Sample essays in the direction of "ends and means." Do you agree with the statement that the end justifies the means?

Unified State Exam 2018. Essay on literature in December. Topic: “Goal and means”
ARGUMENTS
A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
Why does a person live, what does he strive to devote his life to, what
What path does he take to achieve his goal? These philosophical questions
tries to highlight A.S. Griboedov in the play “Woe from Wit”.
The goals of the “Famusov society” are to achieve material
well-being, high position, career advancement. IN
In principle, the goals are not bad. Wants to take a worthy place among people
every person who strives to live an interesting, rich life.
However, the means chosen by the “Famus society” are low.
A striking example of this is Alexey Molchalin, a man who, for the sake of
promotion, money, well-being, ready to do anything. He
tries to please, please, flatter, and be a hypocrite. Hero is good
learned the lessons of his father, who taught his son to please everyone: “First,
please all people without exception: the owner, where he happens to live,
The chief, with whom I will serve, His servant, who cleans the dresses;
To the doorman, to the janitor to avoid evil, to the janitor's dog to be affectionate
was".
If to achieve a goal you need to play the role of a person in love
- he uses this means too, cleverly deceiving Sophia in the sincerity of his
feelings, dreaming of marrying her, becoming related to the influential Famusov.
Well, most likely, some means will still lead him to the desired
goals. Chatsky is sure of this, speaking about the hero: “But by the way, he will reach
well-known degrees, because nowadays they love the dumb..."
Chatsky’s goal is to live life with dignity. He wants to serve
To the Fatherland honestly, without flattery and servility (“...I would be glad to serve,
it’s sickening to be served..."), dreams of sincere love, strives to be
honest, have your own position, principles and not change them, no matter how they
contradicted society.
Yes, his goal and means are noble, but what anger do they cause in
society! Chatsky, misunderstood by those around him, experiences “woe from mind.”
recognized by them as crazy. But this is exactly how, according to the author, one should live
- honestly, decently.
And the hero is not alone, there are people like him who do not obey false
values. They are not among the characters in the play, but the heroes mention them
works. This is Skalozub’s cousin (“...he gained a lot of
then new rules. The rank followed him: he suddenly left his service in the village
began to read books”), and the nephew of Princess Tugoukhovskaya, who “has no rank
wants to know! He is a chemist, he is a botanist, Prince Fyodor...”, and all the advanced
youth representing the “present century”, because it is on their behalf
says Chatsky (“Where, show us, are the fatherlands...”)
So not everyone is like Molchalin and others like him.
Choose a worthy goal in life and use it to achieve it
appropriate means, do not make mistakes, do not follow the path of imaginary
values ​​- it is so important to become an individual, to be honest with
yourself and people. This is exactly the conclusion that readers of the play come to.
A.S. Griboedova.
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”
"End justifies the means". To the hero of the poem N.V. Gogol to Chichikov
These words fit so well! The goal is clearly set by the hero (she already in childhood

was indicated by his father: “most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing
wealth, nobility, position in
more reliable than anything in the world...") -
society.
Step by step the hero goes towards his goal. Already during his school years he
uses certain means to achieve it, engages in
hoarding: sells treats to his comrades, a bullfinch, which he made from
wax, carefully sews them into bags of 5 kopecks. And later any frauds,
if they led to money or promotion, the hero was
good. Let us remember how cleverly he deceived his boss by promising to marry
his daughter. But after receiving the next rank, I forgot about it (“...cheated,
I cheated you, damn son!”).
It seemed that what could be more terrible than the sale of “dead souls”, but
Chichikov sells them, not disdaining anything, because it can bring him
significant income. Even secular society, corrupted by the pursuit of
money, does not understand the hero, and this method of profit is alien to him.
Chichikov can find an approach to anyone, literally charm everything
society. By gaining the trust of the landowners, he commits illegal
transactions. And everything would be fine if it weren’t for Korobochka, who decided to find out in the city
whether she sold the dead souls too cheaply; if it weren’t for Nozdryov and his
directness, publicly inquiring how things were going with the purchase of these
shower. This time the scam failed. But the hero still has so much ahead
opportunities, and, who knows, maybe another dubious enterprise
he will succeed.
Of course, the author hoped that a person could change. Not by chance
he wrote the 2nd volume, in which he showed good characters. But N. himself
Gogol realized that the heroes turned out to be too unrealistic, which is very difficult
to get rid of their vices in people, so he burned this volume.
The desire to be rich is always common to people. This goal is good
understandable. But does a person always use decent means? Not
does he stoop to baseness, lawlessness, injustice? About it
Everyone must think when determining the means to achieve their goals, so that
to be a respected and worthy person in society.
F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
A person constantly sets goals in his life - from small,
daily to vital, constituting the essence of everything he does.
It’s good if these goals bring joy, success, good luck not only to the person, but
and those around you. If they are selfish, then everyone suffers, and first of all
it's the man himself. So is the hero of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and
punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov also sets a goal - to test himself, who
is he “a trembling creature” or “has the right.”
What “right” does the hero talk about in his theory? About the right of personality
to crime for the sake of great goals, for the sake of saving humanity.
Reflecting on “extraordinary people,” he believes that they can “...
allow your conscience to step over... other obstacles, and
only if the execution of an idea (sometimes saving,
perhaps for all mankind) it will require it.” And here are all the means
good - right up to the murder, which he commits by killing Alena
Ivanovna, the old money-lender.
However, the crime is scary because it entails something else -
the death of the pawnbroker's sister, Lizaveta, for whose sake it seemed he committed
hero murder, trying to save her and others from this disgusting
women. But Raskolnikov’s idea, theory, appears in his mind only under

the gravity of the hopelessness of his personal situation and that of Dunya, his sister,
who wants, for the sake of her brother, to marry the unloved Luzhin. That is the idea
the salvation of humanity turns out to be, in essence, the idea of ​​salvation
yourself.
Having committed a crime, the hero realized that he had isolated himself from people,
found himself “on the other side of good and evil.” It will take a long time to
Raskolnikov fully realized the monstrosity of his theory when love
Sony will bring him back to life.
Reading a novel, everyone draws conclusions about what is important in this life, to
what to strive for, what goals to set and how to achieve this, how to
get out of difficult life situations. Only life according to the laws of good and
justice can help a person overcome everything. Evil, cruelty,
murder always leads to the abyss and makes a person unhappy.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
A person's character is formed throughout his life. Sometimes the same goals and
values ​​are replaced by others. Much depends on the environment, on changes
both in the life of the person himself and the entire country and people. The hero of the novel L.N.
Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky is constantly in search
your place in life. The author shows how his goals, means,
which he used to achieve them.
At the beginning of the novel, the hero dreams of glory, goes to war with Napoleon,
to find your “Toulon”, that is, the starting point that will mark the beginning
his fame (“I want fame, I want to be known to people, I want to be
loved by them"). However, the war showed the insignificance of his dreams. Seeing
huge sky, clouds floating across it, he realized that he had to live according to
laws of nature, that all his goals are so base and worthless.
Meeting with Natasha in Otradnoye, overhearing her words about the beauty of the night,
in whom there is so much desire to live to the fullest - all this influenced
Andrey. He wanted to be useful to people, to bring them benefit (“...
I need everyone to know me, so that my life doesn’t go on for me alone...
so that it is reflected on everyone and that they all live with me together). He
He also thinks over the means for this, being a member of the legislative commission of M.M.
Speransky.
At the end of the novel, this is a completely different person who has realized that a person
happy, living one life with the people, the Fatherland, contributing
contribution to great things. And he also realized that he must be able to forgive, because
it was precisely the fact that he was unable to once understand and forgive Natasha that deprived him
the love of such a woman! Before his death, Andrei realized this, “... it was revealed to him
that patient love for people that his sister taught him!”
The author makes his readers think about a lot before
everything about how to live on this earth, what kind of person to be. Favorites
L. Tolstoy's heroes seem to suggest answers to these questions.
V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera"
Goals are set not only by a specific person, but also
state. It's good if these goals serve to improve people's lives,
aimed at their benefit, if means are thought out that do not bring people
harm. However, sometimes, while performing a seemingly noble task,
the state does not notice how much pain and suffering it brings to people, one way or another
otherwise involved in the event. This is the story of V.G. Rasputin
"Farewell to Matera."

The plot is based on a specific fact - the construction of a new
reservoirs, hydroelectric power station on the Angara, for which some were flooded
settlements, and people were resettled to other places. Matera - almost 300
years. In this village, located on an island, the lives of many have passed
generations, they are buried here, and descendants carefully preserve them
memory.
People's lives are hard, filled with constant work. But they love
residents of their native places, feel the grace of their native land, especially
older generation. And suddenly they have to leave everything that is so dear to them.
Old people have a hard time experiencing this event. "I was there one week with melancholy
I'll die. In the middle of strangers! Who replants an old tree?!”
- Nastasya complains to Daria. How hard it is to leave your homeland, to leave
under the flooding of the graves of loved ones!
The goal, as mentioned above, is noble - people need
electricity. But how cruelly, heartlessly it is carried out. Let's remember
a terrible scene when representatives of the sanitary and epidemiological station literally
destroying the graves of ancestors, engaged in “sanitary cleaning of the bed
reservoirs." And all this is done in front of the residents. It's no coincidence that
Old woman Daria threw herself with a stick at one of the hefty men, who
desecrated graves.
Life has become somewhat vain, hasty, there is no time to think about
loved ones, to understand them (“Everyone is running headlong forward. They’re already out of breath,
they stumble at every step - no, they run”). People leave their homes, and they
as if they understand, “suffer from separation from their inhabitants.”
The officials did not think not only about the feelings of the people, but also in what
conditions they will live. The village to which the residents are moving is located on
rocky terrain where nothing will grow. It's sad to see this
a new village, built somehow.
Caring for people is the primary purpose of people with
power. Everything they do should be for the benefit of people. That's why
it is necessary to think through to the smallest detail the goals and means, the fate of each
a person into whom the state breaks in to carry out its tasks. Only
then there will be people's trust in the authorities, only then will people consider
yourself protected in your own country.
Conclusion
The goal in life, the means to achieve it. How are they
choose? It is not simple. It is human nature to make mistakes when
choosing life guidelines. But the main thing is whether he can or not
find the right path, set a worthy goal,
using fair means to achieve it. On business,
actions value a person. One must live life not aimlessly, but with
benefit for yourself, loved ones, people and Motherland. Only then
the person will be truly happy.
The play “The Cherry Orchard” perfectly illustrates the idea that
people's goals can have completely different motives: both selfish and
noble, and people can be both active and passive in
achieving your goals.
The cherry orchard in the work is both material value and beauty
nature, and part of the spiritual world of the inhabitants of the estate. And everyone sees in him something

what interests him, building his life goals depending on what
values ​​in life.
Characterizing the heroes of the work, goals and means of achieving them,
it is necessary to mention that the goals and actions of the heroes are closely related, and
the internal conflict of the play is precisely based on desire or
unwillingness, presence or absence of the ability to perform actions. Lopakhin
set the goal of becoming the owner of the cherry orchard, to get rich, he commits for
these are certain actions, Gaev is not active, he does not want anything
undertake.
In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov should consider the following images:
1) merchant Lopakhin, whose goal is to earn money, choose from
poverty. He noticeably succeeds and becomes the new owner of the garden;
2) Gaev, who is completely apathetic, indifferent and just floats along
flow.
The problem of ends and means comes up often. She defines
a person's principles reveal his true plans. To understand the essence of these
concepts, we need to analyze the question in more detail. A goal is what we want.
It can be of any scale. We call a goal the desire we want
implement in the near future. The means are the methods by which we will
to reach the goal.
For example, if our goal is to write a good final essay, then we
you need to choose one of the means - either copy the work from the Internet, or
read some good books and put your thoughts down on paper. First
the option is more attractive because it does not require much effort. Everything in life
happens exactly the same. To achieve any goal we have good
means and bad.
In Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, the main character
described his philosophy, his goals. He quickly determined what was best
the remedy is murder. Our own ideas helped justify such
actions in the head.
In Gogol's work Dead Souls, Chichikov wanted to get rich. It was his
the main objective. He chose a cunning and immoral means. He's already bought lists
dead peasants to pass them off as living. From what means we are
we choose to achieve a goal depends on our personality. Therefore it is always necessary
make a decision carefully.

What is a goal

• A goal is the result that a person strives for in his activity, the expected result.
  This is a conscious image of an anticipated result that arose in a person’s mind and was presented by him.
• The goal in life, from a philosophical point of view, is the general guidelines that a person determines for himself, including the meaning of life, his purpose in it. To put it more highly, this is the mission that everyone sees in their birth on earth. This is the answer to the question: why do I live?
  A goal from a moral point of view is the moral principles that a person is trying to follow, this is his personal program for enriching the inner, spiritual world, the image that he strives for in his movement towards self-improvement, the answer to the question: what kind of person do I want to be.
• The goal from a social point of view is a person’s determination of his place in society, his social role, position in literally every sphere. These are answers to the questions: what is my place in the political life of the country, what I want my financial situation to be, what professional activity I will engage in, what I want my family to be, etc.
  Goals can be global, determining the direction of a person’s entire life, and specific, as the result of a particular activity. A person can set such goals for himself almost every day, drawing up a program of action for some time.
• Goals are determined by the level of development, education, upbringing of a person, and the characteristics of his personal qualities. Therefore, they say that goals can be high, moral, contributing to the further formation of the best in a person, aimed at achieving the good of loved ones, people, and country. But there are also low, selfish goals, which are based on the desire to satisfy only one’s needs without taking into account whether the activity brings benefit to others or not.
• By goals one can judge a person, what he is like, how developed he is morally, how formed he is as a person.

Synonyms for "goal"

1. result
2. dream
3. appointment
4. idea
5. mission
6. installation
7. ideal
8. reference point

What are funds

• Means are those methods, techniques, paths that a person uses to achieve his goals.
• The specific goal determines the means that a person uses. Therefore, the means can be a person’s actions (for example, studying material, self-preparation for successfully passing an exam), words, supporting someone in difficult times (for example, trying to calm a person experiencing strong emotional anxiety), and finally, the means can be objects used in specific activity (for example, boards in a carpentry workshop)
  From a legal point of view, there are legal and illegal means. The former do not violate the order of society and do not harm others. The latter threaten peace and even people’s lives and are dangerous.
• From a moral point of view, there are means that do not violate the laws of morality, built on the principles of goodness, justice, humanity, and there are immoral means that violate the honor and dignity of people, carry evil within themselves, and go beyond all boundaries of what is permitted.
  Means, like goals, depend on what kind of person he is, how decent he is, how morally and socially formed he is.
• It is necessary to clearly think through the means of achieving the goal, so as not to harm others, not to humiliate oneself with immoral actions.
• End justifies the means. Is this statement always true? Of course not. Any seemingly noble goal achieved through low, dirty, lawless means ceases to be such, since it is achieved through the pain and suffering of other people.

Synonyms for the word "means"

1. way
2. method
3. weapon
4. resource
5. opportunity

FIPI commentary on “Goals and Means”:
“The concepts of this direction are interconnected and allow us to think about a person’s life aspirations, the importance of meaningful goal setting, the ability to correctly correlate the goal and the means of achieving it, as well as the ethical assessment of human actions. Many literary works feature characters who deliberately or mistakenly chose unsuitable means to realize their plans. And it often turns out that a good goal serves only as a cover for true (base) plans. Such characters are contrasted with heroes for whom the means of achieving a high goal are inseparable from the requirements of morality.

Recommendations for students:
The table presents works that reflect any concept related to the “Goals and Means” direction. You DO NOT need to read all of the works listed. You may have already read a lot. Your task is to revise your reading knowledge and, if you discover a lack of arguments within a particular direction, fill in the existing gaps. In this case, you will need this information. Think of it as a guide in the vast world of literary works. Please note: the table shows only a portion of the works that contain the problems we need. This does not mean at all that you cannot make completely different arguments in your work. For convenience, each work is accompanied by small explanations (third column of the table), which will help you navigate exactly how, through which characters, you will need to rely on literary material (the second mandatory criterion when evaluating a final essay)

An approximate list of literary works and carriers of problems in the direction of "Goals and Means"

“Goals and means” is one of the topics of the final essay on literature offered to graduates of 2019 by the developer of knowledge control materials, the FIPI Institute. What can you write about in such a work?

First, you need to explain what a goal is. For example, it can be seen as a fundamental part of human life. Write how important it is to have a goal, to strive for heights, to achieve something, to realize self-realization. You can mention great discoveries, scientific or geographical - this will make the essay more interesting and give you a chance to get a higher grade. Secondly, we can give a brief classification of goals, because they can be different - true and false, great and selfish. Another version of the work topic is “Does the end justify the means?” Think about whether it is possible to justify a great goal achieved in an unjust way, write about the ethical assessment of the means to achieve the goal. Albert Einstein once said: “No goal is so high that it justifies unworthy means to achieve it.” Goethe also agreed with him: “High goals, even if unfulfilled, are more valuable than low goals, even if achieved.” You can agree with them or not, but in the second case you will have to try and present your convincing arguments. Write examples from literary works in which characters mistakenly or deliberately choose “bad” means to achieve a goal. You can also mention cases from life or history when a goal that is good at first glance actually serves only as a cover for base true plans. Be sure to contrast such characters with heroes who do not separate the means of achieving the goal from the requirements of morality.

Examples of school essays on the topic "Revenge and generosity"

Revenge has existed for a long time.
The Drevlyans took revenge on Prince Igor.
Princess Olga took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband.
The Montague and Capulet families no longer knew what caused their enmity, but they continued to feud to death. The victims of this enmity were young lovers - Romeo and Juliet.

The chain reaction of revenge is endless. There are many things in the world that can cause the death of a loved one. There are events that are difficult to survive. Revenge is sharp. It affects both the victim and the avenger, binding them forever, and the death or disappearance of one does not mean the end of the suffering of the other. It is impossible to adapt to the thirst for revenge. In the East they say: if you decide to take revenge, it is better to prepare two coffins at once.

The consequences of revenge, inflicted impulsively, in a state of passion, have the force of an explosion. But there is also petty revenge, mutual “pins”, perhaps witty, very quickly get out of control. For many people it turns into some kind of sport - rules, a system of blows in response. Life becomes hell, and no one can figure out who started it first. There can be no winners in this situation.

At the beginning of the 20th century, psychoanalysts established that the need for revenge is associated with a person’s desire to manage his life. When this is impossible, the avenger is capable of inflicting serious injuries even on himself - just to reproach the person who needs revenge. The terrible destructive power of revenge is incompatible with a humane personality.

Revenge has no meaning. But how many people, like the Count of Monte Cristo, build their lives on revenge! Today, in an aggressive world, a person cannot survive without an appropriate aggressive reaction.

Even in biblical times, the Christian religion offered to abandon the path of revenge, forgive each other great and small evils and live in harmony. But humanity is still following this path, living according to the rules of ancient times: an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. The destruction of the World Trade Center towers in New York by terrorist planes results in a new war in Afghanistan - innocent people killed and maimed. Infinite evil can destroy our entire planet, about which Yuri Gagarin said: “Take care of our Earth, it is so small!” Probably, you need to rise high - into space itself, above yourself, above humanity, in order to see the Earth and feel what our first cosmonaut felt.

People must give up the desire to destroy. It is important to rise above yourself, step over terrible feelings and dare to live without evil. We must learn to forgive. There is even a science that was developed by New Age psychologists - the science of forgiveness. Let those who don’t know how to do it just really want it. Start living again. And be happy.

Essay-reasoning on the thematic area of ​​Revenge and generosity
Generosity and mercy are integral character traits of a good person.
Generosity is manifested in the ability to give in to someone not for the sake of profit, but to show kindness.
A generous person knows how to sacrifice himself if necessary.
Mercy is a manifestation of sincere love for one’s neighbor and a constant desire to help.

Mercy is shown to loved ones, to complete strangers, and to animals.
Helping a stranger on the street or feeding dogs in the freezing winter are all examples of mercy. There is a lot of evil and cruelty in the world. But if each of us developed such positive and wonderful qualities as mercy and generosity, then there would be more good.

Essay on the topic of Revenge and generosity
What is revenge?
Everyone has their own opinion, but all these opinions are united by only one meaning - this is evil in its manifestation.
By hating another, trying to offend someone else, we first of all humiliate only ourselves.
Life is a cruel boomerang that will definitely return, no matter how much you run from it.

Unfortunately, not everything can be punished by law, but everything will be punished by the judgment of God.
So why take revenge on people?
Is this really what self-esteem speaks to us?
Only strong people know how to forgive.
Forgive not in words, but with your soul and heart.
Forgive sincerely and with a smile.
In my opinion, these qualities are given to us in order to be called people.

Not every person who has experienced grief, insults, humiliation and life’s difficulties will be able to lend a helping hand to their offenders, and not only to the offenders, but simply to those who are just as offended.
There is probably too much evil in our world that revenge has come to be taken for granted.
But will we prove anything to anyone by taking revenge?
Hardly. And whether we will need all this is also unknown.
I would like everyone to think about their actions and deeds.
You don't always have to hold a grudge. Let her go, otherwise she will never let you go.

The problem of finding the meaning of life, the path of life. The problem of understanding (loss, gain) of the purpose of life. The problem of a false goal in life. (What is the meaning of human life?)

Theses

The meaning of human life lies in self-realization.

A high goal, service to ideals allows a person to reveal the powers inherent in him.

Serving the cause of life is the main goal of man.

The meaning of human life is in the knowledge of truth, faith, happiness...

A person cognizes the world around him for self-knowledge, for the knowledge of eternal truths.

Quotes

Need to live! At the last line! On the last line... (R. Rozhdestvensky).

“To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness” (L. Tolstoy).

- “The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them” (M. Zoshchenko).

- “You must love life more than the meaning of life” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

- “Life, why were you given to me?” (A. Pushkin).

- “There is no life without passions and contradictions” (V.G. Belinsky).

- “Life is boring without a moral goal” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Literary arguments

In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" reveals the theme of the search for the meaning of life. In order to understand its interpretation, it is necessary to analyze the search paths of Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky. Let's remember the happy moments in the life of Prince Andrei: Austerlitz, Prince Andrei's meeting with Pierre in Bogucharovo, the first meeting with Natasha... The goal of this path is to find the meaning of life, to understand oneself, one's true calling and place on earth. Prince Andrei and Pierre Bezukhov are happy when they come to the idea that their lives should not be for them alone, that they must live in such a way that all people do not live independently of their lives, so that their lives are reflected on everyone and so that they all live together .

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s put on weight, he’s flabby... - just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Many heroes of Russian literature are looking for an answer to the question about the meaning of human life, about the role of man in history, about their place in life, they constantly doubt and reflect. Similar thoughts worry both Pushkin’s Onegin and the main character of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” Pechorin: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..” The tragedy of their fate is clearly understood “between the depth of nature and the pitifulness of actions” (V.G. Belinsky).

Evgeny Bazarov (I.S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons”) goes further than his literary predecessors: he defends his beliefs. Raskolnikov even commits a crime to prove the correctness of his theory.

There is something similar in the hero of M. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”. Grigory Melekhov, in search of truth, is capable of internal changes. He is not satisfied with “simple answers” ​​to the complex questions of time. All these heroes, of course, are different, but they are close in their restlessness, desire to understand life and determine their place in it.

A. Platonov’s story “The Pit” touches on the problem of finding the meaning of life. The writer created a grotesque that testifies to the mass psychosis of universal obedience that has taken over the country! The main character Voshchev is the exponent of the author's position. Among the communist leaders and the dead masses, he doubted the human correctness of what was happening around him. Voshchev did not find the truth. Looking at the dying Nastya, he thinks: “Why now do we need the meaning of life and the truth of universal origin, if there is no little faithful person in whom the truth would be joy and movement?” Platonov wants to find out what exactly motivated the people who continued to dig the hole with such diligence!

A.P. Chekhov. The story “Ionych” (Dmitry Ionych Startsev)

M. Gorky. Stories “The Old Woman Izergil” (The Legend of Danko).

I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco.”

Possible introduction/conclusion

At a certain point in life, a person certainly thinks about who he is and why he came into this world. And everyone answers these questions differently. For some, life is a carefree movement with the flow, but there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth in search of the meaning of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official reasons,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened by this road, running to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The problem of freedom of moral choice. The problem of choosing a life path. The problem of moral self-improvement. The problem of internal freedom (non-freedom). The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society.

Theses

It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.

Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences.

Remember your High human responsibility!

A person cannot be deprived of his freedom.

You cannot force a person to be happy.

Freedom is a conscious necessity.

We are responsible for other people's lives.

Save while you can, and shine while you live!

A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.

Quotes

Everyone chooses a Woman, a religion, a path for themselves. To serve the devil or the prophet

Everyone chooses for themselves. (Yu. Levitansky)

Above this dark crowd of the Unawakened people, Will you ever rise, O Freedom, Will your golden ray shine?.. (F.I. Tyutchev)

- “Effort is a necessary condition for moral improvement” (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “You can’t even fall freely, because we are not falling in emptiness” (V.S. Vysotsky).

- “Freedom is that everyone can increase their share of love, and therefore good” (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “Freedom is not in not restraining oneself, but in being in control of oneself” (F. M. Dostoevsky).

- “Freedom of choice does not guarantee freedom of acquisition” (J. Wolfram).

- “Freedom is when no one and nothing prevents you from living honestly” (S. Yankovsky).

- “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes...” (L.N. Tolstoy).