RESCUE boat arrived and began lowering divers under the water.
3) At the height of the beach season, the work of RESCUE teams is especially intense.
4) Several seconds passed, and lifebuoys flew from the ship one after another into the sea.

4. In which sentence, instead of the word FULL, should we use the word SITNY?
1) A FULL wolf is more humble than an envious person.
2) Hay in a stack is FULL feed for livestock.
3) A FULL ONE does not understand a hungry person.
4) A FULL belly is deaf to learning.

5. In which sentence should the word SELECTIVE be used instead of the word SELECTED?
1) His first gun was a matchlock, for which he paid thirty SELECTED sables.
2) Just three months ago, this athlete made his debut as a soloist at the SELECTIVE regional stage.
3) Peter was accompanied by a hundred SELECTED soldiers.
4) To bake this type of bread, only SELECTED wheat was taken.

6. Which of the following words means “sluggish, indifferent, in a state of deep indifference”?
1) ascetic
2) skeptical
3) cold-blooded
4) apathetic

7. The meaning of which word is incorrectly defined?
1) FACADE – the rear side of the building.
2) INCIDENT – incident, occurrence.
3) PRECEDENT - a case that occurred previously and serves as an example or justification for subsequent cases of a similar kind.
4) INERTITY – inactivity, immobility.

8. The meaning of which word is incorrectly defined?
1) RENEGATE - a person who betrayed his beliefs and went over to the enemy camp; apostate, traitor, traitor.
2) EXPORT – import of foreign goods into the country.
3) PARITY – equality, equal treatment, equal position.
4) RARITY - rarity.

9. The meaning of which word is incorrectly defined?
1) COLLEGIAL – carried out by a group of people.
2) NOTORIOUS - widely known, deserving of positive evaluation.
3) SUMMARY – briefly summarize.
4) COMFORT – household amenities; something that creates convenience.

10. In which sentence is it appropriate to use the verb PAY?
1) ... the expenses for the business trip were covered by the publishing house.
2) For the work, the director promised ... goods produced at the factory.
3) The Motherland owes...immortality to those who gave their lives to it on the battlefield.
4) The goods received were followed... as quickly as possible.

Theory for Task No. 2 Unified State Exam 2019 in Russian

Changes in 2019:

The wording of the task has changed: there are no answer options, you must independently select and write out a means of communication.

The amount of theory you need to know to successfully complete a task has changed.

The wording of the task from the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2019:
“Choose your own subordinating conjunction, which should take the place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union."

Execution algorithm:

• Carefully read the task and the required portion of the text.
• Establish a logical connection between parts of the text.
• Pay attention to the part of speech you are looking for: it is important to choose a word that will correspond to the stated characteristic. For example, if the assignment specifies that the missing word should be a subordinating conjunction, it is important not to confuse it with a coordinating conjunction.

Logical connections in the text can be of the following nature:

cause;

consequence;

explanation;

clarification;

addition;

gain;

opposition;

refutation;

time;

consistency, connection of thoughts;

way of forming thoughts;

expression of the speaker's feelings;

confidence/uncertainty about something;

confirmation;

condition;

accession.

As means of communication they act as service parts of speech ( prepositions, conjunctions, particles), and independent ( pronouns, adverbs), and introductory words and phrases.

THEORY

Now in more detail about parts of speech.

Functional parts of speech

1. Preposition

- This is a part of speech that serves to connect words in a sentence. Prepositions put the next word in the required case.

There are prepositions:

• Derivatives(derived from other parts of speech): thanks to, because of, despite, during, as a consequence, etc.
• Non-derivatives: about, about, without, by, over, in, etc.

2. Particle

- This is a part of speech that adds shades of meaning (intensification, clarification, negation, indication, restriction) to words and serves to form certain forms of the word (conditional and imperative mood of the verb, degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs).

Particles are:

— Shape-forming: would, come on, let, let, yes.

Do not confuse the particle “yes” with the conjunction “yes”.
Union: old man and old woman (can be replaced with “and”)
Particle: Long live the sun!

— Negative: neither and nor

— Interrogative: really, really, really
- Modal: how, what, hardly, barely, only, just, here, out, after all, after all, even, same, and, exactly, just, directly

Do not confuse particles with other parts of speech!

Compare:
Something like a movie (preposition) - Did you like it? Seems good (particle)
Let it be funny, but be honest (union) – Let him speak (particle)
It’s easy to solve the problem (adverb) – You’re just an ignoramus (particle)

3. Union

- This is a part of speech that is necessary to connect words in a sentence or to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one.

— Coordinating conjunctions(connect homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence (SSP))

Can be divided into:

Connecting:
and, yes (in the sense of and), not only,...but also, also, also, and...and, neither...nor, both,...and; how much..., so much and.

Nasty:
a, but, yes (in the meaning but), but, however, however, nevertheless.

Dividers:
or, or...or, either, or...or, then...that, or...or, not that...not that

Comparative (gradational):

not only but; both... and, not so much..., but; not so much...but

Connecting:

too, also, yes and, moreover, and.

Explanatory:

that is, namely.

— Subordinating conjunctions(connect parts of a complex sentence)

IMPORTANT! The division of subordinating conjunctions into groups is conditional, since the name depends on the question that we ask to the subordinate part of the clause.

For example, the conjunction “HOW” can be explanatory in one sentence and comparative in another sentence. Therefore, be careful.

Explanatory: what, how, in order... etc.

Time: when, only, barely, as soon as...

Goals: in order to, in order to, in order to, in order to...

Consequences: so...

Conditions: if, if, once...

Concessions: although, at least, let, despite the fact that...

Comparisons: as, as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if...

Reasons: because, because, since, because...

Places: where, where, where...

Mode of action and measure, degree: so much, so much, so, to such an extent, to that, such.

Independent parts of speech

1. Pronouns

Rank:

Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they - in all cases (by me, him, etc.)

Possessives: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs - in all cases (mine, yours, etc.)
Possessive pronouns her, him, them coincide in form with personal pronouns he she They in R.p. and V.p. They are easy to distinguish in the text. Compare:
Her book was lying on the table. (Whose book?) – hers. This is a possessive pronoun.
I know her well. (I know who?) – her. This is a personal pronoun.

Returnable: myself

Demonstratives: that, those, this, such, so much, this, that, etc.

Definitive: himself, most, all, every, each, other, any, other, etc.

Undefined: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, etc.

Negative: no one, nothing, none, no one's, nothing, etc.

Interrogative: who, what, how many, whose, which, what, with what, to whom, whom, etc.

Relative:(interrogatives in affirmative sentences, usually found in the second part of the NGN)

2.Adverb

- This is an unchangeable independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, sign and object, answers questions where, how, where, why, why etc.

There are adverbs:

— Circumstantial
-mode of action (how, in what way?) (so, summer-like, comradely...)
-measures and degrees (how much, to what extent, to what extent) (very, quite, a little, a little...)
-places (where, where, from) (far, here, somewhere..)
- time (when, how long, since when, until when) (now, the day after tomorrow, always, then...)
-goals (why, for what purpose) (out of spite, in defiance, on purpose...)

— Definitive
-quality (natural, scary, cold, monstrous, fast...)
-quantitative (a lot, a little, a little...)
-method and mode of action (running, galloping, walking, idling, probably swimming...)
-comparisons and likenings (in a man’s way, in a bearish way, in our opinion, still...)
- aggregates (two, three, publicly, together..)

3. Introductory words and phrases

- separated by commas
- are not members of the proposal
- you can’t ask them a question

Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question about them), are separated by commas, do not change the information in the sentence, they can be excluded without distorting the meaning.

Groups of introductory words by meaning:

— The speaker’s feelings (joy, anger, regret, etc.)
Fortunately, unfortunately, to horror, to shame, to misfortune, to joy, etc.

— Degree of certainty (assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.)
Maybe, perhaps, apparently, in fact, it seems, it would seem, indisputably, it is true, one must believe, essentially, unconditionally, etc.

— Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
So, therefore, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the other hand, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, means vice versa, etc.

— Message source
According to rumors, they say, according to someone, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to legend, remember, report, convey, etc.

— Techniques and ways of forming thoughts
In other words, in other words, simply put, to put it mildly, in one word, etc.

— Appeal to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract attention
Do you know, know, understand, excuse, forgive, listen, believe, agree, imagine, please, etc.

- Assessing the extent of what is being said
Perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, by proposal, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly.

Lexical means of communication:

1. Lexical repetition- repetition of the same word. Around the city, forests spread across the low hills, mighty and untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.
2. Cognates. Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and a less talented person, but he also knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more talented person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent.
3. Synonyms. We saw a moose in the forest. Sokhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
4. Antonyms. Nature has many friends. She has significantly fewer enemies.
5. Descriptive phrases. They built a highway. A noisy, fast-moving river of life connected the region with the capital.

Grammatical means of communication:

1. Personal pronouns. 1) And now I’m listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people. She should live and manage this land, she should decorate it. 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother.
2. Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this) 1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. 2) The corncrakes screamed with distant, sweet twitching sounds. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision. – in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”.
3. Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.) He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. That's what he did.
4. Unions(mostly composing) It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy flew into the sky like lights. With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron.”
5. Particles.
6. Introductory words and constructions(in one word, so, firstly, etc.) The young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In short, the society was quite disgusting.
7. Unity of tense forms of verbs- the use of identical forms of grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations. Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked about our failures. – all verbs are used in the past tense.
8. Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the previous elements of the text: Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes the slices. He puts it on me too: it’s huge, you’ll cover your whole face.
9. Syntactic parallelism– identical construction of several adjacent sentences. To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture.

Meaningful relationships expressed by coordinating conjunctions:

1. Connecting: and, yes (=and), and...and..., not only... but also, like... so and, also, too
2. Dividers: or, or, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...or
3. Nasty: a, but, yes (=but), however, but
4. Gradational: not only, but also, not so much... as, not really... but
5. Explanatory: that is, namely
6. Connecting: also, also, yes and, and moreover, and
7. too, yes and, that is, namely.

Meaningful relations expressed by subordinating conjunctions:

• Temporary: when, while, barely, only, while, just, barely, barely
• Causal: since, because, because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for (obsolete), due to the fact that
• Conditional: if (if only, if, if - obsolete), if, once, as soon
• Target: so that, in order to, in order to (obsolete), for the purpose of, in order to, then in order to
• Consequences: So
• Concessive: although, despite the fact that
• Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, likewise, rather than (obsolete)
• Explanatory: what, how, to
• Conjunctions are not used at the beginning of a sentence: so, than, rather than, as well as explanatory conjunctions: what, how, so that.

• Solve with the answers.
• Study the Unified State Examination of the Russian language.