GLUED GLASS UNITS

Specifications

EN 1279-1:2004

Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 1: Generalities, dimensional

tolerances and rules for the system description

EN 1279-2:2002

Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 2: Long term test method

and requirements for moisture penetration

EN 1279-3:2002

Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Long term test method

and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances

EN 1279-4:2002

Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 4: Method of test for the physical

attributes of edge seals

EN 1279-6:2002

Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 6: Factory production control

and periodic tests

Moscow Standardinform 2012

Preface

The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by Federal Law No. 184-FZ of December 27, 2002 “On Technical Regulation”, and the rules for applying national standards of the Russian Federation are GOST R 1.0 - 2004 “Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions"

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the Open Joint Stock Company "Institute of Glass"

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 041 “Glass”

3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 21, 2010 No. 947-st

4 This standard takes into account the main regulatory provisions of the following European standards:

EN 1279-1:2004 “Glass in construction. Double-glazed windows. Part 1. Generalities, dimensional tolerances and rules for the system description" (EN 1279-1:2004 "Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 1: Generalities, dimensional tolerances and rules for the system description", NEQ);

EH 1279-2:2002 “Glass in construction. Double-glazed windows. Part 2: Long term test method and requirements for moisture penetration" (EN 1279-2:2002 "Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 2: Long term test method and requirements for moisture penetration", NEQ);

EH 1279-3:2002 “Glass in construction. Double-glazed windows. Part 3: Long term test method and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances", NEQ);

EH 1279-4:2002 “Glass in construction. Double-glazed windows. Part 4: Method of testing for the physical attributes of edge seals" (EN 1279-4:2002 "Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part4: Method of testfor the physical attributes of edge seals", NEQ);

EH 1279-6:2002 “Glass in construction - Double-glazed windows. Part 6: Factory production control and periodic tests" (EN 1279-6:2002 "Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 6: Factory production control and periodic tests", NEQ)

5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in monthly published information indexes “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notifications and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

GOST R 54175-2010

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GLUED GLASS UNITS

Specifications

Sealed insulating glass units. Specifications

Date of introduction - 2012-07-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to glued double-glazed windows (hereinafter referred to as double-glazed windows) intended for glazing translucent structures: window and door blocks, partitions, skylights, glass roofs, etc. in buildings and structures for various purposes, as well as for other purposes.

The standard does not apply to double-glazed windows with polymer films in the interglazed space (special polymer film for the formation of closed air or gas chambers inside the glass unit).

This standard may be used during certification tests and for conformity assessment purposes.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

1 - glass; 2 - spacer frame; 3 - desiccant; 4 - non-hardening sealant;
5 - curing sealant; 6 - inter-glass space (air gap);
7 - recommended options for the location of low-emissivity coating in case of its use;
8 - dehydration holes; d - glass thickness;h- thickness of the glass package;
h c- distance between glasses;D- depth of the sealing layer;
No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 - numbering of glass surfaces in the double glazing unit design

Figure 1 - Types and designs of double-glazed windows

The chambers of double-glazed windows can be filled with:

Dry air;

An inert gas or a mixture of them (argon Ar, krypton Kr, etc.);

Other gases as agreed between the manufacturer and the consumer when meeting the requirements of this standard for the characteristics of double-glazed windows.

It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, to manufacture double-glazed windows from four sheets of glass or more, as well as to install decorative frames inside the double-glazed windows.

4.3 Double-glazed windows can be:

General use;

For structural glazing;

Made using bent glass.

The requirements for double-glazed windows, supplementing the requirements of this standard, must be set out in regulatory documents: standards, technical specifications, technical certificates, supply contracts approved in the prescribed manner.

Double-glazed windows made using curved glass must comply with the requirements of this standard in terms of characteristics (except for optical distortions), and in terms of basic parameters, dimensions and optical distortions - the requirements of regulatory documents.

Double-glazed windows for structural glazing must comply with the requirements of this standard in terms of characteristics, and in terms of basic characteristics, dimensions, and sealants used - the requirements of regulatory documents.

4.4 Types of glass used in the manufacture of double-glazed windows are indicated in the table.

Table 1 - Types of glass used in the manufacture of double-glazed windows

	Document designation	Glass designation (brand, protection class)
Leafy colorless		M0, M1
Patterned
Reinforced
Reinforced polished	Regulations	A p
Multilayer:
Impact resistant;		P1A, P2A, P3A, P4A, P5A
Burglar-resistant;		Р6В, Р7В, Р8В
Bulletproof;		P1 - P6a
Explosion proof;		SB7 - SB7, EXV45 - EXV10
Safe to use		SM1, SM2, SM3, SM4
Dyed in bulk		T0, T1
Fire resistant		E15 - E120, EW15 - EW120, EI15 - EI120
Bent	Regulations
Hardened:
Chemically strengthened;	Regulations
Tempered;
Heat strengthened		TP
Sun protection:
Hard surfaced;		S t
Soft cover		C m
Decorative:
Hard surfaced;		D t
Soft cover		D m
Low Emission:
Hard surfaced;
Soft cover
Note - It is allowed to manufacture double-glazed windows using other types of glass, but the manufactured double-glazed windows must comply with the requirements of this standard.

Double-glazed windows intended for external glazing are manufactured with a distance between the glasses (distance frame width) from 8 to 36 mm, for internal glazing - from 6 to 36 mm.

Note - The design of the glass unit (dimensions, glass thickness and width of the spacer frame) is selected taking into account the deviation of the glass from flatness, depending on operational loads and climatic operating conditions.

In complex designs of double-glazed windows, as well as in the case of using multilayer, fire-resistant, tempered glass, an increase in maximum deviations is allowed.

4.6 The nominal dimensions of double-glazed windows are established in the contract for their manufacture (supply).

Requirements for double-glazed windows having dimensions larger than 6000 × 3210 mm, as well as requirements for their design, are agreed upon by the manufacturer and the consumer.

Double-glazed windows of complex configuration (for example, round, oval, triangular) are manufactured according to working drawings or templates approved in the prescribed manner.

Single-chamber double-glazed window

Double-glazed window

Up to 2000 incl.

± 2.0

± 3.0

St.2000 » 3000 »

± 3.0

± 4.0

» 3000

± 4.0

±5.0

Table 3 - Difference in lengths of diagonals of double-glazed windows

In millimeters

4.13 The recommended distance between the decorative frame and the glass surface is at least 3 mm. The possibility of installing decorative frames at a smaller distance from the glass must be confirmed by thermal and strength calculations under specific conditions of use.

D- total depth of sealing layers;F- depth of the internal (primary) sealing
layer;G- depth of the secondary sealing layer;E- depth of the outer sealing layer;
N- thickness of the primary sealing layer

Figure 2 - Sealing layers of double-glazed windows

4.14 The symbol of a double-glazed window must consist of: type designation (SPO, SPD), characteristics of the glass used (type of glass and its thickness), distance between the glasses (width of the spacer frame), type of gas filling and designation of this standard. When indicating the symbol of a double-glazed window, its formula is read from the outer glass to the inner one.

Examples of symbols:

Single-chamber double-glazed window, consisting of two sheet glasses 4 mm thick, grade M1, the distance between the glasses (width of the spacer frame) is 16 mm, filled with krypton:

SPO 4M1-16KG-4M1 GOST R 54175-2010

- double-chamber double-glazed window, consisting of three sheets of glass 4 mm thick, grade M1, the distance between the glasses (the width of the spacers) is 12 mm, filled with air:

SPD 4M1-12-4M1-12-4M1 GOST R 54175-2010

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Characteristics

5.1.2 Double-glazed windows must have smooth edges and intact corners. Chipping of the edge of the glass in a glass package, chips, protrusions of the edge of the glass, damage to the corners of the glass are not allowed.

By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, the type of edge (unprocessed or processed) is established in the contract. It is recommended to use glass with a treated edge. When using tempered or heat-strengthened glass, the edge is processed until it is strengthened.

5.1.4.1 The sealing layers in double-glazed windows (including at corner joints) must be continuous, without breaks or damage to the sealing layer (there should be no visible spacer frame at the border of the first and second sealing layers). Sagging of sealant in the outer sealing layer (exceeding the dimensional tolerance) is not allowed.

5.1.4.2 The protrusion of the primary sealant (butyl) into the glass unit chamber can be no more than 2 mm.

5.1.4.3 When manufacturing double-glazed windows, the spacer frames may be offset relative to each other. In this case, the tolerance is established in the supply contract and should not be more than 3 mm for rectangular double-glazed windows and no more than 5 mm for complex-shaped double-glazed windows.

5.1.6.1 Optical distortions of double-glazed windows (except for double-glazed windows made using patterned, reinforced or curved glass), visible in transmitted light when viewing the “brick wall” screen at an angle less than or equal to 30°, are not allowed.

It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, in the supply contract to establish requirements for optical distortions of double-glazed windows (except for double-glazed windows made using patterned, reinforced or curved glass), visible in reflected light.

5.1.6.2 Rainbow stripes (interference phenomenon) visible at angles less than 60° to the plane of the glass unit are allowed on double-glazed windows.

5.1.10 Double-glazed structures must withstand operational and climatic loads in accordance with current building codes, taking into account the requirements of this standard.

5.2 Material requirements

5.2.1 Materials and components used for the manufacture of double-glazed windows must comply with the requirements of this standard and regulatory documents for raw materials and components.

5.2.2 For the manufacture of spacer frames, ready-made profiles made of aluminum, stainless steel alloys, fiberglass or metal-plastic profiles are used. It is recommended to make spacer frames using the bending method, assembled on linear connectors (to ensure better sealing of the glass unit), and also to use frames with a thermal break.

In the case of manufacturing a spacer frame using the assembly method from straight elements and corners, all joints between frame elements must be carefully filled with non-hardening sealant (butyl).

It is allowed to make spacer frames from other materials, provided that the requirements for double-glazed windows are met and the possibility of transporting, storing and operating double-glazed windows with these frames in the conditions and designs provided for by this standard is verified.

Distance frames must have perforated holes on the side of the inter-glass space. The hole size should be smaller than the diameter of the desiccant granules.

Tolerances for geometric dimensions and deviations from the shape of spacer frames must ensure that the requirements for the size, shape and tightness of double-glazed windows are met.

Examples of spacer frame designs are shown in the figure.

Note - Option a), recommended: the spacer frame is made by bending and is closed on one connector (or several connectors); option b), allowed: a spacer frame made of straight parts is assembled on four connecting corners.

Figure 3 - Examples of spacer frame designs (without sealants)

5.2.3 In the manufacture of double-glazed windows, synthetic granular zeolite without binders (molecular sieve) is used as a desiccant, which is used to fill the cavities of the spacer frames. The size of the desiccant granules must be larger than the dehydration holes in the spacer frame. When filling a glass unit with inert gases, the pore sizes in the desiccant should be less than 0.3 microns.

The effectiveness of the desiccant, determined by the temperature rise method, must be at least 35 °C. In controversial issues, tests are carried out to determine the moisture capacity of the desiccant using methods approved in the prescribed manner.

The volume of filling the spacer frames with a desiccant and the procedure for its control are established in the technological documentation depending on the size of the double-glazed windows and the sealants used, but not less than 50% of the volume of the spacer frames.

When thermoplastic frames and spacer strips with a desiccant embedded in the mass are used in double-glazed windows, the effectiveness of the desiccant is not controlled.

5.2.4 Polyisobutylene sealants (butyl) are used for the primary sealing layer. For the secondary sealing layer, polysulfide (thiokol), polyurethane or silicone sealants are used.

The sealants used must comply with the requirements of GOST R 54173 and have adhesive ability and strength that ensure the required characteristics of double-glazed windows in the operating temperature range. The sealants used must be compatible with each other and with sealants used when installing double-glazed windows in building structures. Mutual penetration of sealants and chemical reactions between them are not allowed.

For the manufacture of double-glazed windows, sealants must be used that meet the hygienic requirements established in the sanitary standards and rules approved by the Russian Ministry of Health.

5.2.5 For the manufacture of double-glazed windows, glass with a thickness of at least 3 mm is used.

5.2.6 When using glass with a soft coating (not resistant to external influences), the edge along the entire perimeter of the glass must be cleared of the coating by 8-10 mm (the width of the sealing layer).

It is allowed not to remove the coating along the edge of the glass if this is indicated by the glass manufacturer.

5.2.7 In cases where unstrengthened glass (including laminated glass) is used in double-glazed windows for external glazing, its light absorption coefficient should be no more than 25%. It is allowed to use, instead of the light absorption coefficient, the coefficient of solar energy absorption by glass when designing double-glazed windows. For non-strengthened glass (including laminated glass) it should be no more than 50%.

Glass with a higher light (or solar) absorption rate must be toughened.

5.2.8 The materials used for the manufacture of double-glazed windows must be tested for compatibility and frost resistance during the durability testing of double-glazed windows.

5.3 Labeling, packaging

Stack package formula;

Month and last two digits of the year of manufacture.

If laminated or tempered glass is used in a double-glazed unit, the markings on the glass unit must be located so that the markings of laminated or tempered glass are visible.

The labeling may include additional information upon agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer.

5.3.2 A label is attached to each container or box indicating:

Name and/or trademark of the manufacturer;

Number of double-glazed windows in pcs. (m2);

Certification information;

Packing date.

It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, to indicate the trademark in the label, as well as provide additional information.

5.3.3 The markings on the boxes must contain handling signs meaning: “Fragile. Caution”, “Top”, “Keep away from moisture” according to GOST 14192.

5.3.4 Double-glazed windows are packed in boxes in accordance with regulatory documents, placed in specialized containers, pyramids or special containers in accordance with regulatory documents that ensure the safety of double-glazed windows.

By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, other packaging methods are allowed to ensure the safety of double-glazed windows.

The space between the double-glazed windows and the walls of the container or box must be filled with sealing material in accordance with regulatory documents.

5.3.5 When packing, double-glazed windows must be separated by cork or elastic polymer spacers in accordance with regulatory documents at the corners of the double-glazed window. The thickness of the gaskets is selected based on the size of the glass unit and possible changes in temperature and ambient air pressure during transportation and storage of the glass units.

5.4 Safety requirements

5.4.1 Safety requirements for the production of double-glazed windows are established in accordance with hygienic requirements, electrical safety rules, fire safety rules in accordance with the technological equipment used and production technology.

5.4.2 Fire safety in the production of double-glazed windows must be ensured by fire prevention systems, fire protection, organizational and technical measures in accordance with GOST 12.1.004. The use of open fire is not allowed in rooms where double-glazed windows are manufactured and stored.

5.4.3 Persons involved in the production of double-glazed windows must be provided with special clothing in accordance with regulatory documents. In the premises where double-glazed windows are produced, there should be water and a first aid kit with medications to provide first aid for cuts and bruises.

5.4.4 All persons employed in the production of double-glazed windows, upon hiring and periodically, must undergo a medical examination, safety instructions and training in accordance with GOST 12.0.004.

5.4.5 During loading and unloading operations, safety rules in accordance with GOST 12.3.009 must be observed. It is prohibited to move glass and double-glazed windows over people.

5.4.6 During the production of double-glazed windows, all operations associated with the possibility of harmful substances entering the human body should be carried out in accordance with instructions for ensuring work safety, approved in the prescribed manner. At the same time, the requirements of sanitary rules for organizing technological processes and hygienic requirements for production equipment must be observed.

5.5 Environmental requirements

5.5.1 When manufacturing double-glazed windows, compliance with environmental standards and requirements must be ensured.

5.5.2 Double-glazed windows during operation and storage should not have a harmful effect on the human body; safety is confirmed by the hygienic requirements established in the sanitary standards and rules approved by the Russian Ministry of Health for the sealants used.

5.5.3 During the manufacture of double-glazed windows, inorganic dust with a silicon dioxide content of over 70%, MPC = 1 mg/m 3, hazard class 3, may be released into the air of the working area.

5.5.4 MPC for butyl must comply with the requirements of sanitary standards and rules approved in the prescribed manner.

5.5.5 Determination of the MPC content in the air of the working area is carried out according to methods, sanitary standards and rules approved in the prescribed manner.

5.5.6 When recycling double-glazed windows, they must be disassembled into components. Each type of component product must be disposed of separately.

5.5.7 Disassembly must be carried out in accordance with the technological documentation, which must establish requirements for the rules for performing work, including safety requirements.

5.5.8 Disposal of glass waste that is not subject to industrial processing is carried out at specialized landfills.

5.5.9 Disposal must be carried out through specialized enterprises in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

6 Acceptance rules

6.1 Double-glazed windows must be accepted by the technical control service for compliance with the requirements of this standard.

Acceptance of double-glazed windows is carried out in batches. A batch is considered to be the number of double-glazed windows of the same symbol and issued with one quality document. It is allowed to establish the batch size in the manufacturer’s technical documentation (but not more than the volume of products produced per shift) and in the supply contract (but not more than 500 pieces).

6.2 Double-glazed windows are subjected to acceptance and periodic tests in accordance with table.

Table 4 - Acceptance and periodic tests

	Technical requirements	Type of test		Periodicity	Methods tests
		acceptance	periodic
Deviations of geometric dimensions				Each batch
Diagonal length difference				Each batch
Deviations from the form				Each batch
Appearance				Each batch
Depth (including total) of sealing layers				Each batch
Sealing requirements				Each batch
Optical distortion				Each batch
Marking				Each glass unit
Tightness				1 time per year	*
Dew point				1 time per month
Durability				Once every three years
Volume of filling the interglass space with gas				Once every three months
* Tightness during acceptance tests is determined by the method outlined in the appendix ( - ), during periodic testing, is determined by the method set out in or in applications.

6.3 Acceptance tests

Table 5 - Sample volume of double-glazed windows

	Up to 15	16-25	26-90	91-150	151-500
Sample size, pcs.
Acceptance number, pcs.

6.3.2 A batch of double-glazed windows is considered accepted if the number of defective double-glazed windows is less than or equal to the acceptance number, and rejected if the number of defective double-glazed windows is greater than the acceptance number.

6.3.3 To check tightness (see) and optical distortion (see), at least three double-glazed windows accepted according to are selected.

The batch is considered accepted if each glass unit meets the requirements of 5.1.5, 5.1.6. If at least one double-glazed window does not comply with the requirements of 5.1.5, 5.1.6, a re-check is carried out according to the corresponding indicator on twice the number of double-glazed windows selected from this batch. If unsatisfactory results of re-testing are received on at least one double-glazed unit, the batch will not be accepted.

Note - The tightness of double-glazed windows is controlled after checking the double-glazed windows according to the “optical distortion” indicator.

6.4 Periodic tests

6.4.3 If at least one sample in the sample does not comply with the requirements of this standard for any of the indicators, shipment of products is prohibited until technological or design defects are eliminated, which must be confirmed by a positive test result of at least two batches of double-glazed windows for the corresponding indicator.

6.5 When placing double-glazed windows into production, qualification tests of double-glazed windows are carried out in accordance with all the requirements of this standard. In justified cases, it is allowed to combine qualification and certification tests of double-glazed windows.

6.6 The procedure for carrying out production and operational quality control of double-glazed windows, as well as incoming control of the materials used in their manufacture must comply with GOST R 54174 and technological documentation.

6.7 When monitoring a desiccant, its effectiveness is monitored at least once per shift and at the start of use of each new batch of desiccant, using test methods according to.

6.8 Incoming inspection of sealants is carried out upon receipt of each new batch of material in accordance with GOST R 54173.

6.9 The consumer has the right to check the quality of double-glazed windows according to the requirements specified in this standard, while observing the acceptance rules and test methods of this standard.

6.10 Each batch of double-glazed windows is accompanied by a quality document, which indicates:

Name and/or trademark of the manufacturer;

Symbol of double-glazed windows;

Number of boxes, containers or other type of packaging in the lot;

Number of double-glazed windows, pcs. (m2);

Number and date of issue of the document;

Certification information;

Product acceptance mark.

It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, to indicate the main technical characteristics of double-glazed windows.

7 Control methods

7.1 Test conditions

Testing of double-glazed windows (except for durability) is carried out at ambient temperature (20 ± 4) °C; before testing, double-glazed windows are kept in the testing room at this temperature for at least four hours, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

The shortest time between testing and manufacturing of a double-glazed window is established in the technological documentation, depending on the materials used.

7.2 Determination of height (length) and width

7.2.1 Essence of the method

7.2.2 Sampling

7.2.3 Controls (measurements)

The height (length) and width of double-glazed windows are measured with a tape measure using metal squares in accordance with the figure.

1 - double-glazed window; 2 - roulette; 3 - square;l- controlled size

Figure 4 - Measuring the height (length), width of the glass unit

To determine the height (length) and width, two measurements are taken parallel to the edges of the glass unit at a distance of about 50 mm from the edges and one in the middle of the glass unit.

7.2.5 Processing results

7.2.5.1 The result of each measurement must be within the permissible deviations. Measurement error 1 mm.

7.2.5.2 The deviation of dimensions in height (length) and width is defined as the difference between each value of height (length) and width, measured by , and the nominal value of the height (length) and width of the glass unit.

7.2.6 Evaluation of results

The glass unit is considered to have passed the test if the deviation in dimensions in height (length) and width corresponds to .

The procedure and methodology for controlling the size of double-glazed windows using curved glass, glass of complex configuration, as well as for structural glazing are established in the technical documentation.

7.3 Determination of thickness

7.3.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on measuring linear dimensions and calculating the magnitude of deviations from specified values.

7.3.2 Sampling

Tests are carried out on finished double-glazed windows selected in accordance with.

7.3.3 Controls (measurements)

7.4.3 Controls (measurements)

7.5.3 Controls (measurements)

7.7.3 Optical distortions of double-glazed windows, visible in reflected light, are controlled according to GOST R 54170.

7.8 Determination of the depth of sealing layers

7.8.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on measuring the depth of the sealing layers of a glass unit.

7.8.2 Sampling

Tests are carried out on finished double-glazed windows selected in accordance with.

7.8.3 Controls (measurements) Vernier calipers according to GOST 166, with a division value of no more than 0.1 mm.

7.9 Determination of the tightness of double-glazed windows

7.9.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on determining the change in the deflection of the loaded glass of a double-glazed window when the pressure in its internal cavity changes in the event of a leak in the double-glazed window.

7.9.2 Sampling

Tests are carried out on samples of double-glazed windows measuring at least 350 × 350 mm. It is allowed to carry out tests on finished double-glazed windows.

7.9.3 Test equipment and measuring instruments:

Stand for testing tightness, the diagram of the stand is shown in the figure;

Glass liquid thermometer according to GOST 28498;

Dial indicator according to GOST 577.

7.9.4 Test performance

The tightness of double-glazed windows is checked no earlier than 24 hours after their manufacture. Before testing, double-glazed windows are kept in the testing room for at least 24 hours. During the test, the temperature in the room is allowed to change by no more than 1 °C.

The glass unit is placed on supports 6 so that its geometric center (the point of intersection of the diagonals) coincides with the axes of the load screws 1 And 7 . Between the spring 3 and stack 5, as well as between the load screw 7 and double glazed windows 5 place gaskets 2 (made of organic glass, textolite, etc.) with a diameter of (50 ± 5) mm and a thickness of 2 - 3 mm. Rotate the top indicator scale 4 the arrow is set to zero division. Using a load screw 1 and springs 3 load the top glass so that the size of its deflection L, determined by indicator 4 , corresponded to the value L= 0.002 a, where a is the length of the shorter side of the glass unit in millimeters.

Rotate the lower indicator scale 4 the arrow is set to zero division.

Load screw 7 load the lower glass so that the size of its deflection corresponds to the size of the deflection of the upper glass.

The glass unit is held for 3 - 4 minutes to stabilize the readings of the upper indicator. The scale readings of the upper and lower indicators are again set to zero division.

1 - upper load screw; 2 - pad; 3 - spring; 4 - dial indicator;
5 - double-glazed window; 6 - sliding supports; 7 - lower load screw

Figure 5 - Scheme of the stand for leak testing

The glass unit is kept under load (15 ± 1) min and the readings of the upper indicator are determined.

If the glass unit is sealed, the reading of the top indicator should be no more than 0.02 mm.

When testing a two-chamber double-glazed window, the tightness of each chamber is determined separately. In this case, to test the second chamber, the glass unit is turned over on supports 6 by 180° around the longitudinal axis.

7.9.5 Evaluation of the result

The samples are considered to have passed the test if the upper indicator readings for all samples do not exceed 0.02 mm.

7.9.6 It is allowed to carry out leak tests in accordance with Appendix ().

7.10 Determination of dew point

7.10.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on cooling a section of glass in a double-glazed window and then checking for the appearance of condensation (frost) on the inner surface of the glass in this section.

7.10.2 Sampling

Tests are carried out on samples of double-glazed windows measuring at least 500 × 500 mm. It is allowed to carry out tests on finished double-glazed windows.

7.10.3 Test equipment, measuring instruments and consumables The dew point is controlled using a micro-refrigerator that provides a given test temperature, or a dew point control device. The diagram of devices for monitoring dew point is shown in figures and.

To test with a dew point meter you will need:

Stopwatch according to regulatory documents;

A pocket flashlight or other light source with a voltage of no more than 12 V.

1 - thermal insulation; 2 - acetone or isopropyl alcohol; 3 - thermometer;
4 - holder; 5 - solid carbon dioxide; 6 - frame

Figure 6 - Diagram of a device for monitoring dew point

1 - acetone or isopropyl alcohol; 2 - pen; 3 - thermometer; 4 - movable plate of the suspension unit;
5 - contact brass plate; 6 - solid carbon dioxide; 7 - copper body; 8 - thermal insulation

Figure 7 - Diagram of a device with a contact brass plate for monitoring dew point

7.10.4 Test performance

The dew point inside the double-glazed window is controlled no earlier than 24 hours after its manufacture.

7.10.4.1 When determining the dew point using a microrefrigerator, tests are carried out in accordance with the operating instructions for the microrefrigerator.

The glass unit is placed horizontally. Clean the glass with acetone at the inspection point at a distance of at least 100 mm from the edge of the glass unit. The cleaned glass surface and the contact plate of the microrefrigerator are moistened with a swab soaked in acetone. Press the microfridge with a plate to the wetted area so that tight contact is ensured. The contact time of the microfridge with the double-glazed window, depending on the thickness of the glass sheet in the double-glazed window, must correspond to the time indicated in the table.

Table 6 - Contact time with glass

After the specified time has elapsed, the microfridge is removed. The cooled area is wiped with a swab moistened with acetone. Turn on the light source and visually check for the presence of condensation (frost) on the inner surface of the cooled section of the glass.

7.10.4.2 Determination of dew point using a dew point monitor.

The glass unit is positioned horizontally if a dew point control device is used, as shown in Figure, or vertically if a dew point control device is used, as shown in Figure.

The device is filled with acetone or isopropyl alcohol with the gradual addition of small pieces of carbon dioxide. When using the device as shown in the figure, the contact plate is the base of the device. The level of acetone or isopropyl alcohol should be at least 30 mm above the top of the contact plate.

The temperature of the mixture is measured with a thermometer, the end of which should be no more than 10 mm away from the contact plate of the device.

The temperature of the mixture when testing double-glazed windows should be minus (50 ± 3) °C and minus (60 ± 3) °C for frost-resistant double-glazed windows.

Clean the glass with acetone at the inspection point at a distance of at least 100 mm from the edge of the glass unit. The cleaned glass surface and the contact plate are moistened with a swab soaked in acetone. Press the device with the plate to the wetted area so that tight contact is ensured. The contact time of the device with the glass unit, depending on the thickness of the glass sheets in the glass unit, must correspond to the time indicated in the table.

During contact of the device with the glass unit, the specified temperature of the liquid in the device is maintained by adding solid carbon dioxide or liquefied gas.

After the specified time has passed, the device is removed. The cooled area is wiped with a swab moistened with acetone. Turn on the light source and visually check for the presence of condensation (frost) on the inner surface of the cooled section of the glass.

In double-glazed windows, the dew point is measured on both sides of the glass surface.

7.10.5 Evaluation of the result

The samples are considered to have passed the test if no traces of condensation (frost) were found on all samples on the surface of the cooled area inside the glass unit chamber.

7.11 Determination of durability

The durability of double-glazed windows is determined according to GOST R 54172 with the following additions:

1.7 test cycles are equivalent to one conventional year of operation of double-glazed windows;

The negative temperature when testing frost-resistant glass units is not higher than minus 60 °C.

It is allowed to extend the results of tests on the durability of flat double-glazed windows to bent (bent) double-glazed windows with the same formula with a bending radius of more than or equal to 1 m.

It is allowed to extend the durability test results of bent double-glazed windows with a smaller bending radius to double-glazed windows with a larger bending radius with the same formula.

7.12 Determining the volume of chambers filled with gas

7.12.1 Essence of the method

The method consists of determining the concentration of residual oxygen inside the glass unit.

7.12.2 Sampling

Tests are carried out on finished double-glazed windows no earlier than 24 hours after their manufacture.

7.12.3 Test equipment

Gas analyzer according to regulatory documents with a relative error in measuring oxygen content of no more than 1%.

7.12.4 Test performance

From a glass unit filled with gas, in accordance with the operating instructions for the gas analyzer, a sample is taken, which is then placed in the gas analyzer and the oxygen content in it is determined.

7.12.5 Evaluation of the result

Double-glazed windows are considered to have passed the test if the oxygen content in the sample does not exceed 2%.

7.12.6 It is permissible to determine the volume of chambers filled with gas using methods approved in the prescribed manner.

7.13 Determination of desiccant efficiency

7.13.1 Essence of the method

The method involves determining the amount of temperature increase in the desiccant when water is added.

7.13.2 Test equipment, measuring instruments and consumables

7.13.3 Test performance

Pour (20 ± 1) cm 3 of distilled water at a temperature of 20 ° C - 22 ° C into a glass with a capacity of 100 cm 3, record the temperature T 1 . Weigh the second glass, pour (20 ± 1) g of desiccant into it and measure its temperature. The difference between the temperatures of water and desiccant should not exceed 2 °C. Pour the weighed desiccant into a glass of water and tightly close the stopper with a thermometer installed in it. As the temperature increases, record the highest temperature recorded. T 2 .

7.13.4 Evaluation of the result

The desiccant is considered to have passed the test if the difference between temperatures T 1 and T 2 not less than 35 °C.

7.14 Determination of the difference between the lengths of diagonals

7.14.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on measuring linear dimensions and calculating the magnitude of deviations from specified values.

7.14.2 Sampling

Tests are carried out on finished double-glazed windows selected in accordance with.

7.14.3 Control (measurement) means

7.14.4 Test performance

Measure the length of each diagonal of the glass unit with a tape measure using metal squares, placing them diagonally at the corners of the glass unit. Measurement error 1 mm.

7.14.5 Processing results

Calculate the difference in the lengths of the measured diagonals.

7.14.6 Evaluation of the result

The glass unit is considered to have passed the test if the difference in the lengths of the diagonals meets the requirements of 4.8.

7.15 Marking control

7.15.1 The presence and content of the markings of double-glazed windows are checked visually.

8 Transportation and storage

8.1 Packed double-glazed windows are transported by any type of transport in accordance with the rules for the transportation of goods, and placement and fastening in vehicles is in accordance with the technical conditions for loading and securing goods in force for this type of transport.

When transporting by air, double-glazed windows are transported in sealed compartments at normal ambient air pressure.

During long-term transportation (including at sub-zero temperatures), transportation conditions are established in the contract for the supply of double-glazed windows.

8.2 During transportation, specialized containers or boxes with double-glazed windows must be installed vertically, with their ends in the direction of transport, and secured so as to prevent the possibility of them moving and swinging during transportation.

8.3 Double-glazed windows must be stored by the manufacturer and consumer in closed, dry, heated rooms in unpacked form.

When storing, double-glazed windows should be installed with their ends on racks or pyramids perpendicular to their base. The base of the rack or pyramid should be covered with felt or rubber and have an inclination of 5° - 15° to the horizontal.

Between the double-glazed windows at the edges, cork gaskets must be installed in accordance with regulatory documents or gaskets made of elastic polymer materials in accordance with regulatory documents.

It is allowed to store double-glazed windows in boxes, provided that the container and cushioning materials have not been moistened during transportation and storage.

8.4 During transportation and storage of double-glazed windows, exposure to direct sunlight, moisture, aggressive substances, and mechanical shocks is not allowed.

8.5 Double-glazed windows with fire-resistant glass, each glass unit separately or in packaged form, should be transported and stored in dry conditions. Fire-retardant double-glazed windows should not be open to direct sunlight or other heat sources, and therefore the use of wooden boxes is recommended. It is necessary to carefully place the boxes one to one, since any manipulations can lead to spontaneous movement of the double-glazed windows inside the box.

9 Recommendations for manufacturing, design, installation and operation

9.1 The production of double-glazed windows must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this standard, technological regulations and GOST R 54174.

9.3 Double-glazed windows are designed taking into account the requirements of current building codes for natural lighting of premises, thermal insulation, sound insulation and mechanical strength of the structure. The design of a double-glazed window must be designed in such a way that if it is accidentally or intentionally destroyed in building structures, falling glass fragments cannot injure nearby people or damage their property. The design of the glass unit is chosen by the customer.

When using double-glazed windows in skylights or glass roofs, snow loads must be taken into account, including the possibility of the formation of snow bags and falling blocks of ice or snow from higher parts of the structure.

When designing double-glazed windows, one should take into account the temperature stresses that arise during the operation of double-glazed windows (including due to the absorption of solar energy), as well as the influence of negative temperatures and pressure drops on the deviation from flatness (lens formation) of double-glazed windows.

9.4 The requirements established in this standard for deviations from the flatness of glass sheets in a double-glazed window are valid at an air (gas) temperature inside the double-glazed window (20 ± 4) ° C and an atmospheric air pressure of 745 - 760 mm h.s. If it is necessary to expand this range of temperatures and pressures, this must be taken into account when calculating the required glass thickness in a double-glazed unit.

9.5 Double-glazed windows must withstand operational loads, including wind, temperature, pressure drops and others arising from operating conditions in specific building structures. When calculating the strength of double-glazed windows, each glass in a double-glazed window is calculated separately depending on the load acting on it, taking into account the tightness of the double-glazed windows.

When ordering double-glazed windows, the customer must provide for the operating conditions of the double-glazed windows and the operating loads affecting them.

The calculated tensile strength of sheet glass during bending is recommended to be 15 MPa (150 kg/cm2) or according to regulatory documents for specific types of glass.

9.6 Installation and operation of double-glazed windows should be carried out in accordance with current building codes, regulatory documents for building structures and design documentation.

9.7 Before installation in a structure, it is necessary to conduct a thorough inspection of each double-glazed window. It is not allowed to use double-glazed windows that have cracks, nicks, chips at the ends, broken corners, glass protrusions, or peeling of sealant.

9.8 Installation of double-glazed windows should be carried out using manual vacuum suction cups or traverses equipped with vacuum suction cups, or using another tool that ensures the safety of double-glazed windows.

Double-glazed windows must be carried in a vertical position, corners and ends should be protected from impacts. It is forbidden to rest double-glazed windows on the corners and place them on a rigid base.

When installing double-glazed windows, the orientation of the double-glazed windows (outside - inside, top - bottom) recommended by the manufacturer should not be violated.

9.9 During operation, it is not allowed to use double-glazed windows without linings (gaskets) between building structures and double-glazed windows; in this case, the double-glazed window must rest on linings (gaskets), the width of which is not less than the thickness of the double-glazed window. Touching glass units to the surfaces of building structures is not allowed. Schemes for installing linings are given in the design documentation and regulatory documents.

9.10 Installation of double-glazed windows may be carried out at an outside air temperature of at least minus 15 °C.

The temperature in rooms glazed with double-glazed windows during the winter construction period should not be lower than 5 °C.

9.11 When installing double-glazed windows and fastening them, distortions and excessive “squeezing” of double-glazed windows with glazing beads or overlays are not allowed.

9.12 Work on sealing and sealing the joints between double-glazed windows and structural parts should be carried out immediately after their installation and fastening. The surfaces to be sealed must first be cleaned, dried and degreased.

Work on sealing and sealing joints should be carried out at an outside air temperature of at least minus 5 ° C (unless otherwise indicated) in conditions that exclude moisture in the structures.

9.13 When carrying out welding work, glass units must be protected from contact with hot metal particles.

9.14 When using double-glazed windows, it is recommended that the indoor air temperature is not lower than 5 °C and not higher than 30 °C and the relative humidity is not more than 60%. With higher humidity in the room, as well as at peak negative outdoor temperatures, condensation may form on the surface of the glass unit facing the inside of the room.

If the ambient air humidity is high, condensation may form on the outer surface of the glass unit.

9.15 Installation sealants must be compatible with sealants for the manufacture of double-glazed windows.

9.16 When using double-glazed windows made of non-strengthened glass, it is not allowed to change their design, i.e., stick films, apply drawings, etc., changing their optical characteristics (directional light transmittance, light reflection, solar characteristics, etc. .).

When operating double-glazed windows, it is allowed to install self-adhesive films on non-strengthened glass in a double-glazed window if there is permission from the manufacturer of this double-glazed window or provided that the solar energy absorption coefficient of the glass with the film installed on it, confirmed by test results, does not exceed 50%.

9.17 When storing and using double-glazed windows, the following is not allowed:

Their mutual contact and contact with solid objects;

Wiping with hard materials and materials containing scratching inclusions;

Impacts from hard objects;

Cleaning dry glass with stiff brushes without supplying washing liquid;

Long-term presence of moisture and dirt on the glass surface;

Sudden temperature changes;

Operation in an aggressive environment.

9.18 When using double-glazed windows with fire-resistant glass, its edges must be tightly closed (without gaps) with glazing beads, overlays or covered around the perimeter with a protective film to prevent moisture from entering.

9.19 When performing finishing and other types of work, it is necessary to take measures to protect double-glazed windows from mechanical damage (shock, vibration, etc.) and contamination (construction materials getting on the glass: cement dust, mortars, plaster mixtures, etc.) and other aggressive substances.

9.20 When using double-glazed windows, there may be interference fringes (Brewster stripes) that arise due to the high quality of the glass and the parallelism of the glass in the double-glazed window.

9.21 When using double-glazed windows, contact or almost contact of glass in a double-glazed window is not allowed, accompanied by the appearance of colored concentric circles (Newton’s rings) with the center at the point of contact.

9.22 When the operating conditions of double-glazed windows change (changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure), deflections of the glass in the double-glazed window are allowed without leading to its destruction.

9.23 Double-glazed windows installed in windows should be located at a height of at least 0.2 m from the floor level.

9.24 Double-glazed windows should be located at a distance of at least 0.3 m from heating and heating devices.

10 Manufacturer's warranty

10.1 The manufacturer guarantees the compliance of double-glazed windows with the requirements of this standard, subject to the requirements of packaging, transportation, storage, operation and installation, as well as the scope of their application in accordance with current building codes.

1 - container with water; 2 - sample glass unit; 3 - vacuum suction cup; 4 - water

Figure A.1 - Test bench diagram

Each glass unit sample is placed in turn for (24 ± 1) hours in a container with water at a temperature of (23 ± 5) °C. The diagram is shown in the figure. The sample is placed in such a way that the distance from the wall of the container to the side edge of the glass unit is at least 40 mm. If a double-glazed window contains glass of different thicknesses, it is laid with the thicker glass down.

The water level must be at least 400 mm above the surface of the glass unit.

After removing the glass unit from the water, it is subjected to visual inspection.

It is allowed to carry out tests to determine the tightness of double-glazed windows using, instead of a vacuum suction cup, another method of securing the double-glazed window, so that the ends of the double-glazed windows do not close.

Samples are considered to have passed the test if they do not show signs of water penetration into the glass unit chambers.

Two samples are tested for dew point in accordance with and its value is determined for each sample, then the effectiveness of the desiccant is determined according to.

The other two samples are tested according to . The holding time of the samples under load is (72 ± 1) hours. After the test, the dew point is determined in accordance with the efficiency of the desiccant for each sample. The worst value for each tested indicator is taken as the test result.

Samples are considered to have passed the tests if the dew point values ​​and desiccant efficiency of all four samples meet the requirements of this standard, and also if the test results of the first two samples differ from the test results of the second two samples by no more than 10%.

Key words: double-glazed window, main dimensions, characteristics, packaging, labeling, control methods

1. Uniform rolling of the wheel along the rolling circle for all wheel pairs is no more than 5 mm, for the first wheel pairs of the head cars no more than 3 mm, and also with a difference in rolling on one wheel pair of no more than 2 mm.

Rolling on the tread surface of a wheel is formed due to its friction on the rails. In practice, it is generally accepted that 1 mm of rim wear on a solid-rolled wheel occurs on average after a wheel pair has driven 30,000 km.With significant rolling, the top of the wheel flange, lowering, approaches the base of the rail and thereby can destroy the coupling of the bolted fastening of the frame rail and the counter rail on the turnouts, the bolts for fastening the turnout linings, as well as other track parts, which poses a threat to the safety of train traffic. Rental is measured by absolute template.

2. Uneven rolling around the rolling circle for all wheel pairs is no more than 0.7 mm, for the first wheel pairs of the head car bogies no more than 0.5 mm.

3. Vertical undercut of the ridge at a height of more than 18 mm (controlled by a template) or pointed knurling.

Vertical undercut of the flange is a consequence of a violation of the normal operating conditions of the wheel pairs. The undercut of the ridge is especially often formed:

ü for four-axle cars that have a large difference in the bases of the side frames of the bogies;

ü with a large difference in the diameters of wheels mounted on one axle;

ü if there is a skew of the trolley frame;

ü from the asymmetrical attachment of wheels on the axle.

If there is a pointed knurl in the upper part of the flange, regardless of the height of the undercut and the thickness of the flange, the wheelset is not allowed to be used.The vertical undercut and pointed roll of the ridge are also dangerous for traffic, since this can cause the wheel to roll onto the point or cut the arrow, which will lead to the car derailing.

4. The thickness of the wheel flange is less than 25 mm and more than 33 mm when measured at a distance of 18 mm from the top of the flange.

Flag wear occurs from contact with the rail due to the tortuous movement of the wheel pair on straight sections of the track and when the car passes along curves.Measuring the thickness and undercut of the ridge is necessary to ensure traffic safety. Exceeding the thickness of the flange beyond the established dimensions can cause weakening of the parts of the switch on the sleepers, their premature wear, wear of the flange, and in some cases, derailment of cars. In addition, cracks and chips may occur in the thin comb.

5. The slide (pothole, flat, weld) on the rolling surface in operation is no more than 0.3 mm.

The speed of distillation of the composition with sliders is higher than the established norm:

· Up to 1 mm. speed is not limited.

· From 1 mm – 2.5 mm speed no more than 35 km/h

· From 2.5 mm – 4 mm. speed no more than 15 km/h

· From 4 mm. movement is allowed on false trolleys at a speed of no more than 10 km/h on turnouts of no more than 5 km/h.

Sliders (potholes) are formed on the rolling surface of wheels when they slide along rails in the event of jamming of wheel pairs. During the movement of the car, the sliders cause impacts that have a destructive effect on the rail track, wheelsets and chassis. Therefore, wheelsets with roller bearings and sliders larger than 0.3 mm are not allowed to work under cars.

Gain - displacement of the wheel rim metal at a height greater than the permissible one. The reason for the occurrence of welding is: intense plastic deformation of the metal during short-term jamming of the wheels (skidding) with the appearance of alternating “V”-shaped shifts on the rolling surface. Wheel jamming is accompanied by significant heating of the metal, which leads to hardening of the surface of the rolling circle due to rapid cooling.

6. A crack or delamination in any element, a cap, a chip or a hole in a bandage or rim, a network of cracks above the established standards.

Sinks in wheels are the result of non-metallic inclusions (slag, sand) inside the metal, which are found on the rolling surface of the wheel after it is abraded or turned.

7. Shift of wheel centers, wheels, gears.

Loosening and shifting of the wheel on the axle can occur from incorrect tension allowed when pressing the wheel onto the axle, rough and incorrect boring of the wheel hub and turning of the hub part of the axle. Signs of a weakening hub attachment are rust or oil emerging from the hub on the inside of the wheel, or a paint crack along the entire perimeter in connection with the hub.

8.The width of the bandage or rim is more than 133 mm and less than 126 mm. The widening (crushing) of the bandage or rim at the outer edge is no more than 3 mm.

If the metal of the wheel rim is soft, a significant influx of metal can form at the outer edge of the rolling surface.

9. The distance between the inner edges of the wheels is more than 1443 mm or less than 1437 mm. Wheelsets have at least 1435 mm under the container.

10. Individual spalling with a total total area of ​​more than 200 mm 2, depth of more than 1 mm.

11. The difference in wheel diameters of motor wheelsets along the driving circle:

· one wheel pair no more than 2 mm.

· wheel pairs of one bogie no more than 8 mm.

· wheel pairs of different bogies of one car no more than 8 mm.

12. Wheel diameter around the rolling circle is at least 810 mm (new wheelsets have 860)Measuring the diameters of wheels mounted on one axle is necessary to ensure the correct location of the wheelset in the track, since with different wheel diameters their slippage increases and distortions of the wheelset appear during movement. As a result, uneven rolling of the surface occurs.

rolling of wheels, undercutting of the ridge, wear of other parts of the chassis and additional twisting of the axle.

13. Traces of contact with the electrode, inclusion of copper in the metal base, electrical ignition, crack in any part of the axis.

14. Heating of gearbox bearings and axle boxes in relation to the environment is no more than 35°C.

15. Release of lubricant from the gearbox and axlebox assembly.

16.The thickness of the rims at a distance of 10 mm from the outer edge is not less than 30 mm.

Means for measuring and monitoring wheelsets

1. Absolute template. Template for measuring rolled steel and flange thickness of wheels.

The audit period is 2 months.

install the template by tightly pressing the upper stop to the top of the wheel flange, and the side support leg with the stop to the inner edge of the wheel rim.

• To measure the thickness of the wheel flange, move the horizontal movable contact to the radius of the flange and use the measuring scale to determine the size of the flange thickness, which should be 25-33 mm at a distance of 18 mm from the top of the flange.

· To measure rolling (uniform and uneven), move the vertical movable contact to the wheel tread and use the measuring scale to determine the amount of rolling.

2. Stichmass- to measure the distance between the inner edges of the bandage. The audit period is 2 months.

To carry out measurements, it is necessary to: install a fixed contact on the middle of the inner edge of the wheel rim, bring the moving contact to the inner edge of the 2nd wheel of the given wheelset and light movements from top to bottom and rotating the measuring head on the movable contact to bring the tip of the movable contact into contact with the inner edge of rim 2 -th wheel.

Next, use a measuring scale to determine the distance between the inner edges of the rims of solid-rolled wheels.

3. Bracket for measuring the diameter of wheels along the rolling circle of wheelsets. The audit period is 3 months.

Measurements are carried out as follows: install the fixed contact of the bracket on the rolling surface of the wheel, while the movable contact should be slightly above the diameter of the wheel (the stops of the movable and fixed contacts should be tightly pressed to the outer edge of the wheel rim), then with a slight movement of the hand you need to move the movable contact along the circumference until passing the point of the largest diameter (in this case, the stops should not come off the outer edge of the wheel rim). After which the template is removed and the practical diameter of the wheel is determined using the scale on the moving contact.

4. Device for measuring the depth of marks on the axis wheelset with a dial indicator. The audit period is 6 months.

To take measurements: install the device on an undamaged section of the axis, set the dial indicator readings to “0” by rotating the dial, then move the device to the mark, measure the depth of the mark by the deflection of the dial indicator.

5. Maximum profile template. The audit period is 6 months.

Used to check the profile of the rolling surface of the gearbox. after turning or when new wheelsets arrive at the electrical depot. When taking measurements: the template must be pressed tightly, without distortions, to the inner edge of the tire or wheel rim; deviations from the template profile are allowed:

• on the rolling surface no more than 0.5 mm;
• ridge height not more than 1 mm.

6. Template for controlling the vertical undercut of the wheel flange. The audit period is 6 months.

To carry out measurements you need:

1) install the template on the wheel

2) press the support leg firmly against the inner edge of the wheel rim

3) move the working surface of the engine to the radius of the ridge

4) check for clearance or with a feeler gauge for the presence of a gap between the working surface of the engine and the flange at a distance of 18 mm from the base of the flange

5) if there is no gap, the wheelset must be repaired.

7. Vernier calipers for measuring the width of the bandage. The audit period is 6 months.

To carry out measurements you need:

1) bring the fixed contact of the caliper to the outer edge of the wheel from the axlebox side.

2) smoothly move the frame of the moving contact to the inner edge of the wheel.

3) use a measuring scale to determine the tire width of a given wheel.

8. Bracket for measuring the diameter of the wheel under the car. The audit period is 6 months.

When measuring the wheel diameter without rolling out the wheelset, you must:

1) install the template stop tightly to the inner edge of the wheel rim

2) install one of the fixed contacts on the wheel tread surface

3) smoothly lower the second fixed contact to the surface

4) rolling the wheel until it comes into tight contact (without allowing the template stop to come off from the inner edge of the rim), while simultaneously observing the change in readings on the indicator clock (which occurs due to the contact of the movable contact of the indicator clock with the rolling surface of the wheel)

5) compare the readings with the calculated table of wheel diameter measurements

6) determine the practical diameter of this wheel.

9. A device with a dial indicator for measuring the slider. The audit period is 12 months.

To carry out measurements you need:

1) install the device on the damaged area on the wheel tread, so that the measuring tip with its tip hits the center of the slider

2) secure the dial indicator housing to the bracket

3) bring the indicator arrows to “0”

4) moving smoothly and evenly along the ridge and tightly pressing the support leg of the template to the inner edge of the wheel rim, move the device to an undamaged place

5) The indicator scale reading will indicate the depth of the slide.

The small arrow of the indicator indicates a whole number of millimeters, and the large arrow indicates a fraction of millimeters. One revolution of the large needle is 1 mm.

10. Vernier calipers for measuring the thickness of the wheel rim. The audit period is 12 months.

To carry out measurements you need:

1) bring the stationary contact of the caliper to the inner edge of the wheel rim, while the stop on the caliper should tightly touch the outer edge of the rim

2) bring the frame of the moving contact to the rim from the side of the wheel tread,

3) determine the thickness of the tire of a given wheel using a measuring scale.

11. Non-contact thermometers “Kelvin”, “Pyrometer”. The audit period is 12 months.

Non-contact temperature meters are used for: checking thermal units in all cases where organoleptic measurements are difficult or the heating of a thermal unit is suspicious, while temperature meters convert the energy of infrared radiation emitted by the surface of the object into an electrical signal. The signal is displayed in digital notation on the device screen. In this case, the emissivity value is set to 0.86, which corresponds to raw soft rubber.

All instruments undergo periodic calibration or testing in accordance with the Federal Law “On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements”.

Having in the garage a set of tires whose permissible tread depth for winter tires corresponds to the norm, every motorist is firmly convinced that he is fully prepared to meet the winter fully armed. Still, you shouldn’t be so self-confident, but take a closer look at the tires, since the tread life for winter and summer is very different. There are certain indicators according to which it is better not to use last year’s tires at all, but to buy new ones. No amount of money can compare with safety on the winter road.

Winter tires and the law

Any rules and laws do not grow out of the blue, but are based solely on practice. Therefore, the new decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 1, 2015 affected the regulations for transport malfunctions in which its operation is prohibited. In particular, this affected tires. In the new edition of the list of critical faults, tires are clearly divided into winter and summer. If earlier, according to the old transport classification, a car could have a tread depth of 1.6 mm, a truck 1 mm, and a bus 2 mm, now both the classification and the tire wear tolerances have changed.

The remaining tread depth in summer for motorcycles and mopeds remained equal to 0.8 mm, and for another type of transport everything is more complicated and stricter:

• transport categories N2 and N3, as well as O3 and O4 - 1 mm;
• transport categories O1, O2, M1 and N1 - 1.6 mm;
• cars of categories M2 and M3 must have a tread depth of more than 2 mm.

The term “not less” has been replaced by the term “more”, which means that the denomination specified in the regulations is in fact considered unacceptable.

The remaining tread depth of tires intended for use on ice or snow must be no more than 4 mm. The law clearly states that a winter tire means tires marked in a special way - either with a logo with Mount Fuji, three peaks and a snowflake in the center, or with the letters MS in any combination, which means “mud & snow”, mud and snow. There are some caveats: the requirement applies only to sections of the road with icy or snowy surfaces. Therefore, you can drive on asphalt or slush according to summer regulations, but on ice - with a tread depth of winter tires of at least 4 mm.

Video tips for determining tire tread height without special tools

Many are misled by the terms “remaining tread depth” and “no more” and “no less”. If they talk about depth, they say “no more,” and if they talk about tread height, they say “no less.” This sacred 4 mm applies to all types of vehicles shod with winter tires. But it is also important to remember that this restriction does not apply to winter tires with wear indicators, at which the tire is considered unsuitable for use on public roads. The appearance of an indicator is equivalent to the presence of cuts, cracks, punctures, cord delaminations and hernias; in a word, it cannot be used, except instead of a spare tire.

Spare parts are a different story. If an inspector catches a driver using a wheel with broken indicators, but the rest of the wheels are in order, then such a violator is given a day to restore the broken wheel. The same applies to the tire, you can use it to get to the nearest tire shop and have the tire repaired. There is no fine as such for using non-regulated tires, but an inspector can easily draw up a protocol stating that the car does not comply with the technical regulations for wheeled vehicles and prohibit operation. Naturally, tires that do not meet the new requirements for the permissible tread depth of winter tires will not be able to pass the inspection. At the same time, tires with different tread patterns, not to mention the sizes and types of cords, cannot be installed on one axle. Naturally, this does not concern the documents.

We look at the tread and measure its depth

From January 1, 2015, we had to take a closer look at tires, including winter tires. For example, a used winter tire in the fall may have a perfectly acceptable minimum tread height of 4 mm. But how long it will last and when critical wear will occur, one can only guess. And few people think that after the first winter rolling season, even if the remaining tread is normal, the grip properties of the tire deteriorate by 10-15%. Wear indicators are also installed not in order to increase global tire turnover, but precisely for safety reasons. In addition, with each new season, the elasticity of winter tires deteriorates.

If we talk about the off-season, then the current topics of aquaplaning and slashplaning come up. Hydroplaning is a complete loss of contact with the road surface in water; the wheel simply floats up at speed. Nokian conducted a series of tests and found that on tires with a tread depth of 1.6 mm and a water level of 4-5 mm, aquaplaning is possible already at 70-75 km/h. At the same time, the tread height of the new tire can keep the car from losing contact up to 95-100 km/h. Slashplanning is a similar phenomenon, only it occurs on slushy snow during a thaw. If the tire tread wears out (or speed is exceeded), loss of contact with the road on regular tires can occur at 50-60 km/h, and on winter tires that meet the standard 4 mm depth, at a speed of 70-80 km/h. In this case, the contact patch with the road will be only 17% of the contact on a new winter tire. Therefore, a remainder of 4 mm is not such a luxury.

There are several ways to measure the tread depth:

1. Approximately. This is what most motorists do, without thinking about the fact that the height of the tread pattern in different places of the tire can be completely different and a visual assessment serves only to ease the conscience.
2. Coin. Not a very accurate method, but it gives an idea of ​​the actual wear of winter tires. The coin is inserted into several points of the tread pattern and pressed with a finger from the top point. After this, the resulting distance is measured. It is advisable to measure in several places along the width of the tire.
3. Vernier calipers with depth gauge. A simple, reliable and accurate method. It is better to measure at 9-12 points in diameter and three points in width.
4. Special digital depth gauge.

Initially, a new summer tire can have a tread depth of 6 to 8 mm, and a winter tire - from 8 to 11. At the same time, a winter tire on asphalt wears out much faster than a summer tire, since it has more slots and softer rubber, and the load on each tread block increases.

Experts say that with 50% wear on a summer tire, it is still quite suitable for use, but a winter tire with the same percentage of wear is no longer good for use.

To calculate the real wear of a winter tire, it is enough to subtract the real indicator from the height of the new tread and multiply the result by 100. If you cannot find out the tread height of a new specific tire, you can take the average value:

• high-speed winter tires with a tread pattern similar to summer tires may initially have a height of within 7 mm;
• a classic winter tire will have a tread height of about 9 mm;
• All-terrain winter tires with the so-called Scandinavian pattern must have a height of at least 10-11 mm.

Installing winter tires correctly

Of course, not everyone can afford to buy a new set of winter tires every season. Before installing last year’s kit, you should pay attention to a number of important points, except for the tread height, of course:

• On a slippery road, even the most expensive summer tires do not grip the car as effectively and do not brake as effectively as the most inexpensive winter tires.
• If the rules for storing tires were not followed or the tires were stored together with the disks assemblies, the wheels must be balanced before installation.
• Before installing the winter kit, it is advisable to check the wheel alignment, since in summer a slight deviation from the norm is not as noticeable as on a slippery road.

• Since winter tires are more elastic, it is worth paying more attention to the pressure in the wheels and checking it more often.
• If possible, the spare wheel should have the same tread pattern as the other wheels.
• Regardless of the type of drive, the best pair of tires is installed on the front axle, since handling on slippery roads is very important.
• If you respect the seasonality of tires and alternate summer and winter ones in time, they will last 30-40% longer.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the operating conditions of the car, however, this most likely applies to the choice of new winter tires. The permissible tread depth of winter tires is just as important as the suitability of the tires for the season, so by complying with the requirements of technical regulations, we ourselves worry about our safety and the safety of our neighbors on the road.

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(revision date --- 2 months).

: install the template by tightly pressing the upper stop to the top of the wheel flange, and the side support leg with the stop to the inner edge of the wheel rim.

To measure the thickness of the wheel flange, move the horizontal movable contact to the radius of the flange and use the measuring scale to determine the size of the flange thickness, which should be 25-33 mm at a distance of 18 mm from the top of the ridge.

To measure rolling (uniform and uneven), move the vertical movable contact to the wheel tread and use a measuring scale to determine the amount of rolling, which should be:

(Uniform rolling for the wheelsets of the first bogie of the head car with the stall valve installed --- no more than 3 mm;

Uniform rolling for other wheelsets --- no more than 5 mm;

Uneven rolling for the wheelsets of the first bogie of the head car with a stall valve installed --- no more than 0.5 mm;

Uneven rolling for other wheelsets --- no more than 0.7 mm.

Bore gauge (stikhmass)- to measure the distance between the inner edges of tires or wheel rims (revision period --- 2 months).

To carry out measurements it is necessary: install a fixed contact on the middle of the inner edge of the wheel rim, bring the movable contact to the inner edge of the 2nd wheel of the given wheel pair and with light movements from top to bottom and by rotating the measuring head on the movable contact, bring the tip of the movable contact into contact with the inner edge of the rim of the 2nd wheel. Next, use a measuring scale to determine the distance between the inner edges of the rims of solid-rolled wheels.

(the distance between the inner edges of the rims of solid-rolled wheels should be 1443-1437 mm, at a loaded switchgear deviation at the lowest point is allowed - no more than 2 mm).

Audit period 3 months:

Bracket for measuring the diameter of wheels along the rolling circle of wheelsets(audit period --- 3 months).

Measurements are carried out as follows: install the fixed contact of the bracket on the rolling surface of the wheel, while the moving contact should be slightly above the diameter of the wheel (the stops of the moving and fixed contacts should be tightly pressed to the outer edge of the wheel rim), then with a slight movement of the hand you need to move the moving contact around the circumference until passing the point of the largest diameter (in this case, the stops should not come off the outer edge of the wheel rim). After which the template is removed and the practical diameter of the wheel is determined using the scale on the moving contact. (wheel diameter not less than 810 mm 2;8;12 mm).

Audit period 6 months:

Device for measuring the depth of marks on the axle of a wheelset with a dial indicator(audit period --- 6 months).

To take measurements: install the device on an undamaged area of ​​the axis, set the dial indicator readings to “0” , then move the device on the mark, measure the depth of the mark by the deviation of the dial indicator

--- no more than two blunt transverse or oblique marks are allowed on the middle part of the axis depth up to 0.2 mm no closer than 30 mm from the fillet;

--- no more than two blunt transverse marks are allowed on each axle journal depth up to 0.2 mm no closer than 140 mm from the end of the fillet;

--- no more than two longitudinal marks of depth are allowed on each axle journal up to 0.2 mm no closer than 100 mm from the end of the fillet.

Maximum profile template(audit period --- 6 months).

Used to check the profile of the rolling surface of the gearbox. after turning or upon receipt of new parts. in the electrical depot. When taking measurements: the template must be pressed tightly, without distortions, to the inner edge of the tire or wheel rim; deviations from the template profile are allowed:

--- along the rolling surface no more than 0.5 mm;

--- along the height of the ridge no more than 1 mm.

Template for checking the vertical undercut of the wheel flange(audit period --- 6 months).

To carry out measurements it is necessary: install the template on the wheel, tightly pressing the support leg against the inner edge of the wheel rim, then move the working surface of the engine to the radius of the ridge. Check with a clear light or a feeler gauge for the presence of a gap between the working surface of the engine and the flange at a distance of 18 mm from the base of the flange.

If there is no gap, the wheelset must be repaired.

(vertical undercut of the ridge - not allowed).

Vernier calipers for measuring the width of the bandage(audit period --- 6 months).

To carry out measurements it is necessary: bring the fixed contact of the caliper to

(the width of the bandage should be --- 133 – 126 mm).

Bracket for measuring the diameter of the wheel under the car(audit period --- 6 months).

To measure the wheel diameter without rolling out the wheelset, you must: set the template stop tightly to the inner edge of the wheel rim, install one of the fixed contacts on the wheel tread surface, then smoothly lower the second fixed contact onto the wheel tread surface until it comes into tight contact (while not allowing the template stop to come off from the inner edge of the rim), while observing for changes in readings on the indicator clock (which occurs due to the contact of the movable contact of the indicator clock with the rolling surface of the wheel). Next, the readings are compared with a calculated table of wheel diameter measurements and the practical diameter of a given wheel is found out.

(wheel diameter not less than 810 mm taking into account rental, difference in wheel diameters 2;8;12 mm).

Audit period 1 year:

A device with a dial indicator for measuring a slider

To carry out measurements it is necessary: install the device on the damaged place on the wheel tread surface so that the measuring tip with its tip hits the center of the slider, secure the dial indicator body to the bracket, point the indicator arrows to “0” , then moving smoothly and evenly along the ridge and tightly pressing the support leg of the template to the inner edge of the wheel rim, move the device to an undamaged place, the indicator scale will indicate the depth of the slider (you must remember that the small arrow of the indicator indicates a whole number of millimeters, and the large arrow is a fraction of millimeters (the whole circle of the large arrow is 1 mm)).(slider depth is not allowed -- more than 0.3 mm;

Displacement of metal by height is not allowed -- more than 0.3 mm;

spalling area -- more than 200 mm² and depth - more than 1 mm.

Vernier calipers for measuring the thickness of the wheel rim tire at a distance of 10 mm from the outer edge(audit period --- 12 months).

To carry out measurements it is necessary: bring the fixed contact of the caliper to the inner edge of the wheel rim, while the stop on the caliper should tightly touch the outer edge of the rim (as shown in the photo above), then bring the frame of the movable contact to the rim from the side of the wheel tread, then determine using the measuring scale the thickness of the tire of a given wheel.

(the thickness of the bandage should be --- not less than 30 mm).

Counter template for controlling the profile of the skating circle(audit period --- 12 months).

It is used to check the maximum profile template (the counter template has a profile corresponding to the calculated profile of the wheel tread). When bringing together the template and counter-template (as shown in the photo above), their profiles should be tightly connected and have no gap.

Counter template to the absolute template for measuring rolled stock and flange thickness(audit period --- 12 months).

Used to check an absolute pattern. When bringing together the template and the counter-template (as shown above in the photo), their profiles must be tightly connected and have no gap, the stops must be in close contact, while the movable contact sliders of the absolute template with their tips must clearly touch the corresponding marks on the counter-template, the scale of the movable contact for measurement the thickness of the comb should clearly show the highest value (33 mm, this is shown in the top photo), and the scale of the moving contact for measuring rolled stock should clearly show “0” (as shown in the bottom photo)

Counter template to the template to control the vertical undercut of the ridge(audit period --- 12 months).

Non-contact thermometers “Kelvin”, “Pyrometer”(audit period --- 12 months).

Non-contact temperature meters are used for: checking thermal units in all cases where organoleptic measurements are difficult or the heating of the thermal unit is suspicious, while temperature meters convert the energy of infrared radiation emitted by the surface of the object into an electrical signal, which is displayed digitally on the device screen (as shown in the photo above) . In this case, the emissivity value is set --- 0,86 (which corresponds to soft, raw rubber (according to paragraph 6.3 of the Instructions).

All products undergo periodic calibration or testing in accordance with Fed. The Law “On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements”.

Responsibility for the maintenance of measuring and control instruments, as well as for monitoring the timing of calibration in the depot, rests with: the foreman in charge of the control room repair area, the foreman of the mechanical department, the foreman of the instrument department, and the metrology engineer.

Measuring instruments must be tested in accordance with PR 50.2.006-94 ”GSI. The procedure for checking measuring instruments” or calibrated in accordance with PR 50.2.016-94 “GSI. Requirements for performing calibration work.”

Types and frequency of maintenance and repair of wheelsets:

May holidays in a large metropolis with its bustle and inevitable traffic jams in the center, and even with demonstrations to boot - where can one get away from all this “splendor”? In outskirts of Moscow? To St. Petersburg? According to the "Golden Ring"? Maybe to Astrakhan? The choice is wide. Cruises along the Volga from Moscow http://www.nissa-tour.ru/russia/cruise/volga.asp, indeed, may be a suitable option for holidays and summer vacations. What can domestic river boaters offer Muscovites?

Choosing a direction

For a resident of the capital, all directions can be divided into northern, eastern and southern:

• northern - Uglich, St. Petersburg, Kizhi, Valaam, Solovki;
• southern - to Astrakhan along the Volga and further along the Caspian Sea;
• eastern - along the Volga and Kama to Nizhny Novgorod, Elabuga, Kazan, Perm.

As can be seen from this list, the main river of European Russia cannot be avoided in any direction.

Three holiday options

There are several categories of river trips based on duration:

• "Weekend" cruises - 3-4 days, usually from Friday to Sunday evening. Convenient for those who want to spend holidays or weekends in a fun and educational way.
• Travel for 5-8 days. Suitable for those who have never sailed before, but want to try, adding a few days off to the weekend. In addition, this period fits perfectly into the “long” May holidays.
• Long voyages - from 9 to 22 days. Suitable, first of all, for those who have been there more than once. The longest vacation is the twenty-two-day Astrakhan vacation.

This is the choice for today. Unless, of course, you decided to estimate in advance and are not looking at an option for next year.